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8/12/2019 Journal of Krishi Vigyan Vol 2 issue 2
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CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (CEC) for 2013-14
President
Mukhtar Singh Gill
Secretary Treasurer Editor Joint Secretary
Manoj Sharma N S Dhaliwal Gagandeep Kaur Gurdeep Singh
Member CECA H Hakeem, PC, KVK, Kupwara (Srinagar)
A K Srivastava, PC, KVK, Hoshangabad (Madhya Pradesh)
Ajay Kumar, SMS, Agronomy, KVK, Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand)
Akhil Kr. Deka, PC, KVK, Karbi Anglong (Assam)
Amrish Vaid, PC, KVK, Kathua (Jammu)
Anamika Sharma, PC, KVK, Dimapur (Nagaland)
B Mohan, PC, KVK, Namakkal (Tamilnadu)
K P Chaudhary, Deputy Director (Instruction) CAU, Imphal (Manipur)
Karamjit Sharma, SMS ,Ext. Education, KVK, Mukatsar (Punjab)
Kuldeep Singh, PC, KVK, Jalandhar (Punjab)M P Nayak, PC, KVK, Sundergarh (Odisha)
Mahendra Kumar, PC, KVK, Nagaur (Rajasthan)
Mayank Kumar Rai, PC, KVK, Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh)
Manoj Sudhakar Talathi, PC, KVK, Killa-Roha (Maharashtra)
Mrs. Sailabala Dei, PC, KVK, Rohtas (Bihar)
N D Singh, PC, KVK, West Kameng, Dirang (Arunachal Pradesh)
P K Sharma, PC, KVK, Kheda (Gujarat)
R D Kaushik, PC, KVK, Jind (Haryana)
Ranjay Kumar Singh, PC, KVK, Chatra (Jharkhand)
Ratnesh Kumar Jha, PC, KVK, Saran (Bihar)
Samuel Rai, PC, KVK, Darjeeling (West Bengal)
S S Paliyal, SMS Soil Science, KVK, Sirmaur (Himachal Pradesh)
T J Ramesha, PC, KVK, Lower Dibang Valley (Karnataka)
Editorial BoardAbu Kaushar Hazarika, Guwahati (Assam) Anil Dixit, Raipur (Chattisgarh)
Ashok S Dhawan, Parbhani (Maharashtra) Chander Mohan, Ludhiana (Punjab)
G S Buttar,Ludhiana (Punjab) J S Kular, Ludhiana (Punjab)
J S Urkurkur,Raipur (Chhattisgarh) V K Khatta, Hisar (Haryana)
K P Viswanatha, Raichur ( Karnataka) K S Risam, Jammu ( Jammu and Kashmir)
Kalyan Singh,Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) M Premjit Singh, Imphal (Manipur)
Mukesh K Gupta,Rourkela (Odisha) Pradeep K Sharma, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)
R K Sohane, Bhagalpur (Bihar) R R Singh, Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh)
S K Acharya, Nadia (West Bengal) S S Nanda, Bhubaneswar (Odisha)
S S Tomar, Udaipur (Rajasthan) T A Shah, Kupwara (Jammu and Kashmir)
Manuscripts:Offered for consideration should be sent to the Editorial Office, hard copy as well as soft copy by Email-
editoriskv@gmail.com or secretarykvk2011@gmail.com .
Editorial Office :
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, J J Farm, Near New Grain Market, PO. Sheikhupur, Kapurthala 144620 (Punjab).
Subscription fee:
Fee for 1 year -Rs. 1000/-; for 3 years- Rs. 2500/-; for 5 years - Rs. 3500/-; Life Membership (10 years)- Rs. 5000/-
General Correspondence:Should be addressed to the Secretary, Society of Krishi Vigyan, J J Farm, Near New Grain
Market, PO. Sheikhupur, Kapurthala 144620 (Punjab).
Printed and published by Dr. Manoj Sharma, Secretary on behalf of Society of Krishi Vigyan under the able guidance
of Dr. M S Gill, President, Society of Krishi Vigyan at M/S Foil Printers, Ludhiana.
SOCIETY OF KRISHI VIGYAN
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116. Angrej Singh, Subject Matter Specialist (Soil Science), KVK, Bhathnda (Punjab)
117. Ankit Sharma, Subject Matter Specialist (AAgricultural Engineering), KVK, Mansa(Punjab)
118. Arvind Preet Kaur, Subject Matter Specalist (Horiticulture), KVK, Fatehgarh Sahib (Punjab)
119. B Mohan,Programme Coordinator, KVK, Namakkal (Tamil Nadu)
120. Daya Ram, Department of Extension Education, Central Agricultural University Imphal (Manipur)
121. Jagdish Kumar Arora,Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection), KVK, Roop Nagar (Punjab)
122. Jagmohan Kaur, Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana (Punjab)
123. Kirandeep Kaur,Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), KVK, Samrala (Punjab)
124. Krupasindhu Behere,Ph.D Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science, Utkal
University, Bhubaneswar (Odisha)
125. Maninder Kaur, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), KVK, Fatehgarh Sahib (Punjab)
126. Navjot Singh Brar, Ph.D Scholar, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana (Punjab)
127. Navjyot Kaur, Assistant Plant Physiologist, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana (Punjab)
128. Noorjehan A K A Hanif, Subject Matter Specialist (Agricultural Extension), KVK, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Vamban Colony, Pudukkotai (Tamil Nadu)
129. Pervinder Kaur, Assistant Chemist (Residue), Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana (Punjab)
130. Purva Jaggi,Subject Matter Specialist (Home Science), KVK, Roop Nagar (Punjab)131. Ravinder Kaur, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), KVK, Sangrur (Punjab)
132. A Alagudurai, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), KVK, Namakkal (Tamil Nadu)
133. Sharmila Bharathi C, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), KVK, Namakkal (Tamil Nadu)
134. Shivani Sharma, Subject Matter Specialist (Home Science), KVK, Faridkot (Punjab)
135. Tarundeep Kaur Dhaliwal, Assistant Agronomist, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana (Punjab)
136. Vicky Singh, Subject Matter Specialist (Soil Science), KVK, Ferozepur (Punjab)
137. V Krishnamoorthy, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), KVK, Tamil Nadu AgriculturalUniversity, Vamban Colony, PUdukkottai (Tamil Nadu)
SCIENTISTSJOINED AS LIFE MEMBER OF SOCIETY OF KRISHI VIGYAN
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Presidents MessageBy the year 2025, about eighty per cent of the
expected global population of 8.5 billion will be living
in developing countries. Yet the capacity of available
resources and technologies to satisfy the demands ofthis growing population for food and other agricultural
commodities remains uncertain. Agriculture has to meet
this challenge, mainly by increasing production on
diminishing arable land. Further, major adjustments
are needed in agricultural, environmental and
macroeconomic policy to create the conditions for
sustainable agriculture and rural development. This will
involve education initiatives, utilization of economic
incentives and the development of appropriate and new
technologies. Ensuring stable supplies of nutritionally
adequate food, access to those supplies by vulnerable
groups, and production for markets; employment andincome generation to alleviate poverty; and natural
resource management and environmental protection are
the challenges ahead.
