judaism and christianity
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Middle East Geography Overview Why is the Middle East a strategic
location? It is the crossroads of 3 continents: Africa, Asia
and Europe Suez Canal – links the Mediterranean and
Red Seas Arabian Peninsula – sparsely populated
because of lack of water Fertile Crescent – includes valleys of
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Maghreb – North African Nations Most valuable resource: OIL Arabs – predominant ethnic group of the
region Israel – Majority Jewish
Key Terms
Oasis – fertile desert area that has enough water to support plant and animal life
Strait of Hormuz – Waterway at the mouth of the Persian Gulf; world’s most important water route for oil
Northern Tier - Region that includes Anatolian and Iranian Plateaus (Turkey, Iran)
Asia Minor – a large peninsula that connects Asia and Europe
Early History and Beliefs of Judaism and Christianity
Pre Class
Three Religions – What do you know about the three major monotheistic religions? Judaism Christianity Islam
Founders of JudaismAbraham Abrahamic covenant;
God promised: Promised Land to make Abraham a father
of many nations Unconditional (required
nothing of Abraham)
Founders of JudaismMoses Greatest prophet/teacher Led the Exodus (escape
of Hebrews from slavery in Egypt)
Mosaic covenant: 10 Commandments –
establish Hebrews’ relationship with Yahweh, moral laws (self-restraint, family and human life)
Return to Canaan (Promised Land)
Diaspora - the scattering of Jews from the land of Israel
revolt against Roman rule (66-70 CE)
Destruction of Jerusalem, Temple
Jews forced to Europe Formed regional groups
Preserved traditions, beliefs; faced similar expulsions, persecutions
Where did the name “Palestine” come from??
Palestine – a name given to the Jewish province of Judea by the Romans (“Palaestina”), during Hadrian’s rule, to wipe away the identity of the state of Judea
The Western Wall Remains of Second Temple
Place of prayer (mourning for destruction of temple)
Disputed between Jews/Muslims
tzetzels
Judaism = teachings of the Hebrews
ethical monotheism Torah – first 5 books of Old
Testament History Mosaic Law (10 Comm) –
“eye for an eye,” higher value on human life, kinder towards poor, slaves
Ethics – from prophets’ messages
I. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
II. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image.
III. Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain.
IV. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy.
V. Honour thy father and thy mother.
VI. Thou shalt not kill.
VII. Thou shalt not commit adultery.
VIII. Thou shalt not steal.
IX. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.
X. Thou shalt not covet any thing that is thy neighbour's.
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Beliefs/Practices Yahweh (God)
Fear – early Hebrews Freedom to choose
between good and evil
Worship synagogue
Every synagogue contains an Ark, which is a cupboard where the Torah Scrolls, which
contain the text of the Hebrew Bible, are
kept, and a desk from which to read the Torah. (BBC)
Christianity Began in Palestine (1st Century) grew out of Judaism’s traditions Jesus – founder; Gospels – stories of Jesus’ life
Preacher – taught goodness, mercy; parables; miracles attributed to him
Disciples Sentenced to die by Romans – “enemy of the
state”; crucified According to Christians – resurrected**, ascended
into heaven
After Jesus’ Death: Christians – believe Jesus is the
Messiah (one anointed by God) Jews – do NOT believe this; still
awaiting the Messiah
When/why did the split happen?
Teachings of Christianity (rooted in Judaism)
Grounded in Jewish traditions (Trinitarian) Monotheism 10 Commandments
eternal life - reward for the humble, merciful, and unselfish. Sermon on the Mount (Golden
Rule, Beatitudes)
What do you remember about life in the Roman Empire at its height?
Why do you think Christianity appealed to many Romans?
Spread of Christianity Christians – followers of Jesus Disciples spread message through Jewish
communities in Palestine and beyond (Paul’s letters)
spread quickly (Roman Empire) Hope of eternal life Control over destiny Equality in the eyes of God
Persecution Romans persecuted
Christians Wouldn’t worship
Emperor as a god Wouldn’t worship
Roman gods PACIFISTS – wouldn’t
fight to defend the Empire
Martyrs-people who suffer or die for their beliefs.
# of Christians INCREASED – why??
Development of the Church
Empire forced to accept religion 312- Constantine supported Christianity 391 - official religion of the Roman empire Formal Church
Pope – patriarch of Rome Great Schism 1054
Roman Catholic (Rome) Eastern Orthodox (Constantinople)
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