july aug 2010 oloom
Post on 07-Apr-2018
227 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
1/89
8/7 26 2010 /
.
:
July / August 2010
:
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
2/89
(2010) 8/7 26268./267
13069 20856www.kfas.org oloom@kfas.org.kw
(+965) 22403895 (+965) 22428186
Advertising correspondence from outside the Arab World should be addressed to SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 415, Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017 - 1111
Or to MAJALLAT AL-OLOOM, P.O. Box 20856 Safat, Kuwait 13069 - Fax. (+965) 22403895
1.80020
1.8002.5
20
100
21.25
20$
1.500
730
250
42.5
66666
(USA $ 1.5)
1986 CD
Control Panel start Settings -1
Regiona l and Language Opt ions -2
OK Standards and formats Arabic -3
Cl
$
BritainCyprusFranceGreeceItalyU.S.A.Germany
12
1632
45
56112
www.kfas.org
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
3/89
< .T .E>
. .
) - (
<
.C .Ch>
.
< .L> < .E .M> < .R .J>
.
< .M>
- - .
.
< .J> - < .D .J>
.
8/7 26 2010 /
4
14
18
28
38
&
&
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
4/89
: < .M> < .D .S>
.) (
1976 1986 .
1845 . . .
< .G .N>
.
< .E .M>
.
< .E>
.
< .S .A>
( . ) vents
48
54
64
72
80
&
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
5/89
4
8/7 26 2010 /
) ( . .
< .T .E>
>
.
>
.
> .
.
. < .E>
< .S .P>
.
)1(
.
.
gravity
) ( .
- .)2(
-)3( ) ( .
.)4( . .
)5(
.
. embryonic stars
)6(
Cloudy with a ChanCe of StarS ) (k m )1(
s sp c )2(c )3(
c s )4(s -c s s )5(
s )6(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
6/89
5 (2010) 8/7
the l ng-l s Sib ing f he Sun , : )1(b S.Z , Scientifc American , n v mb 2009
.
.)1(
.
M83
Wide Field Camera 3
.
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
7/89
6(2010) 8/7
.
supersonic
)1( .shock
.
. .
.
.
. ) (
)2( .
. A Star Is Born-With Dif culty ) (
S d s ) (b ck )1(
M k w )2(
] ) (
.
.
:1 :
.
:2 :
.
:3 :
.
. - -
. .
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
8/89
7 (2010) 8/7
.
.
)1(
.
)2(
.
- )1( g c c )2(
:4 20 :
.
. .
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
9/89
8(2010) 8/7
t d k o g s i s C s ) (other wayS that StarS MyStify ) (
(2002) 6/5 : [)1(]90
h sc Sp c obs v )2( S sp c obs v i as m )3(
: [)4(]4 (2000)1
p s s )5(
) (
.
. [< .J .N>
]
.
. .
.
.
: [.]26 (2000)12
.
the big bang
.
.)1(
.
.micron 158 ) (
2009 )2(
.)3((SOFIA) .
.
. - (H 2)
- .)4(
.
.)5(
]1 [) (
.
.
. GLIMPSE
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
10/89
9 (2010) 8/7
.
) (
.
the the Midcourse Space Experiment
Infrared Space Observatory 10 000
)
)1( ) 10 000 100 (
.
)2(
: < .B .E> )3((GLIMPSE)] -
MIPSGAL .] < .S>
. .
.
.
.
:
.
t o s C ps ) (w P t gg ) (
k c s )1( Sp z Sp c t sc p )2(
G c c l g c i M p S v ex )3(
]2 [) (
.
.
NGC 2068 .
.
W5 ) (
. (
)
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
11/89
10(2010) 8/7
. .
.
supernova
.
[< .Ch> [< .J> ])1((CfA) ])2((ESO)
.
bands
.
Barnard 335
.)3(
.
.
[< .T> . ]
)4( .
.
.
. ) (
.
l C n s ) (infrared 101 ) (
C as p s cs )1( e p S obs v )2(
aq )3( upp Sc p s )4(
]3 [
) (
.
NGC 2264 the Christmas Tree Cluster
. high resolution
- 0.1
.
) (101
.
. 1000
3000 3.
-
. .
. 300 .
.
1000 300
.
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
12/89
11 (2010) 8/7
< .L> [
[< .P .X> ])1((NOAO) CfA
W5 .)9 (
.
.
- .
) (
. )2(
.
. )3(
B k g g M ss C g ) (l S n s ) (
n op c as m obs v )1(c s s )2(
c mp g p )3(
]4 [) (
. ) (
.