The past contribution of science and technology
to agricultural development has not been trouble free
nor has it met all needs. Agricultural output must
increase, particularly in the developing world. At the
same time, an emerging global concern about the
degradation of the environment makes it clear that
progress will be acceptable only in the context of a
more sustainable agriculture that does not damage thenatural productive base of the planet. At farmers field,
the gap is wide between what can potentially be and
what is actually produced. There are many reasons for
this yield gap. Among technical constraints in crop
production, problems related to climate and water
account for about one-third of the overall yield gap,
and problems related to pests, weeds and diseases for
another third. The last third is accounted for by non-
technical constraints. In livestock production, the gap
in the yield of milk, meat, hides and animal traction is
primarily related to problems that cause low
productivity. Among the major causes are deficienciesin the quantity and quality of feed, the widespread
occurrence of major diseases, and often the difficult
environment in which livestock is raised.
A similar situation prevails in production from
aquaculture. Other sectors of fisheries face problems
that are related more to depletion of stocks, poor
utilization of the catch, especially the unintended by-
catch, and post-catch handling. Depletion is also a main
current problem for products of the forest, particularly
in the tropical regions. The existence and condition of
forests and trees also strongly influences production
and productivity in agriculture,
wildlife and the variety and
abundance of uncultivated
plants. One recognized need isnow additionally and urgently
to address the problems of poor
farmers and of more marginal
areas.
In order to interact with scientists working in
different parts of the country on the above mentioned
issues as well as for the betterment of farmers, an effort
has been made to publish such experiences and findings
in the form of research papers. These published research
findings will be of immense importance for the
planners, researchers and extension workers becausethe information collected by the scientists while working
in a district with the farmers is not available in any of
the scientific journal available at national level. Journal
of Krishi Vigyan is the first such attempt made by the
registered Society of Krishi Vigyan. Presently, about
137 research scientists from 20 different states have
been enrolled as life members who are further
committed to expand the horizon of this society.
The successful launch and growth of the Journal
of Krishi Vigyan owes much to the outstanding editorial
board members as well as secretary of the society who
have given so generously of their time and expertise.On behalf of the entire editorial team, I convey my
sincere gratitude to all our many authors and reviewers
who have submitted papers and provided valuable
service as a reviewer. Our team has spent countless
hours reviewing manuscript for the journal over the
past year and thus we continue to excel as a direct result
of your efforts.
I am asking for your help to increase the number
of high quality manuscripts submission. For this
purpose, when ever attending a scientific meeting, please
be an advocate for the journal and talk with potentialauthors. Your advocacy is valued and needed.
Let me close by again offering my sincere thanks
for everyones support for this journal during the past
year and by extending my best for your future
assignments and new endeavors in the field of
agriculture and allied sectors.
(M S Gill)
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CONTENTS
Sr. No. Title Page No.
1. A Study Regarding Agricultural Development in Bhadrak District of Odisha.
Krupasindhu Behera and Baman Parida
2. Adoption of Chemical Weed Control in Rice: Credit Utilization and Preference for
Formulations A Study from Temperate Kashmir.
Sheikh Muzaffar Ahmad and Abdul Hameed Hakeem
3. Agronomic Manipulation in Brahmi Cultivation for Higher Productivity in Assam
Plains.
Aparna Baruah, P K Gogoi, I C Barua and D Baruah
4. Communication Source Utilization Pattern and Constraints Faced by Farm Women
for Getting Technical Information about Chickpea Cultivation.
Urmila Devi and Kanta Sabharwal
5. Comparative Study on Cultivation of Cabbage Under Low Tunnel and Open Field
Conditions in Cold Arid Ladakh Region.
Tahir Saleem, Mohd Mehdi, A H Hakeem, M S Trumboo and N A Ganai
6. Development and Evaluation of the Dietetic Products Prepared from Bael Fruit.
Sangita Sood and Suruchi Katoch
7. Effect of Salix Spacing on the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)
under Shallow Water Table Conditions.
Sunil Kumar, B C Saini and R K Jha
8. Effect of Water Soluble and Conventional Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of
Chillies.
V Krishnamoorthy and Noorjehan A K A Hanif
9. Effect on Yield and Yield Component of Maize (Zea MaysL.) due to Planting
Patterns and Different Irrigation Levels.
Rima Taipodia and N D Singh
10. Evaluation of Different Gerbera (Gerbera JamesoniiBolus) Cultivars for Growth
and Flower Characters Under Assam Conditions.
Kankana Deka and Madhumita Choudhury Talukdar
11. Feeding of UMMB Licks to Dairy Animals: A Farmers Reactive Study. Manoj
Sharma, Gurdeep Singh and Keshava
12. Impact of KVK Training Programmes and Frontline Demonstrations on Adoption of
Pusa Basmati 1121 in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir.
A P Singh, Amrish Vaid and Vishal Mahajan
13. Impact of Training Programme on Adoption of Organic Farming Technology in
Central Zone.
A S Rajput, R P Singh, S Kumar and Ashish Jaiswal
1
8
11
14
19
22
25
28
31
35
39
44
49
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growth in the district.
To find out the various agro-climatic, socio-
economic, technological, infrastructural,
institutional and policy factors and various
economic aspects including production,profitability, equity and viability of small and
marginal farms in the context of diversification.
To identify potential sources and appropriate
strategies and policies for accelerated and
diversified agricultural growth as well as
sustainability of small/ marginal farms.
HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY
The present study about information needs of
agriculture would help in designing the
information system and services. Howeverspecific hypothesis formulated for the present
study were as under which envisaged that
Information needs about basic status of
agriculture in rural areas are based on and linked
with one another in mutually useful ways.
It has increased their needs of consulting
various information sources for developing their
economic growth.
Agriculture status has formulated and
organized to help them in solving daily problemsand raising the quality of their lives in day to day
problems.
Agriculture needs are to be met on priority
basis which is crucial for socioeconomic
development of household.
Refreshing or updating their knowledge in a
particular field improves their technical or
professional qualifications, further develop the
abilities, and/or enrich their knowledge.
MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was based on both secondary and
primary data. The secondary data at the block and
district level were collected from different
departments /agencies/farmer household relating
to different variables/parameters of the study for
the period 2012-13. The primary data were based
on a survey of a cross section of cultivating
households in the district during the year 2011-
2012.
The study has attempted to cover the
quantitative analysis of the status of poor farmers,
policy and management of rural process of
implementation in the district. The action research
consisted of secondary research on the agriculture
in the block, field visits and primary data collection
from different categories of farmers in the district,dialogue with government departments and
institutions/projects related on agricultural farm
and engagement with civil society groups and
institutions. The study primarily looked at the
interventions and delivery of services in farmers
located in the rural areas.
Agricultural diversification in the district were
gauged from share of various sub-sectors in GDP
as well as total value of output from agriculture
and allied activities, sectoral shares of employed
persons, cropping pattern and agricultural visa--vision-agricultural exports. Further two indices
of crop diversification were estimated.
