labour mx 2016
Post on 26-Jan-2017
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LABOUR MANAGEMENT
GOALS
1. To get correct diagnosis of labour2. To learn regarding intrapartum
management3. To be able to identify abnormal labour
and manage accordingly
CORRECT DIAGNOSIS OF LABOUR
Contraction occur at regular interval Interval gradually shortens Intensity of pain gradually increase Duration of contraction increase
There is progressive cervical effacement and dilatation
Progress of labour not stopped by sedation
WHY IMPORTANT??
Proper monitoring Prevent unnecessary intervention
ARM Wrong diagnosis of prolonged latent phase Admission
SALSO 2015
“FALSE” LABOUR !!
Uterine contractions impalpable/ infrequent
Misdiagnosis unnecessary induction/ augmentation higher risk of failure with an increased risk of Caesarean section & chrioamnionitis
DEFINITION
1st Stage: Start of labour Full dilatation of cervix
2nd Stage: Full dilatation delivery of baby
3rd Stage: Birth of baby delivery of placenta
LATENT PHASE ACTIVE PHASE
1ST STAGE 2ND STAGE 3RD STAGE
POINTS TO OBSERVE FOR…
Active phase: On or at the left of an alert line
2nd Stage: Need proper assessment of the maternal expulsion & descend of fetus
3rd Stage : Retained placenta if not delivered by 30 minutes
LABOUR: PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
1. Initial assessment2. Diagnosis and intervention of abnormal labour3. Close monitoring of fetal and maternal
condition4. Adequate pain relief5. Adequate hydration6. Emotional support/ supportive companion
INITIAL ASSESSMENT
Define risk Degree of monitoring needed Level of staff to manage the patient
• Depends on maternal coding and antenatal risk factors
• Don’t forget to monitor vital signs
OBSERVATIONS OF MOTHER*IF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ARE OBSERVED, NEED IMMEDIATE ATTENTION
Blood pressure (BP)- SBP > 140 and DBP > 90 mmHg in non hypertensive patient
Pulse rate (PR)- > 120 bpm on 2 occasions 30 mins apart Temperature (T)- > 38 degree celcius Proteinuria in a non hypertensive patient Any fresh vaginal bleeding Rupture of membranes more than 24 hours Presence of significant meconium Pain that differs from normal contraction (TRO rupture
uterus)
OBSERVATIONS OF FETUS*IF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ARE OBSERVED, NEED IMMEDIATE ATTTENTION
Any abnormal presentation, including cord presentation Any abnormal lie Floating head per abdomen Suspected anhydramnions or polyhydramnions Abnormal fetal heart rate
PARTOGRAPH
Diagrammatic representation of the progress of labour
“Story of a patient in labour” Main components:
Progress of labourMaternal conditionFetal conditionDrugs given
MONITORING ON PARTOGRAM
Maternal vital signs- BP, PR, T 4hly (unless high risk) 4hly urine ketone Monitor contraction (TCM) every 1/2hly Descend of fetal head Vaginal examination (VE) every 4hly- progress of cervical
dilatation, degree of moulding & liqour colour Fetal heart rate monitoring
PARTOGRAPH
PARTOGRAM X 2 PAGES = PERINATAL MORTALITY
PARTOGRAM X 3 PAGES= MATERNAL MORTALITY
PARTOGRAPH
Patient came in active phase of labour normal/ good progress
PARTOGRAPH
Patient came in latent phase normal progress
PARTOGRAPH
Patient came in latent phase normal progress
PARTOGRAPH
Patient came in latent phase normal/good progress
ABNORMAL PARTOGRAPH (POOR PROGRESS)
Latent phase > 8 hours Cervical dilatation to the right of alert line Cervical dilatation at or beyond action line
PARTOGRAPHDilatation < 4 cm despite 8 hours of regular contraction
Patient with prolonged latent phase
NON PROGRESSIVE LABOUR:THE THREE P’S
1. Power2. Passage3. Passenger
* Position* Size* Attitude
1. POWER
Adequate contractions are needed for adequate progress of labour
Usually 3-4 in 10 min Usually 40-60s duration
PARTOGRAPH
PARTOGRAPH
Dilatation < 1cm/ hour in active phase due to ineffective uterine contractions < 3:10 < 40sec
Patient came in active phase Primary dysfunctional labour
AUGMENTATION
Oxytocin (Pitocin) Correct dose and titration To achieve “efficient “/”adequate” contraction. Prevent hyperstimulation Careful consideration in multipara and previous
scar
HYPERSTIMULATION
Prolonged contractions (> 2 mins) Frequent contractions (<1:2) Tetanic contractions (continuous)
2. PASSAGE
Clinical @ x-ray pelvimetry – not used in modern obstetrics
Adequacy of pelvis can only be ascertain through labour and delivery
Passage may be adequate but might not be for a big baby!!