: 55 90042
. 29 28
.
: 41 700 .
.
: 34 000 17
. .
.
: 25 00011
.
: 17 500
.
.
3000
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
13/89
12(2010) 8/7
.
.(Sofia) S e rd < >
1978
.2009
he i r red as r m c l S ell e he i r red Sp ce observ ry
he w de f eld niCMoS C mer 3
he Sp zer Sp ce J mes telesc pe
.webb Sp ce telescpe
Erick T. Young
. )1(
. )2(
.
.
.
[< .I> )3( [< .M> ] . ]
. .
< .C> )4( ]
[< .M> . ]
)5(
.
(NGC 2264) )6( .)7(
- .
.
.
[< .S .P> .)8( ]ESO
0.3 .
gravitationally .
)9(
0.1 .
.
.)10( -
. . s m s )1(
c s )2(c mp v cc )3(
b -c m )4(
the Mys ery f Br wn dwarf origins, b S. M - : [)5(]r. J ; Scientifc American, J 2006
C s m s t C s )6(M c s )7(
g g p )8(s )9(
- c c )10(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
14/89
13 (2010) 8/7
) (
.
.
.
. 20
.
.
< >
.
.
)1( .
.
.
.
Boeing 747 99
.
.
)2((ALMA)
.
:
.
.
- .
- .
.
> . S p s z t s S ) (
c mp s s )1( a c m l g M m a )2(
Scientifc American, February 2010
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
15/89
14
8/7 26 2010 /
) (
.
< .C .Ch>
>
.
>
. >
prostheses
.
: .
- .
.
)1(
)2( -
. [< .R> 57
]
< >
:< > .
.
[< >
:] .
.
.
.
. < .R>
: .
.
< > (
) REGAINING BALANCE WITH BIONIC EARS ) (
:) : ( bionic.
bionic ear implants )1(vestibular labyrinth )2(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
16/89
15 (2010) 8/7
.
) (
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
)1(
.
.
.) (
.
.
cilia .
. Staying Upright and Steady ) (
vestibuloocular refex )1(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
17/89
16(2010) 8/7
,
(
) ( .) .) (cupula
.,
.
:
, . the ampullae
.
- - .
.
:
. ,
(
) ( .) chips ) ( .
,
.
] [) (
.
.
) (
A Device to Restore Balance ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
18/89
17 (2010) 8/7
) (
< >
.
) ()1(
)2(
.
120 000
.
- . -
.
.
. < .W> < .D> 2000
.
[< .R> ]
.
] [< .O .J>
)3(
[< .M .A> .[< .J> ] ]
[ < .C>
]
. < >
.
< >
> . A Balance Bypass ) (
miniaturized gyroscope )1(microprocessor )2(
pacemaker )3(.
cochlear implants )4(
, < .R>
.
Scientifc American, April 2010
.
.)4(
.
Charles C. Della Santina
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
19/89
18
8/7 26 2010 /
< .L> < .E .M> < .R .J>
systems >
. >
. >
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
) (
.
.
.
.
NANOMEDICINE TARGETS CANCER ) (
) (
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
20/89
19 (2010) 8/7
.
) (
.
.)1(
genome DNA
. 25 000
. RNA
.encoded
.
.
.
. ) (
[ .]
. ( )
.
.
.Systems Medicine ) (
an organisms genetic code )1(
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
21/89
20(2010) 8/7
.
.
.
%80
.
.
%80 .
.
%20 .
marker .
. ) (
.
.
.
Detecting Disease ) (
) ( ) (
.
(MAPK8
SDC1 .)
. 16 .
SDC1
MAPK8
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
22/89
21 (2010) 8/7
.
50 50 .
.
.
25
.
. . Prion
PENNIES PER PROTEIN ) (
] [) (
.
10 5
10.
.
.) ( ) (
.antibodies .
.
4
.
.
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
23/89
22(2010) 8/7
10300 .
200
4
100 .
4
.
30 .
.
) (
Moores law microprocessors
chips ) ( 18 .
.
NANOTECh IN MEDICINE ) (Measuring Molecules ) (
single-stranded DNA )1(
] [) (
) ( - . ) ( 10 -
.) ( 100
.
20 10 .
.
.
)1(
.
.
.
. ( )
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.01
1101001.00010.000100.000
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
24/89
23 (2010) 8/7
4
.]21 [
2
.
5 10
.
. < .A> < .R .S>
miniaturized plumbing
.
.