(i) Index of Crop Diversification
(ii) Simpsons Index of Diversification
At the district level certain factors were taken
to explain agricultural diversification of value of
output from crop production, livestock, forestry
and fisheries through multiple regressions using
data for the 2011-2012. These factors were
fertilizer consumption, irrigation, annual rainfall,
grazing lands, credit, regulated markets, village
hats, cold storages, rural roads, rural electrification,
veterinary hospitals, forest protection committees,
rural literacy and urban population on one hand
and the factors like irrigation, annual rainfall,
credit, regulated markets, rural roads, rural
electrification, rural literacy and urban population
on the other hand. In these exercises, the
regressions of district could not be formulated due
to lack of adequate data under most heads. To
understand crop diversification, economics of
crop production was analyzed for which an
analysis of cost of cultivation was undertaken.
Apart from this, agricultural diversification in the
field was also gauged through horticultural,
livestock, fisheries and non-farm diversification.
Data collected through field survey were used
extensively for the detailed analysis.
A survey of cultivating households was
conducted in the areas of Basudevpur, Bhadrak,
Bonta, Chandbali, Dhamnagar, Bhandaripukhuri
and Tihidi to study the agricultural production and
Behera and Parida
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resource use efficiency.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The primary data were based on a survey of a
cross section of cultivating households in selected
blocks. In the district in each block two areas were
purposively selected one relatively developed
and one relatively under developed in consultation
with local district level officer. Hence a village
or a cluster of villages was chosen from each of
the blocks (Table 1). Before the selection of
sample farm households, all households were
enlisted along with various information including
operational holdings i.e., net cultivated area
(NCA) in the selected villages. Based on the net
cultivated area, farm households were categorized
into four broad sub-classes viz., marginal (< 1.0ha.), small (between 1-2 ha.), medium (2-4 ha.)
and large (> 4 ha.). Within sub classes, the
households were selected based on proportionate
random sampling procedure. Accordingly, 50
households more were selected from each village.
Following this, systematic random sampling
method was adopted for the selection of sample
households. Under systematic random sampling
method, firstly all farm households in a village
were enumerated. The next step was to find the
random interval. This was calculated by dividingthe total number of households in particular farm
size category (For e.g. n = 100) in the village by
the number of households that are to be selected
(e.g.xn = 20). Thus, the random interval is equal
to 100/20 = 5. Then the first household was
selected using the random numbers table.
Subsequently every 5th household from the total
number of households was taken to frame a
sample. Therefore, if the first selected number was
the 5th household, then the subsequent selected
households were the 15th,25th, 35th, 45th, andso on. When the random interval was in decimals,
it was converted to the next whole number.
However, if a sample household could not be
surveyed due to any reason, then the sampling
household with the next sampling serial number
was substituted for collecting information. Farmers
were interviewed by using pre-tested structured
schedules.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Most of the secondary sources of data were
collected from economics and statistics of
agriculture, Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation, district level and Sample Survey
Rounds of District Statistical Organization (DSO),
District Statistical Abstracts, Department of
Animal Husbandry & Dairying, DistrictHorticultural Board and Economic Survey.
Table 1. Blocks and villages selected for primary
survey in districts.
Block Villa- No. of No. of No. of % of
ges House- per- far- Far-
holds sons mers mers
Basudevpur 10 60 240 120 15.08
Bhadrak 11 66 264 132 17.58
Bhandaripo 15 56 224 112 15.60
khari
Bonta 16 57 228 114 14.32Chandbali 13 50 200 100 12.16
Dhamnagar 12 54 216 108 13.16
Tihidi 10 55 220 110 12.10
Total 87 398 1592 796 100
Survey -detailed questionnaire schedule was prepared for
the collection of primary data.
Farming Households and Land Holdings
In all the selected blocks of district, the
proportion of marginal farmers was higher than
small, medium and large farmers. In terms of area
distribution, there was unequal distribution of net
cultivated area among farming households in the
entire block. Out of the net cultivated area of the
total households surveyed, medium and large
farmers defined as those operating area more than
2 ha. constitute a comparatively smaller proportion
of total farming households but account for a
higher per household operated area. The marginal
and small farmers constituting a large proportion
of households have comparatively lower net
cultivated area. The cropping intensity (GCA/
NCA) was highest in Chandbali (199.86%)
followed by Bonta(186.54%) Basudevpur(169.09%) Dhamnagar (159.02%) and Bhandari
pokhari (127.92%). Cropping intensity was higher
where farmers grew two crops per year, did
multiple cropping or grew several crops in a year.
Agriculture and Non-Agriculture
It was noticed that in the district as a whole,
the share of agriculture in the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) declined from 35.7% in 2007-2008
to 23.2% in 2012-2013, while that of non-
agriculture increased from 64.3% to 76.8% in the
J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 1-7
Agricultural Development in Bhadrak District
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same period. In all the areas share of agriculture
was higher than the district level except in Tihidi
in the recent years. Conversely, in all the blocks,
the share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from
non-agriculture was lower. Further, within the allblocks the share of GDP from agriculture and allied
activities was relatively higher in Bonta (50.38%),
followed by Bhandaripokhari (50.19 %), Bhadrak
(45.99%) and Basudevpur (35.7%), lastly
Chandbali (30.06%). The share of GDP from non-
agriculture was very high in Dhamnagar (73.60
%), followed by Chandbali (69.94 %),
Basudevpur (64.3%), Bhadrak (54.01 %)
Bhandaripokhari(49.81 %), and lastly
Bonta(49.62%). This distribution was on expected
lines as Tihidi, Basudevpur and Bonta have largemineral deposits resulting in large scale
industrialization in this region.
Cropping Pattern in district
The index values of crop diversification were
very high in the district of Bhadrak,(Table 2)
indicating a high degree of crop specialization in
the district during both the years. The year 2007-
08 showed a decline in crop diversification in the
block of Dhamnagar and bhadrak as two crops
started dominating GCA as well as an increase in
their index values. There was an increase in theindex values of diversification for 2 out of 7
blocks (80%) more from 2007 to 2013, thereby
indicating in crop diversification. In the block of
Chandbali (Table 2) during 2008-2009, four crop
combinations occupied more than 10% of GCA
only in three blocks (Bonta, Chandbali and Tihidi),
while in 2007-08, four crop combinations
occupied more than 10% GCA in seven blocks
(Basudevpur, Bhadrak, Bonta, Chandbali,
Dhamnagar, Bhandaripukhuri and Tihidi). There
was an increase in the index values ofdiversification for 34 out of 70 villages(48.57%)
from 2007-2008 to 2012-2013, thereby indicating
a slight increase in crop diversification
Sector wise Agriculture Output and Allied
Activities
From Table 3, it was noticed that the share
of value of output from crop production (excluding
horticulture) in the total value of output from
agriculture and allied activities was highest
compared to the other sectors in the district and it
was highest in Chandbali (44.29%) followed by
Basudevpur (42.28%), Bhadrak (41.17%),
Dhamnagar(39.14%) and Bonta (33.51%). The
share of value of output from horticultural crop
production was highest in Tihidi (39.72%)followed by Dhamnagar (27.33%), Basudevpur
(26.6%), Chandbali (26.05%). The share of value
of output from livestock was highest in
Bhandaripokhari (43.27%) followed by Bhadrak
(37.79%), Damnagar(32.68%),Banta (28.59%).