EVIDENCE OF OBSTRUCTED LABOUR
Secondary arrest Large caput 3rd degree moulding Poorly applied cervix to presenting part Odematous cervix Maternal/ fetal distress
SECONDARY ARREST
Arrest of cervical dilatation and descent of presenting part despite good uterine contraction
ABSOLUTE CPD RELATIVE CPD
BIG BABY/ SMALL PELVIS FETAL MALPOSITION
PARTOGRAPH
Patient came in active phase Secondary arrest
3. PASSENGER
Size of baby Congenital abnormalities e.g. hydrocephalus Malposition (e.g. OP), malpresentation (e.g.
breech, brow)
FHR MONITORING Pinard stethoscope or Daptone
In latent phase: Intermittent auscultation* Low risk : Hourly* High risk : Every 15-30 min : CTG In active phase: Intermittent auscultation* Low risk: Every 30 min* High risk: Every 15 min CTG
FHR MONITORING
During second stage: Intermittent auscultation
* Low risk : Every 15 min
* High risk: Every 5 min or after each contraction/pushing
: CTG
Cardiotocography Management of suspicious tracing is not to
wait or repeat the CTG until it become normal/reactive
The stressor to the fetus is the contraction not the degree of cervical dilatation
FHR MONITORING
FHR MONITORING
If patient in labour (contracting)FETAL HEART HEARD!!! NOT ENOUGH
**palpate the maternal HR to differentiate between maternal & fetus
SALSO 2015
ADEQUATE ANALGESIA Every patient have a right for good analgesia in
labour “ TARIK NAFAS” is not an analgesia at all Breathing exrecises, immersion in water & massage
may reduce pain in latent phase of labour IM Pethidine 1-2mg/kg + Phenergan 0.5mg/kg 6
hourly Entonox inhalation (50% O2 and 50% Nitrous oxide)
at the start of contraction Continuous epidural analgesia
EPIDURAL ANALGESIA Available in SGH More effective pain relief than opiods Not associated with long term backache or
paralysis Not associated with a longer 1st stage of labour
or increased caesarean section rate Associated with longer 2nd stage and increased
chance of instrumental delivery
HYDRATION Good hydration is important for satisfactory
labour progress Review hydration status regularly (Don’t just
concentrated on VE finding) Urine volume and urine ketones assessed Allow low residual diet / oral fluids in labour
except for high risk cases
CONTROLLING GASTRIC ACIDITY
Either H2 – receptor antagonist or antacids should be considered for women who receive opiods develop risk factors that make general
anaesthetic more likely
COMPANIONSHIP / DOULA
Provides reassurance to patient Shown to:
Reduce analgesia requirements Reduce Caesarean section & instrumental Improve vaginal delivery rates
PARTNER
PARTNER ARE IMPORTANT, ESPECIALLY SUPPORTIVE AND HELPFUL ONES
SECOND STAGE OF LABOUR… STILL NEED TO CLOSELY MONITOR1. Maternal vital signs- BP, PR2. Progress of pushing and descend of fetal head3. CTG monitoring** NEED ATTENTION if 2nd stage more than 1H in nulliparous and 1/2H in multiparous** If contraction is INADEQUATE can consider to use oxytocin
Intrapartum interventions to reduce perineal trauma
1. DO NOT perform perineal massage in the second stage2. ’Hands on’ to guard the perineum & flexing baby’s head3. DO NOT carry out routine episiotomy4. If episiotomy needed, the recommended technique is
mediolateral episiotomy
DELAYED CORD CLAMPING
Do not clamp the cord earlier than 1 min from the birth of baby,unless resuscitation of newborn is needed
Clamp the cord before 5 min in order to perform CCT
THIRD STAGE OF LABOUR Active management of 3rd stage1. Usage of uterotonics2. Delayed cord clamping and cutting (up till 5 minutes)3. CCT after signs of placenta separation Monitoring during 3rd stage1. Maternal vital signs2. Degree of vaginal bleeding** NEED ATTENTION if 3rd stage delayed more than 30 mins
QUESTIONS??
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