4 3 . 300 10 5
1000 ) 300 000
.
.
.50
.
(
) .
.
.
-
. )< > < >(
.
IT-101
camptothecin
.
.
( )
6 IT-101 ) (
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
25/89
24(2010) 8/7
.
.
. ) (
100 1
.)4()siRNA
lipidlike molecules
.
.
.
DESIGNED TO DELIvER ) (Tiny and Targeted ) (
cyclodextrin containing polymer )1(polyet ylene glycol )2(transferrin proteins )3(
gene-silencing RNA )4(
CALAA-01 . .
.
.
.
.
(pH)
siRNA
.
)1((CDP) )2((PEG)
.)3((Tf) 2000
.) ( )4((siRNA)
CDP
PEG
- PEGTf
siRNA
Tf
siRNA
70 nm) (
] [) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
26/89
25 (2010) 8/7
. 10
)1( 100
100 10
.
.
.
)2(
[
.]
. liposomal doxorubicin
.
.
[ IT-101 ]
30 IT-101
camptothecin
: FDA .topotecan irinotecan
IT-10140
NANOSCALE ThERAPIES ) (small-molecule drugs )1(
endocytosis )2(
liposome -encased
(
.) .
) (
FDA
FDA
) (
DaunoXome, Doxil
Abraxane
MCC-465, MBP-426, SGT-53
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM)
Genexol-PM, SP1049C, NK911,NK012, NK105, NC-6004
FCE28069(PK2), CALAA-01
(CYT-6091)
XYOTAX (CT-2103),CT-2106, IT-101,AP5280, AP5346, FCE28068 (PK1),
FCE28069 (PK2), PNU166148,PNU166945,MAG-CPT, DE-310,
Pegamotecan, NKTR-102,EZN-2208
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
27/89
26(2010) 8/7
.
IT-101
.
.
.
[ .]23
6
.
.
. IT-101
.
IT-101
. 2008
Calando siRNA )< > (
.
siRNA
.
.
siRNA
.
.
)1(.Rosetta Stone
< >
< > .
Insert
.
< >
Amgen Systemix
.Rosetta )1( Darwin < > < >
.
James R. Heath - Mark E. Davis - Leroy Hood
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
28/89
27 (2010) 8/7
Scientifc American, February 2009
) (
.
.
.
.
. 2 40
.
.
. digitization of medicine
.
.
:
.
.
.
> . T e Big Picture ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
29/89
(2010) 8/7 28
8/7 26 2010 /
) ( - - .
. < .M>
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
30/89
(2010) 8/729
: 192 )1()NIF(
.
. FUSIONS FALSE DAwN ) (
the National Ignition Facility )1 (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
31/89
30(2010) 8/7
. )1(
192 -NIF
4 13 -
. .
.
.
. .
- -
.
. 14
. -(ITER)
150 25 000 - .
.
FUSION FROM LASERS ) (ignition )1 (
] [) (
[< .MB> NIF :](NIF)
. 192
.
.
>
-
. >
. >
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
32/89
31 (2010) 8/7
.
. ) (
.
.
.
. .
.
[< . R>
:]
. . ) (
- -
. < .Ch>
) ( Natures Promise ) (
THE D-T REACTION ) (
.
100
100 .
.
.
. 52 ..%25
10
-
- .
) (
:
. :
.
np
p
p
p
n n
nn
n
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
33/89
32(2010) 8/7
-
< .W> - )
. < .Ch> )2008 (
< >.
.
. < > .
( .
< > .)
E = mc 2 .
< >
. 1938
< .H>
.
.
E = mc 2 .
. -
.
) (
.
.
.
. FUSION FROM MAGNETS ) (
] [) (
ITER . . 150
NIF .
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
34/89
33 (2010) 8/7
. - .
.
.
[< .Ch>
:] ITER
.
.
.
1977 .
shiva
) ( .1984 nova
.
.
.
[< .I .E> .
NIF
.
] [
150 stellarator . 150 < >
.
.
< >
. < >
.
. .
. .
) (
:1950 < .A>
< >.
[< .L> :1951 ]
.
:1952
.
:1969 ) (
.
) (
.
:1977.
NIF :2010
.
:) ( 2018 . ITER
. 2026 THE SHORT HISTORY OF FUSION ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
35/89
34(2010) 8/7
70 .
. NIF 1997) (
NIF .
. -
. .
.
.
-
- . NIF
.
> 1996 :
turbine ) (
.
. < > NIF
.
. < >
(. 4.2
.) .ITER 15
Little Blasts ) (THE T TRICK ) (
) (
.