The share of value of output from forestry was
highest in Banta(9.25%), followed by Bhadrak
(6.84%) Tihidi (5.55%). The share of value of
output from fisheries was highest in Basudevpur
(6.79%) followed by Bhadrak (4.67%), Tihidi
(4.54%), Bonta (3%) and Chandbali (2.34%) asthe district level average.
Share of Area under different Fruits in district.
In the total value of output from share of area
under different fruits as a percentage of total area
under different fruits in the district. In Basudevpur,
the share of value of output from fruits of mango
production was the highest (50.34%) followed
closely by that of Dhamnagar (45.03%) and lowest
has recorded as from Chandbali (16.79%) At the
district level, 796 farmers were of the view that
mango has the highest production in all the blocksof the district followed by banana (21.76%),
guava(10.79%) and lowest litchi (2.27%).
Share of Area under different Vegetables in the
District.
The highest share was of potato (44.49%)
among vegetables followed by onion (10.03%),
okra (7.31%), cauliflower (6.52%) and lowest has
been recorded from cucumber (0.21%). The data
showed that total share of area under seasonal
vegetables was during Rabi season (58.93%).Bhandaripokhari and Chandbali has maximum
percentage of area (62.17%) and lowest was
recorded from Bhadrak (56.81%). Maximum
number of farmers (132) practising seasonal
vegetable cultivation were in Bhadrak sector.
Total share of area during Kharif season was 41.07
per cent. Maximum area under seasonal
vegetables dring Kharif season was in Bhadrak
block while minimum share of area was in
Bhandaripokhari and Chandbali block.
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Table 2. Cropping pattern in district.
Block No. of Crop 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- Dist.Total
Farmers 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Basudevpur 120 Cereals 70.60 70.14 69.97 68.79 66.42 64.46 68.39
Oilseeds 9.41 9.28 9.72 10.14 12.55 13.83 10.94Pulses 12.75 13.38 12.41 13.12 12.81 11.83 12.72
Cotton 4.12 4.41 4.32 4.75 3.87 4.82 4.17
Jute &Mesta 0.61 0.45 0.72 0.91 0.53 0.61 0.86
Coconut 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.68 0.75 0.84 0.68
Sugarcane 1.48 1.51 1.47 1.01 2.13 2.81 1.66
Fruits & Veg. 0.44 0.24 0.79 0.60 0.94 0.80 0.58
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Bhadrak 132 Cereals 85.00 73.58 81.61 77.11 81.11 83.00 80.23
Pulses 7.74 8.22 8.81 8.34 10.67 9.2 8.83
Oilseeds 2.31 12.6 6.0 9.23 1.98 3.13 5.87
Fruits &Veg. 1.29 2.46 1.22 1.28 2.63 1.48 1.75
Sugarcane 2.19 1.54 1.01 1.13 2.05 1.36 1.54Jute 1.47 1.60 1.35 2.91 1.56 1.83 1.78
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Bhandari 112 Cereals 68.37 66.19 57.42 53.94 48.71 52.9 69.8
pokhari Pulses 8.85 9.14 12.71 14.97 21.84 19.62 16.17
Oilseeds 9.76 8.10 11.94 8.61 17.73 10.11 8.08
Fruits &Veg. 6.37 8.09 9.41 12.94 8.36 8.10 4.59
Sugarcane 6.65 8.48 8.52 9.54 3.36 9.27 1.36
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Bonta 114 Cereals 75.61 76.87 81.77 78.63 81.13 62.71 76.11
Pulses 11.79 9.79 9.53 8.28 11.14 15.97 11.08
Oilseeds 9.10 6.88 3.09 7.56 3.47 8.77 6.47
Fruits &Veg. 0.06 2.57 2.00 1.04 0.69 8.18 2.45
Sugarcane 3.44 3.89 3.61 4.49 3.57 4.37 3.89
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Chandbali 100 Cereals 74.72 75.76 75.23 68.51 71.13 68.72 82.37
Pulses 8.06 11.12 10.11 12.05 13.04 12.37 4.95
Oilseeds 7.07 7.40 5.22 6.56 6.92 8.78 4.45
Fruits &Veg. 5.68 4.30 8.24 9.15 5.70 7.96 6.70
Sugarcane 4.47 1.42 1.20 3.73 3.21 2.17 1.53
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Dhamnagar 108 Cereals 83.74 86.74 81.29 78.04 77.04 77.59 81.19
Pulses 8.66 7.43 8.29 9.31 10.22 12.38 12.26
Oilseeds 4.18 2.15 8.03 6.21 4.11 3.40 3.00
Fruits &Veg. 1.17 1.51 1.13 4.21 3.55 1.40 2.30
Sugarcane 1.19 1.11 1.21 1.19 3.04 4.19 0.55Jute 1.06 1.06 0.05 1.04 2.04 1.04 0.70
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Tihidi 110 Cereals 63.27 64.72 76.33 68.42 67.91 63.27 74.05
Pulses 14.91 12.33 8.05 10.47 8.65 11.11 6.44
Oilseeds 9.25 7.13 6.49 8.24 7.38 9.25 7.33
Fruits &Veg. 6.33 5.97 6.4 8.42 8.74 6.21 6.98
Sugarcane 4.17 5.97 0.22 4.2 4.01 5.17 3.39
Cereals 2.07 3.88 2.51 0.25 3.31 4.99 1.81
Total 796 Share 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Source: Primary Field Survey
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Table 3. Sector wise value of output in agriculture and allied activities in district.
Block No. of Crop Horticulture Livestock Forestry Fisheries
Farmers Production
Basudevpur 120 42.28 26.6 24.14 0.19 6.79Bhadrak 132 41.17 9.53 37.79 6.84 4.67
Bhandaripokhari 112 36.47 17.38 43.27 0.13 2.75
Bonta 114 33.51 25.65 28.59 9.25 3
Chandbali 100 44.29 26.5 26.87 0 2.34
Tihidi 108 36.68 39.72 13.51 5.55 4.54
Dhamnagar 110 39.14 27.33 32.68 0 0.85
Total. 796 273.54 172.71 206.85 21.96 24.94
(39.07) (24.67) (29.55) (3.13) (3.56)
Source: Primary Field Survey
Table 4 Area under seasonal vegetables as a percentage of total area under vegetables in Bhadrak (2007-08)
Block No. of Farmers Rabi Vegetables Kharif VegetablesBasudevpur 120 56.97 43.03
Bhadrak 132 56.81 43.19
Bhandaripokhari 112 62.17 37.83
Bonta 114 57.68 42.32
Chandbali 100 62.17 37.83
Tihidi 108 57.68 42.32
Dhamnagar 110 59.03 40.97
Total 796 (58.93) (41.07)
Source: Primary Field Survey
J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 1-7
Behera and Parida
Table 5. Share of agricultural vis--vis non-agricultural exports in district (%)
District No. of Persons Year Agricultural Exports Non-Agricultural ExportsBasudevpur 120 2005-06 84.02 15.98
Bhadrak 132 2006-07 69.35 30.65
Bhandaripokhari 112 2007-08 80.59 19.41
Bonta 114 2008-09 85.96 14.04
Chandbali 100 2009-10 90.87 9.13
Tihidi 108 2010-11 92.12 11.3
Dhamnagar 110 2011-12 95.15 16.4
Source: Economic Survey (Various Issues)
Annual Growth Rate of different Livestock in
the District.
As a component of agricultural sector, itsshare in gross domestic product has been rising
gradually, while that sector has been on the
decline. In recent years, livestock output has
grown at a rate of about cattle -2.7% a year,
Buffaloes 2.98% Sheep 9.56 % and goats 7.48%
growth in sector. District has immense resources
of livestock and poultry, which plays a vital role
in rural areas.
The share was highest for milk (52.32%)
followed by meat 23.19%,dung 6.84%, egg
4.47%, wool and hair 4.23% and lowest for silk
and honey in the district.
Share of Agricultural Vis--vis Non-agricultural
Exports in district
Out of all the blocks, was at the top by
contributing to Dhamnagar in highest as 95.15%in
the year 2011-12 followed by Tihidi 92.12%,
Chandbali 90.87% and lowest was Bhadrak
69.35% in agricultural exports. On the other hand
Non-Agricultural Exports was highest from
Bhadrak (30.65%), Bhandaripokhari (19.41%)
and lowest from Tihidi (9.13%) blocks in the
district (Table 6).
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Agricultural Development in Bhadrak District
CONCLUSION
This study analyzed the trends and patterns
of agricultural diversification and related
development of blocks in the district by
considering various agro-climatic, socio-economic, technological, infrastructural,
institutional and policy factors. Within the
agriculture & allied activities sector the share of
agriculture including livestock in recent years was
highest in Bhadrak, (95.2%) followed by
Basudevpur, Chandbali, Bonta and Tihidi
(approximately 80%). The share of forestry and
logging was highest in Bhadrak (12.08%),
followed by Chandbali and Dhamnagar
(approximately 7%). In Chandbali and
Dhamnagar the shares were very low 3%. The
share of fisheries was highest in Chandbali
(10.23%) followed by Bhadrak and Basudevpur
5%. The fisheries sector showed very low shares
in Tihidi and Chandbali i.e., 3.93% and 1.28%respectively.There has been a significant change
in the cropping pattern in the past few decades.
In Bhadrak as a whole as well in all the block
areas share of cereals in the GCA has been highest
amongst other crops from 2006-2012. It was also
observed that the area devoted to food grains was
higher in all the blocks compared to horticultural
crops. It was thus inferred that:
Received on 11-01-2014 Accepted on 08-03-2014
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Adoption of Chemical Weed Control in Rice: Credit
Utilization and Preference for Formulation: A Study
From Temperate KashmirSheikh Muzaffar Ahmad* and Abdul Hameed Hakeem
Krishi Vigyan Kendra Baramulla (Potushai Bandipora)
Shere Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir ( J & K)
ABSTRACT
Farmers dont use credit for the purchase of herbicides in the rice crop and they prefer a
particular formulation of herbicide in Kashmir. To know the reasons, a study was conducted in
four randomly selected development blocks of district Baramulla. Two villages from each
development block were selected randomly. A sample of 200 farmers comprising adopters,
partial adopters, and non-adopters was selected from eight sampled villages through stratifiedrandom sampling technique proportional to size. The study revealed that financial soundness
and the risk of losing their lands in case of untimely repayment of credits were the main reasons
for not using credits. It was further revealed that granular formulation was preferred over liquid
formulation owing to lesser requirement of labourers and ease of application.
Key Words: Adoption, Credit, Herbicide, Rice crop.
INRODUCTION
Rice is the staple food as well as one of the
major crops of Jammu and Kashmir (Mubarak et
al. 2012). Weeds are considered as the major
constraint in achieving higher yields in rice(Srinivasan et al.2008) and can cause a reduction
to the tune of 10-90 per cent in Indian rice fields
(Nair et al.2000). In integrated weed management
approach, chemical weed control is very important
as it is quick, easy, efficient, labour saving and
less time consuming. The use of chemicals for
weed control in rice in Jammu and Kashmir is
slow. In order to speed up the adoption of
herbicides, a study was conducted with the
objective to examine the extent and level of
adoption of recommended herbicides for rice crop
by the farmers of Baramulla district of Jammu and
Kashmir. Since farmers dont use credits for
purchasing herbicides, so it was considered
worthwhile to probe reasons for this trend.
Moreover, the farmers are using herbicides in
granular form. Hence, the investigation was also
conducted with the objective that if the farmers
are given a free choice, what they would prefer:
Granular formulation or liquid formulation of
herbicides.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out during 2006 in
Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir. Out of
14 development blocks in the district, four
development blocks were selected randomly. Twovillages from each development block were
selected randomly. A sample of 200 farmers
comprising adopters, partial adopters, and non-
adopters was selected from eight sampled villages
through stratified random sampling technique. The
size of sample from each stratum was in
proportion to the total number of farmers in it.
The data was collected through personal interview
with the farmers with the help of structural and
pretested schedule.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data presented in Table 1 revealed that the
major reasons, which contributed for not using
credits for purchasing herbicides were financial
soundness (40.0%), risk of losing land in case of
untimely repayment of credits (30.5%) and poor
repaying of capacity of credits later on (17.0%).
The other reasons pointed out by farmers were
high rate of interest, delay in sanctioning credits,
lengthy and different procedures involved in
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*Corresponding Authors Email: shkmuzaffar@yahoo.co.in
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getting credits sanctioned from banks, hesitation
of banks to sanction credits because of small
holdings, prevalence of bribery, non- availability
of credits, previous bad experience and the
tradition of community of not taking credits frombanks. Kumar and Jitarwal (2012) also reported
that economic status has great role in technology
adoption and thus such farmers rarely need credit
facility.
From the above findings, it becomes clear that
extension personnel have to work for bringing in
confidence among the farmers that by taking
credits from banks, they will not lose their
holdings. They should help the farmers in filling
up the forms etc at the nearby banks. The bank
people should be invited in the district meetingsso that the problems of delaying in sanctioning
credits are sorted out amicably.
Table 1. Reasons for not using credits for purchasing
herbicides for rice crop.