7-
. . 6-
.
7
6
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
36/89
35 (2010) 8/7
) (
.
.
.
.
) (
. - -
:< >
.
.
- -
.
.
.
..
.
3 2 120 80
.
[< >
:]
.
.
.
.
.
.
. Reactor Roadblocks ) (
.
:
.
: .
:
.
:
.
:
.2008
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
37/89
36(2010) 8/7
. 7
.
6- .
< .M> . %100
[ :]
. ) (
. :< >
. ITER
-
-
< > .
: .
75 30 .< >
:< >.
) ( . 2050
ITER NIF
.
.
.10 .
. -
- :< > .
.
.
.
ITER
.
:< > .
%90 .
The Big Lie ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
38/89
37 (2010) 8/7
Scientifc American, March 2010
. ]NIF [< >
. -
. -LIFE laser inertial
- fusion engine
. 20%5
.
LIFE
.
:< > LIFE.
LIFE
[< .E>
.
.
.
.
:< > .
.
NIF
. LIFE 600 :< >
-horsepower
LIFE . . 90 000
. 20
. :< > :
.
. -
. . .
.
> .
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
39/89
38
8/7 26 2010 /
) (
. < .J> - < .D .J>
>
.
>
.
>
.
.
< > 1996
)1(
15
.
. :
)2(
.
.
.
. pathogens
- .
.
.
. The Rise and Fall oF nanobacTeRia ) (. :M r =T R P t )1(
t r )2(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
40/89
39 (2010) 8/7
.
) ( < .R.L> 1993
]
< > .
)1(
.
< > .
. -microns
1/
100 100 5 < >
( 200 10
.) 1/100 < >
Mesozoic Paleozoic
. < >
.
< >
1996 B [< .D .S>
] ) ( Martain
meteoriteAntarctica ALH84001
. 4.5
.solar system
< > < >
polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons .
. < > < >
.
.
. DNA
2 ribosomes
20
T T y f r l f ? ) (tr m r p )1(
. ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
41/89
40(2010) 8/7
.
< .E .O> . < .N>
.1998
.
.
) (
< > < > 500 50
.
] [) (
) ( 84001
(
)
.
] [) (
.1993
] [ < .R .L>
200 10 ) ( .
1996
.) ( 4 . < >
84001 : .
. .
ALH84001
) 380 = (
) 50( :
) 200 (
:
) 400 (
) 200 - 10 (
) 20 (
) 13 (
) 500- 20 (
:
) 23 () 10( =
) 2.6 (
The sMallesT liFe-FoRM ) (e r y ex t m t ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
42/89
41 (2010) 8/7
< >
. ) (
.
Nanobacterium sanguineum
Brucella Bartonella
.
pleomorphism .
. flms
apatite hydroxyapatite
.
.
.kidney stones
atherosclerosis
arthritis scleroderma peripheral neuropathy
.(HIV)
%14
: .
. 500 10 20 ribosomes
.Mycoplasma -
T sm t P t ) (
) 600 (
) 7000 = (
) 600 = ()
100 000 = (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
43/89
42(2010) 8/7
antibodies ) (
. [< .A .P >
] .
.
.
.
.
] [
.
[< .J.O >
< > .2000
.) (
.
.
< >
.
. 2004
< .V> < .J .C>
RNA ) (
)1(
.
.
mad cow disease
. "Nanobac OY"
looking alive ) (t t rm t m u )1(
) ( 1998
< .N> < .O>
.
500 20 .
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
44/89
43 (2010) 8/7
Recipe for Nanobacteria ) (
] [) (
( . )
.
.
m um ) ( .
:) (
.
) (
- .
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
50 20
.
500 100
.
.
.
600.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
45/89
44(2010) 8/7
.
Nanobac Pharmaceuticals
2003 OY
.
) (
2007
.
.
) (
)1(
)2( .
. lattices
amorphous
.
. .
bu n t r ) (
MineRal ManageMenT ) (f- u t )1(
m tr pr m )2(
] [) (
. .
.
10 .
.
) (
.
.
- .
.
.
. ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
46/89
45 (2010) 8/7
.
.
.
.
) (
.
.
.
.
.
.
. albumin
)1(A -
.blood serum
A- .
.
mineralization
.
supersaturated
. .
[ < .D>
]
.A- A-
.
apolipoproteins
.
.
.
.
f tu -a )1(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
47/89
46(2010) 8/7
antibodies ) (
. A-
.
.
.
.
. ) (
.
.
.
. calcite
.
.
.
.
.
.
< >
. na omaterials
< > .
< > .
< >
.
Jan Martel John D. Young
W t R y g o ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
48/89
47 (2010) 8/7
.
.
.
/ .inhibition/seeding concept
-
. spindles
. culture dishes
.
.
building blocks
.
.
.bions
.
.
self-replication
. -
..
.
)1( -
> .
Scientifc American, January 2010 m r - r p rt )1(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
49/89
48
8/7 26 2010 /
) ( :
. ) ( < .M> < .D.S>
>
. >
. >
.
.F .Ch> - [<
]
( .)
.
.
.
.
.
(CO 2)
.) (
feed back
.
.
-
. -
.
.
CliMate Change: a ControlleD experiMent ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
50/89
49 (2010) 8/7
.
.
) (
. )1(
.
: >
.
pathogens
. >
. .
. >
.
>
Canadian thistle
. .
52 F d s d g ) (s ds )1 (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
51/89
50(2010) 8/7
CO2 :
. :
) ( .
troughs )1(
.
.
.
(TDE) )2(
- trough and gutter
( 1900 .)
. -
] [ < .N> .
:
. < .P>
: 13
.
.
.
60 .
. TDE interactions
.
] [) ( :
)1(
.
) 25 (
) ( ) 80 80 (
preCipitation: tiMing iS everything ) ( : )1(
. ) ( t f D s c m e m )2(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
52/89
51 (2010) 8/7
:
. .photosynthesis
: .< .R> -
.) (
.
35
. 30 23 :
. net primary production .
%23 388
. 550 .
] [) ( :
.
sweetgum .
.
.
[< .J> . [ - ]
]
.
pipes
.
) 20 (
Co 2: greater growth For SoMe ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
53/89
52(2010) 8/7
[< .S>
]
Bromus cheatgrass tectorum
.
>
. >
ivy .
) (
.
teMperature: highS anD lowS ) (C m Q s s ) (d ff s s )1 (
. : 2100
. 3.3 2.8 5.9 3.8 metabolism
.
:
. :
.
. :
.
] [< .G>
.
.
) ( )1( .
.
[< .C> . ] -
) (
.
.
. .
.
.
] [) ( :
< >
- .
.
.
< >
. -
Maya Strahl Stan Wullschleger
.
49
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
54/89
53 (2010) 8/7
. [< .J>
) ( ]
Great Plains .
.
> .
.
.
.
.
. )1(
how SoybeanS Fare ) (C )1 (
Scientifc American, March 2010
) (
:
: 550
1.2 :
20 : :
:
) (
) 2 3 (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
55/89
54
8/7 26 2010 /
) (
. < .G .N>
>
.
>
.
> genes ) (
. >
.
)1(
.
- .
.
. :
- - .
.
.
.
) (
. .
:
.
.
.
:
.
. .
THE NAKED TRUTH ) (Hairy Situations ) (
primates )1(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
56/89
55 (2010) 8/7
.
.
. - - Otter
.
- -
.
.
.
) ( 10 000
.
.
aquatic [ ape hypothesis .]57 .
.
) (
.
.
:
.
Sweatin It Out ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
57/89
56(2010) 8/7
. .
(
)
. .
sebaceous : apocrine
.eccrine ) (
.
.)
. .E .G>
] [ <
.
. .
.
- -
. 12 .
FURRY VS. NAKED ) (
] [) (
.
: .
. .
. .
.
.
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
58/89
57 (2010) 8/7
< .E .D> .[< .M .D> ] [
Sports 2007 ] Medicine
.
) (
.
) (
Showin Some Skin ) (Why the Aquatic Ape Theory Doesnt Hold Water ) (
the aquatic ape theory )1(
- )2(
) ( . ] [
) ( :
. )1((AAT) < .E> 1960 < .A>
. . 7 5 tectonic ) (
. Rift Valley )2( < > .
.
. :
. < > .
. ] [< .HG> .
< > . .
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
59/89
58(2010) 8/7
. )2(
)3(
)4( -australopithecines
-
.
.
.
.
. 2.6
. .
ANCESTORS ON THE MOVE ) (bEATINg THE HEAT ) (
)1(
. Hominid )2(
. )3(
. )4(
) ( .
) (
.
.
.
Dinka
.
.
selection ) ( pressures.
] [ ) (
.
) (
.
Homo
) ( ergaster
.
1.6
.
)1(
3.2
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
60/89
59 (2010) 8/7
1994
.