(N = 200)
Reason Respondents
No Percentage
1. Financial soundness 80 40.0
2. Unwilling to take risk of 61 30.5
losing land if credit not
repaid back in time3. Poor repaying capacity 34 17.0
4. High rate of interest charged 27 13.5
by bank
5. Delay in sanctioning credits 20 10.0
6. Lengthy and difficult 19 9.5
procedure involved
in getting credits sanctioned
7. Not knowing the credit facility 17 8.5
of banks
8. Hesitation of banks to 8 4.0
sanction credits because
of small holdings9. Other reasons like prevalence 8 4.0
of bribery, non-availability of
credits, previous bad experience,
tradition of the community of
not taking credits from banks.
A perusal of the data presented in Table 2
revealed that 78.0 per cent of respondents gave
preference for granular formation while 21.0 per
cent did not give any preference.
Table 2. Preference for a particular formulation of
weedicide.
Preference Respondents
No Percentage
1. Granular formulation 156 78.0
2. Liquid formulation 2 1.0
3. No preference 42 21.0
Out of those who preferred granular
formulation (Table 3), the reasons were: lesser
requirement of labourers (53.2%), ease in
application (31.4%), difficulty in handling
spraying equipment (23.1%) and long experience
of using granular formulation of herbicides
(20.5%).
Table 3. Reasons for preferring granular formulationof herbicides.
(N = 156)
Reasons Respondents
No %age
1. Lesser requirement for 83 53.2
labourers
2. Ease in application 49 31.4
3. Difficulty in handling 36 23.1
spraying equipment
4. Long experience of using 32 20.5
granular formulation
5. Conviction about superiority 23 14.7of granular formulation over
liquid formulation.
6. Non-availability of spraying 22 14.1
equipment
7. Tradition of a community 12 7.7
to apply granular formulation
8. Others(Lack of experience in 20 12.8
applying liquid formulation,
not knowing effectiveness of
liquid formulation of
herbicides, machinery /
spraying equipment not needed,liquid formulation laborious,
weeds completely controlled
by granular formulation,
weedicide in granular formulation
can be broadcast effectively).
Other reasons pointed out were: conviction
about superiority of granular formulation over
liquid formulation, non-availability of spraying
equipments, lack of experience in applying liquid
formulation and higher efficiency of granular
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10
formulation. Only two respondents preferred
liquid formulation and the reason expressed by
them was that liquid formulation of herbicides
could be evenly spread to entire field as compared
to granular formulation.
CONCLUSION
From the above findings it was evident that
the farmers were not yet aware of the liquid
formulation of herbicides. Extension efforts need
to be concentrated on educating the farmers
regarding liquid formulations through result
demonstrations so that farmers become equally
convinced about the effectiveness of liquid
formulations also. At the same time, the liquid
formulation of herbicides should also be made
available to farmers at their respective plant
protection stores, well in time. It would be
worthwhile to mention that quite a good
percentage of respondents (23.1) have expressed
that due to difficulty of handling spraying
equipment, they prefer granular formulation.
Since no spraying equipment is involved in liquid
formulations of herbicides, the extension workers
should remove this misconception through
educational efforts.
REFERENCES
Kumar Mahendra and Jitarwal R C (2012). Review of Factors
affecting the Adoption of Drip Irrigation Technology.J Krishi
Vigyan1(1):69-72
Mubarak T, Zarger M A and Bhat Z A ( 2012). IDM- In Combating
Blast Disease in Rice Crop in Temperate Environment.J Krishi
Vigyan1(1):27-31
Nair A K , Pramanik S C, Ravisankran N and Dinesh R ( 2000).
Effect of varieties and weed control practices on productivity
of rice and weed growth in lowlands of south Andamans.Indian J Agri Sci 72(8): 477-79
Srinivasan E K, Natarajan S , Ganapathy M and Arivazhagan K(
2008). Effect of nitrogen levels and weed management in
hybrid rice.ORYZA45(2): 160-62.
Received on 22-01-2014 Accepted on 14-04-2014
J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 8-10
Adoption of Chemical Weed Control
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Agronomic Manipulation in Brahmi (Bacopa
monnieri) Cultivation For Higher Productivity in
Assam PlainsAparna Baruah, P K Gogoi, I C Barua and D Baruah1#
Department of Agronomy
Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, (Assam)
ABSTRACT
Brahmi [Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst] is one of the most popular medicinal herb in Indian
Pharmacopeia. It has been used as brain tonic and mind refresher in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic,
Siddha and Folk medicines. Realizing the importance of scientific support for the sustainable
and large scale production of Brahmi, an agronomic trial was conducted with an aim to develop
an acclimatized package of cultivation practices for the plains of Assam. The experiment wasconducted at the Instructional-cum-Research Farm of Assam Agricultural University (AAU)
under medium-land rainfed conditions during summer season. The study revealed that the crop
is very sensitive to soil nutrient status, spacing and availability of moisture in the soil. Addition
of organic manure resulted faster spread and ground coverage of the crop and the optimum
dose was determined as 2t ha-1 enriched compost. Organic manure improved the soil health by
increasing the organic carbon content nearly to 17 per cent after the first harvest of the crop and
also improved the water holding capacity of the soil. The planting of 12 to15 cm long rooted
slips with a spacing of 20 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants resulted faster ground
coverage that gave better competitive ability of the crop against the associated weeds. The
highest yield (144.17 g m-2) on dry weight basis was obtained with the application of 2t ha -1
enriched compost at spacing of 20cm x 10cm, after 6 months of planting. In addition, thistreatment also yielded 996 numbers m-2 of rooted slips. The results were very promising for
acceptance of Brahmi for commercial cultivation and entrepreneurship development
Key Words: Bacopa monnieri; Package of practices; Commercial cultivation.
INTRODUCTION
Brahmi [Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst] is an
important medicinal herb. It is found throughout
the Indian subcontinents in wet, damp and marshy
areas. It belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae
and has a chromosome number of 2n = 64. It
requires a warm- moist climate with a temperature
range of 30 to 40C and a relative humidity of 60
to 80 per cent with a good sunshine duration.
Thus, the climatic and edaphic conditions of plains
of Assam are very ideal for Brahmi cultivation. It
is usually used as a memory booster. Besides this,
it is also used in the treatment of cardiac,
respiratory and neuropharmacological disorders
like insomnia, insanity, depression, phychosis,
epilepsy and stress (Russo and Borrelli, 2005). In
addition, it was also reported to possess anti
inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, sedative, free
radical scavengering and anti-lipid peroxidative
activities (Anbarasi et al, 2005; Kishor and Singh,
2005). In spite of availability of all the favorable
environmental conditions and also its usefulness,
its commercial cultivation is restricted to very few
pockets of Assam, that too in a very small scale
and without following proper scientific method
of cultivation; that is mainly due to the lack of
site specific low cost agro technology of the crop.
So in order to develop an acclimatized and organic
agro-technique, an attempt was made to work on
the fertility and spacing management of the crop.
Corresponding Authors E-mail: deep_baruah@rediffmail.com1Livestock Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Hekra-781127, Kamrup, Assam
J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 11-13
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Table 1. Number of rooted slips and herbage yield under different spacing and doses of organic manure of
Brahmi.