.[< .C> < > ]
Homo 1.6 ergaster
. scavengers )2(
) ( )3(
( .
.)
: .
< .P> ] [
< > .
.
)1(.
)2(.
australopithecines )3(
.
)1(
1.6
.
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
61/89
60(2010) 8/7
.
.
1.6
.
[ < .R .A> 2004 ] MC1R
.
1.2
< > ..
) (
: .
.
code DNA letters
nucleotides )1(
) ( .organisms
) (
Skin Deep ) (
)1( : ) ( ) (
) ( .
-
. - -
.
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
62/89
61 (2010) 8/7
) ( .
.
.
stratum corneum
. epidermis
.
keratin )1() (
.lipids )2() (
. .
)3( .involucrin
.
. [ < .R>
]
OF LICE AND MEN ) ( Kerat )1(
.
)2(
. )3(
. ) (
) (
2003 .
[< .M> [ < .W> ]
] Radcliffe
.
.
.
. .
.
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
63/89
62(2010) 8/7
. < > 2008
.
.
epidermal stem cells .
dermis
.
.
) ( .
.
: (pheromones
) .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
) ( .
(
) .
.
.
< .g> .16 (2003) 7/6
Nina G. Jablonski
Not Entirely Nude ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
64/89
63 (2010) 8/7
.
.testosterone )1(
.
sexual ) ( .selection
. .
.
. ) (
. . :
- 400 -
400
.
. .
.
. - -
.
.
.
.
.
> .
Scientifc American, February 2010
Naked Am itions ) (
) ( . )1(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
65/89
64
8/7 26
2010 /) (
.
< .E .M>
>
.
>
.
>
)1((DM)
. >
DM .
.
.
.
. .
.
-
-
:
.)1()DM( (
)
.
.DM )2( DM
: .)3()DMN (
: - -
DMN .
THE BRAINS DARK ENERGY ) (the brains default mode )1(
baseline )2( the brains default mode network )3(
) ( .
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
66/89
65 (2010) 8/7
.
- -DMN
.
.
) (
[< .H> (
])
. < > 1929
)< > (
.
< >
noninvasive
.
)1()PET(
1992 .
)2()fMRI(
.
- - Probing Dark Energy ) (
positron-emission tomography )1(functional magnetic resonance imaging )2(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
67/89
66(2010) 8/7
. - -
.
.
) (
(
) .
pixel )1(
.
.
.
- -
.
.
.
. - - - -
( .)
BRAINS AT REST ) (
) ( . ) ( )1(
] [) (
PET
fMRI
.
-
- .
. - -
%5 .
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
68/89
67 (2010) 8/7
.
%5
%80 %60 .
)1(
.
.
.
- - . bit 10
output
connection
6
. 10
.
. 100
- -
.
()2( ).
%10 .
. ) (DM
.
PET
f MRI
. DMN
the baseline resting state
. A CLUE TO THE NEW VIEW ) (
Descovering the Default Mode ) (.
dark energy )1 (synapses )2(
) (
-
-
6 .
10 000 .
-
-
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
69/89
68(2010) 8/7
- (
- - )
.
)1()MMPA(
.
PET
MMPA .
.
.
1998 - -
.
(
.)
.DMN DMN
.
- -
.
.
: DMN
THE DEFAULT MODE NETWORK ) (medial mystery parietal area )1(
] [) (DMN
(DM )
.
DMN
.
- -
.
: DMN
DMN
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
70/89
69 (2010) 8/7
.
. DMN
DM
.
)2()SCPs( 10
f MRI.
signal f MRI
)1()BOLD(
BOLD . -
- . 10
. 1995
[ < .B> ]
< .M> . - ]
- DMN .
DMN
< >
DISEASE AND THE NETWORK ) (the blood oxygen level-dependent )1(
slow cortical potentials )2(
] [) (
DMN
.
.
.DMN
. DMN
DMN .
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
71/89
70(2010) 8/7
.
BOLD SCPs
. SCPs
< > . )SCPs (
100 ( .)
.
SCPs -
- SCPs
. [ < .M> ] SCPs
.
-
- SCPs
.
SCPs.
- - .
-
- .SCPs
.
DMN
.
.
.
SCPs DMN
-
- . focused attention
.SCPs
.
. - < >
PET
. fMRI 1992
.1996
Marcus E. Raichle
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
72/89
71 (2010) 8/7
) ( DMN
- -
2008 .
DMN
- -
.30
30( DMN - )
.
.
.
.
DMN
. -
-
DMN . - -
.DMN
.DMN
.
- -
DMN
.
DMN
.
> .
Scientifc American, March 2010 Consciousness and Disease ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
73/89
(2010) 6/5 72
8/7 26 2010 /
) (
< .R> . .
)1(< >
)2(< > 2011/3
. < .E>
) ( )3(
. 75 .
. . .
. . 1500 . 30 .
.
1
EIGHT WONDERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM ) (THE RINGS OF SATURN ) (
Cassini )1(MESSENGER )2(
the troposphere )3(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
74/89
73 (2010) 6/5
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
75/89
74(2010) 6/5
) (
. (
.) .
.
400 .
.
.
. 400
2
JUPITERS RED SPOT ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
76/89
(2010) 6/575
) ( -
)1(
. )2(
.
tectonic crack
.
. . .
3
VALLES MARINERIS, MAR S ) (Arizonas Grand Canyon )1(
the Mariner Valley )2(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
77/89
76(2010) 6/5
) ( :
.
. . 1600 16/1
.
4
THE GEYSERS OF ENCELADUS ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
78/89
(2010) 6/577
) (
. 8000
.
. 200
5
THE GEYSERS OF TRITON ) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
79/89
78(2010) 6/5
) ( .) ( 1994
)1(
(
.)
.
. 20 .
.
7 6
PEAKS OF ETERNAL LIGHT ) (HERSCHEL CRATER ON MIMAS ) (
Peary crater )1(
) (
) ( . 6000
5000 ) (
13 .
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
80/89
(2010) 6/579
] [
Scientifc American, April 2010
40 < .R> )2( )1(
.< .W>
)3( )4(
)5( .
) ( .
. .
.
8
Edward Bell
.
SUNRISE ON MERCURY ) (The Grand Tour )1(
Cycles of Fire )2( "Jules Verne, Misunderstood : )3(
Visionary ,"Scientifc American
, April 1997Hugo Award )4(the Rudaux Memorial Award )5(
Cassini Vir tual Tour. The Cassini atSaturn Interactive Explorer (CASSIE)lets you fy around Saturn and itsmoons in 3-D. You can locate thesatellite at any point in its mission.http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/video/ cassinivirtualtour/
] [
] [
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
81/89
80
8/7 26 2010 /
) (
. < .A>
2000 >
. >
. >
.
. 75
. .
2000/12
)1(Atlantis Massif
.
. ArgoII Alvin
.
.
.)2(
.black smokers
Nature 2001/7
. ] [< .D>
:
< > 2007
.
.
. ) (
EXPANDING thE LImIts of LIfE ) (s ange C e i ) (
. )1(e L Ci h d e al field )2(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
82/89
81 (2010) 8/7
.
.
-)1(
.
.
.
. )2( . .
.
15
. )3(
.
11 9
.
. ) ( .
60 . .
. .
. 25
. idge : = id- cean idge )1(metal sulfdes )2(
A lan i ma i )3(
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
83/89
82(2010) 8/7
. mantle
)1(peridotite
. .serpentinization
)2(massif
. )3(reduced
. :
.
. ) (
.
. (
) (
< .A> 1920 < .S.B.J>
.
.
] [< .H> < .S> 1953
. ) (
sparks
( )
.
< >
.
.
) (...
.
.
.
15 >
90 >
>
>
>
CrADLE of LIfE? ) (In e Beginning ) (Lost CIty ... ) (
. )1(. )2(
. )3(
] [) (
. 15
. .
. . .
.
.
.
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
84/89
83 (2010) 8/7
...) ( magma
.
>
400 >
>
>
>
.
.
.
.
.
. [< .G>
2008 ]
Science
.
.) ( ) (
- .
.
... Vs. BLACK smoKErs ) (
-5.300
-0
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
85/89
84(2010) 8/7
.
. ) (
. Methanogens
.
. Methanosarcinales
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
] [< .W> [< .M>
]
. .
< > . < >
)1(
somE LIKE It hot ) (
N sun Needed ) (ge c e icall )1(
. .
. Methanosarcinales
(
.) .
] [ ) (
) (
2008 mIt
.yellows one
Agouron
.
Alexander S. Bradley
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
86/89
85 (2010) 8/7
.
.
.
.Europa .
) ( .
.
.
.) (
.
. < > < >
.
. genes ) ( -ribosomes
RNA encoded
-DNA .
.
.
consume hydrogen
. .
. .
.
.
. .
2011
13 12
.
.
s u cing me ane ) (LIfE oN mArs? ) (
) (
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
87/89
86(2010) 8/7
.