Treatment Dry weight of leafy Dry weight of leafy Number of rooted slips
twigs without roots (g m2) twigs with roots (g m2)
Spacing20cm x 10cm 93.3 164.2 996
20cm x 20cm 72.5 143.3 869
30cm x 20cm 66.7 127.5 697
30cm x 30cm 40.8 98.3 602
CD (P=0.05) 0.43 0.39 2.63
Organic manures (t h-1)
3t EC 64.2 130.8 827
2t EC 81.7 144.2 827
3t EC, 25%w/w supp. with FYM 56.2 122.5 716
2t EC, 25%w/w supp. with FYM 68.33 135.83 801
CD (P=0.05) 0.43 0.39 2.63
Table 2. Ground coverage (%) of Brahmi at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after planting under different doses of
organic manure and spacing.
Treatments 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT 120 DAT 150 DAT
Organic manures (t h-1)
3t EC 50.2 79.0 94.8 97.3 98.7
2t EC 51.4 85.3 96.0 99.0 100.0
3t EC, 25%w/w supp. with FYM 47.7 77.7 90.3 95.7 98.7
2t EC, 25%w/w supp. with FYM 50.8 80.1 95.3 98.7 99.3
CD (P=0.05) 0.95 0.84 0.98 N.S. 1.05
Spacing
20cm x 10cm 64.7 88.7 97.7 100.0 100.0
20cm x 20cm 59.3 81.1 95.1 98.7 100.030cm x 20cm 40.4 76.7 93.7 97.7 99.7
30cm x 30cm 35.7 75.7 90.0 94.3 97.0
CD (P=0.05) 0.95 0.84 0.98 3.90 1.05
between 30-60 days after planting. In addition
narrow spacing reduced the growth of competitive
weeds. Thus, under medium-land rainfed
condition and warm moist sub-tropical climate,
the crop flourishes well and increased the harvest
frequency when it is transplanted with a spacing
of 20 cm x 10 cm and a dose of 2t EC ha-1 is
applied.
REFERENCES
Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K and Desai C S (2005). Creatine
kinase isoenzyme patterns upon chronic exposure to cigarette
smoke: Protective effect of Bacoside A. Vascul Pharmacol
42: 57-61.
Kishore K and Singh M (2005). Effect of bacosides, alcoholic
extract ofBacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi), an experimental
amnesia in mice.Indian J Exp Biol43: 640-45.
Russo A and Borrelli F (2005). Bacopa monnieri, a reputed
nootropic plant: An overview. Phytomedicine12: 305-317.
Sharma S N, Bhan M K, Kumar A, Gupta S, Balyan S S, Gupta
K K and Dhar A K (2005).Bacopa monnieri: Its domestication
and agro-technology.J Tropical Medicinal Plants6 (2): 227-
33.
Shirole M S, Jadhav, A S , Mahatale P V, Shinde R H and
Mahatale Y V (2005). Effect of organic manure and spacing
on growth and yield of Brahmi.Annals of Plant Physiology
19(2): 264-65.
Received on 25-01-2014 Accepted on 15-03-2014
J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 11-13
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constraints in getting technical information for
chickpea cultivation.
Keeping this in view, the present investigation
was carried out to study the communication
sources utilization pattern by the farm womenabout recommended package of practices and
identify various constraints faced by them in
getting technical information regarding chickpea
cultivation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted in Rewari
district of Haryana. Rampuri and Jatusana villages
were selected from Rewari Block. From two
selected villages, a proportionate sample of 65
farm women who were actively involved infarming was selected randomly. The extent of use,
usefulness, satisfaction level and perceived need
for repetition of communication source and
constraints faced in getting technical information
by the farm women were studied for chickpea.
Extent of use of Communication sources refers
the frequency with which rural women used
various media for getting information. The
frequency of contact with various sources and/or
channels by the farming women was measured
with the help of three-point interval scale. The threepoints were regularly, often and sometime and
assigned scores of 3, 2 and 1, respectively.
Usefulness refers to the benefits derived from
technological information source use and was
obtained from the respondents under 4 categories
as very useful, useful, somewhat useful and not
useful and score was assigned as 4, 3, 2 and 1,
respectively. The satisfaction level was
categorized in three categories viz., fully satisfied,
partially satisfied and not satisfied and score was
assigned as 3,2 and 1, respectively. Perceived
need for repetition of information refers to
information from any technological information
source and was obtained from the respondents
under three categories as most needed, needed
and not needed and accordingly score was
assigned as 3,2 and1 respectively.
The structured interview schedule was
developed and pre-tested on non sampled
respondents. The interview was conducted
personally by the investigator with the women
farmers individually. The collected data were
processed, tabulated and analyzed by using
frequency, percentage, mean weight score and
ranking etc.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFrequency of information source utilization
It was observed (Table 1) that friends got rank
I with mean score 2.58 followed by neighbours
(2.51) and family members (2.49) to acquire
information by the respondents whereas,
frequently used source of information was
relatives (2.11) and least frequently used source
was traditional folk media (1.55), Panchayat
members (1.15) and village leaders (1.11) as
localite source of information.
Least frequently/not used cosmopolite sourcesof information were contact farmers (I,), social
workers (II), banks (III), exhibition, input agencies
(IV), university scientist (V), cooperative societies
personnel, agricultural development officer
(ADO), subject matter specialist, kisan mela (VI),
scientist, extension specialist, government agency
personnel, farmers training centers, krishi Upaj
Mandi, pesticides/seed/fertilizers depot holders
(VII,) by the farm women.
Radio and television were frequently used
mass media sources by the farm women. whereascassette recorder , newspaper , audio visual aid ,
farm magazines/journals, telephone calls and
internet were least frequently/not used sources of
information by farm women for seeking
information regarding gram cultivation practices.
It was thus, inferred that the locality sources
were utilized more frequently by the farm women
and no cosmopolite source of information was
used to acquire the information about gram
cultivation. Radio and television were found to
be frequently used mass media source ofinformation. Similar findings were reported by
Dahiya et al (1997).