.
Marker .
13
13 3.5 1 .
13 . 13
.
. MIT
. .13
13.
13
.
12 .13
. 13
.
.
.
. carbon isotopes
. 13
. .
.13
.
. .
2011
13.
.
> .
Scientifc American, December 2009
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
88/89
MEDiCiNE
Nanomedicine Targets CancerBy James R. Heath, Mark E. Davis and Leroy Hood
By v ew ng the body as a system of molecular networks, futurephys c ans w ll be able to target d srupt ons n that system w thnanoscale technolog es and thereby transform the d agnos s andtreatment of mal gnanc es and other d seases.
MEDiCiNE
Regaining Balance with Bionic EarsBy Charles C. Della Santina
Electron c mplants n the nner ear may one day help pat entssuffer ng from d sabl ng unstead ness.
BiOLOGY
The Rise and Fall of NanobacteriaBy John D. Young and Jan Martel
Once bel eved to be the smallest pathogens known, nano bac ter ahave now proved to be someth ng almost as strange.
ASTRONOMY
Cloudy with a Chance of StarsBy Erick T. Young
Making a star is no easy thing. Astronomers are flling in gaps inthe standard v ew of how stars ar se.
ENERGY
Fusions False DawnBy Michael Moyer
As a h stor c m lestone nears, skept cs quest on whether t w llever be poss ble to bu ld a work ng fus on reactor that couldsupply v rtually unl m ted clean energy.
4
14
18
28
38
July / August - 2010 Volume 26 Number 7/8
-
8/6/2019 July Aug 2010 Oloom
89/89
ENViRONMENT
Climate Change: A ControlledExperimentBy Stan D. Wullschleger and Maya Strahl
Sc ent sts have man pulated grasslandsand forests to see how prec p tat on,carbon d ox de and temper ature changesw ll affect the future of the b osphere.
EVOLUTiON
The Naked TruthBy Nina G. Jablonski
Recent fndings lay bare the originsof human ha rlessnessand h nt thatnaked sk n was a key factor n theemergence of other human tra ts.
NEUROSCiENCE
The Brains Dark EnergyBy Marcus E. Raichle
Bra n reg ons act ve when we allowour m nds to wander may hold a key tounderstand ng neurolog cal d sordersand even consc ousness tself.
EDiTOR iN CHiEF: Mariette DiChristinaMANAGING EDITOR: Ricki L. RustingCHIEF NEWS EDITOR: Philip M. YamSEnIor writeR: Gary StixEDITORS: Davide Castelvecchi,
Graham P. Collins, Mark Fischetti,Steve M rsky, M chael Moyer, George Musser,Chr st ne Soares, Kate WongCONTRiBUTiNG EDiTORS: Mark Alpert,Steven Ashley, Stuart F. Brown, W. Wayt G bbs,Marguer te Holloway, Chr st e N cholson,Michelle Press, John Rennie, Michael Shermer,Sarah S mpson
ASSOCiATE EDiTORS, ONLiNE: David Biello,Larry Greeneme erNEWS REPORTER, ONLINE: John MatsonART DiRECTOR, ONLiNE: Ryan Reid
ART DiRECTOR: Edward BellASSISTANT ART DIRECTOR: Jen ChristiansenPHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR: Monica Bradley
COPY DIRECTOR: Maria-Christina Keller
EDiTORiAL ADMiNiSTRATOR: Avonelle Wing SENIOR SECRETARY: Maya Harty
COPY AND PRODUCTION, NATURE PUBLISHINGGROUP:SENIOR COPY EDITOR, NPG: Daniel C. SchlenoffCOPY EDITOR, NPG: Michael Battaglia EDITORIAL ASSISTANT, NPG: Ann ChinMANAGING PRODUCTION EDITOR, NPG:
R chard HuntSENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR, NPG: Michelle Wright
PRODUCTION MANAGER: Christina HippeliADVERTISING PRODUCTION MANAGER:Carl Chereb nPREPRESS AND QUALITY MANAGER:S lv a De Sant sCUSTOM PUBLISHING MANAGER:Madelyn Keyes-M lch
PRESIDENT: Steven InchcoombeVICE PRESIDENT, OPERATIONS AND
48
54
64
72
80
ASTRONOMY
Eight Wonders of the SolarSystemBy Edward Bell,illustrations by Ron Miller
Tour some of the most breathtak ngv ews that awa t ntrep d explorers of oursolar system.
ORiGiN OF LiFE
Expanding the Limits of Life
top related