Usefulness of information source
It was observed that the family members
were found very useful locality source, whereas
friends , neighbours and relatives were perceived
as useful, whereas progressive farm men/women,
traditional folk media, panchayat members and
village leaders were perceived as somewhat
useful/not useful localite source of information by
Devi and Sabharwal
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Table 1: Communication source utilization pattern by farm women. N=65
Sr. Communication Frequency of use Usefulness Satisfaction level Perceived need
No. source Weighted Rank Weighted Rank Weighted Rank Weighted Rank
Mean Mean Mean Mean
A) Localite source
1. Family members 2.49 III 3.01 I 2.43 II 1.63 VI
2. Neighbour 2.51 II 2.75 III 2.43 II 1.52 VII
3. Progressive farm 1.65 V 1.98 V 1.58 IV 2.49 III
men/women
4. Relatives 2.11 IV 2.57 IV 2.14 III 1.98 V
5. Friends 2.58 I 2.98 II 2.52 I 1.46 VIII
6. Village leaders 1.11 VIII 1.15 VIII 1.08 VII 2.92 I
7. Panchayat members 1.15 VII 1.17 VII 1.12 VI 2.88 II
8. Traditional folk media 1.55 VI 1.68 VI 1.55 V 2.45 IV
B) Cosmopolite source
1. University scientist 1.06 V 1.05 VIII 1.05 V 2.92 IV
2. NDRI scientist 1.00 VII 1.00 XI 1.00 VII 3.00 I3. District Extension 1.00 VII 1.00 XI 1.00 VII 2.94 III
Specialist
4. Co-operative societies 1.03 VI 1.02 X 1.03 VI 3.00 I
personnel
5. Government personnel 1.00 VII 1.00 XI 1.00 VII 3.00 I
agency
6. Panchayat officers 1.00 VII 1.00 XI 1.00 VII 3.00 I
7. Agricultural Development 1.03 VI 1.03 IX 1.03 VI 2.92 IV
Officer
8. Social workers 1.15 II 1.28 I 1.17 O 3.00 I
9. Farmers Training Centres 1.10 VII 1.00 XI 1.00 VII 2.88 V
10. Subject matter specialists 1.03 VI 1.06 VII 1.03 VI 3.00 I
11. Kisan Mela 1.03 VI 1.06 VII 1.08 IV 2.94 III
12. Exhibition 1.11 IV 1.14 III 1.08 IV 2.97 III
13. Banks 1.12 III 1.09 V 1.08 IV 3.00 I
14. Contact farmers 1.25 I 1.08 VI 1.14 II 2.83 VI
15. Krishi Upaj Mandi 1.00 VII 1.15 II 1.11 III 2.92 IV
16. Pesticides/Seed/Fertilizers 1.00 VII 1.12 IV 1.00 VII 3.00 I
depot holders
17. Input agencies 1.11 IV 1.00 XI 1.08 IV 3.00 I
C) Mass Media Source
1. Radio 2.03 I 2.54 I 1.88 I 2.52 VI
2. Television 1.95 II 2.43 II 1.88 I 2.08 VII
3. Newspapers 1.28 IV 1.40 IV 1.60 II 2.71 V
4. Farm magazines/journals 1.20 VI 1.34 V 1.18 IV 2.80 IV5. Telephone calls 1.00 VII 1.00 VII 1.15 V 2.85 II
6. Internet 1.00 VII 1.00 VII 1.00 VI 2.91 I
7. Audio visual aid 1.21 V 1.32 VI 1.15 V 2.86 III
8. Cassette recorder 1.63 III 1.86 III 1.52 III 1.97 VIII
*Maximum mean score is 3
Low 1.0-1.66
Medium 1.67-2.32
High 2.33-3.00
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information from various technological
information sources.
CONCLUSION
It was inferred that among the localite sources,
majority of the respondents usedfamily members,
neighbours and friends most frequently and also
found fully satisfying in using these localite
sources of information. All the cosmopolite source
of information were found somewhat satisfied bythe respondents but in case of mass media sources
Table 2. Constraints faced by the respondents in getting
technical information for chickpea
cultivation.
N=65
Sr. Constraint Weighted RankNo. mean
1. Time constraint 2.52 III
2. Lack of competency of 1.80 VIII
the resource person
3. Lack of technical expertise 1.89 VII
4. Lack of confidence 2.17 IV
5. Physical constraints 2.66 II
6. Social constraints 2.72 I
7. Economic constraints 1.97 VI
8. Language problem 2.07 V
*Maximum score is 3
Not so serious (low) 1 1.66Serious (medium) 1.67 2.32
Most serious (high) 2.33 3.00
television and radio were found to be somewhat/
not satisfied by the respondents. Likewise, family
member were found most useful source, whereas
all the cosmopolite source were found somewhat/
not useful and radio and television were perceivedas useful mass media sources of information by
the respondents. It was worth noting that village
leaders, Panchayat members, progressive farm
men/women, traditional folk media were
perceived as most needed localite sources of
information by the respondents, whereas all of the
cosmopolite and mass media communication
sources were perceived most needed by the
respondents for repetition of information and the
most serious constraints perceived by the
respondents were social, physical and time .Hence, it can be said that need based training for
farm women may be organized using different
mass media and cosmopolite communication
sources to enhance their potentiality and to meet
the challenges of the society.
REFRENCES
Dahiya R, Verma T and Grover I (1997). Training of rural women
on grain storage through media package and impact
assessment.J. Dairying, Foods and Home Science16, 1: 60-
64.
Prameela K, Ravichandran V and Vasanthakumar J (2001).
Communication channels utilization behaviour of farm women.
J. Ext. Edu.12, 2: 3089-3093.
Received on 16-01-2014 Accepted on 16-03-2014
J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 14-18
Communication Source Utilization Pattern by Farm Women
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Comparative Study on Cultivation of Cabbage Under
Low Tunnel and Open Field Conditions in Cold Arid
Ladakh RegionTahir Saleem1, Mohd Mehdi2, A.H.Hakeem1*, M.S. Trumboo1 and N.A. Ganai3
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kargil -194103
Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kashmir ( J&K)
ABSTRACT
The low tunnel technology increased seed germination from 75.3 to 91.0 per cent and seedling
survival on transplanting from 76.3 to 96.6 per cent. Time taken for production of marketable
seedling as well as attaining marketable cabbage heads reduced from 53 to 45.6 days and 85.3
to 75.3 days, respectively. Low tunnel cultivation advanced the growing of crop by around two
months. The total cabbage yield was significantly higher under low tunnels as compared toopen field conditions. Higher net returns per unit area were realized under low tunnel cultivation
of cabbage than open cultivation due to early maturity, early market entry of produce and
evading market glut.
Key Words: Low tunnel, Cold arid, Cabbage, Ladakh.
INTRODUCTION
With increased health awareness among
general public vegetables are now becoming an
integral part of average house holds daily meals.
In addition, high population growth rate,
availability of packaged and air lifted freshvegetable from distant markets has therefore
generated a year round high demand for vegetable
in this region. However, farmers have yet not
been able to encash this opportunity and still
follow traditional methods of production. This
results in highly volatile vegetable supply in
market wherein the market is flooded with seasonal
vegetables irrespective of demand on one hand
and extremely poor supplies and high priced
vegetable during off season on the other hand.
Ladakh, the cold arid region of Jammu andKashmir State experiences prolonged severe
winters and has a short cropping season starting
from last week of March to last week of September
in double cropped areas and from first week of
May to Last week of August in monocropped
areas. Due to high altitude the intensity of solar
radiation and long photoperiod (12 to 14 h) is good
enough to support crop growth but the aridity and
speedy wind dips temperature which limits
growing of vegetable crops for large part of the
year (Sharma, 2000). Plasticulture involves using
plastic soil mulches and crop covers to improve
microclimate conditions surrounding the crop,thereby enhancing earliness, improving yields and
increasing profitability (Waterer, 2000).
For tapping the solar energy various types of
forcing structures like green house, Ladakhi green
house and trench have been successfully
introduced but lack ready acceptability due to
limitations in term of high initial costs, continuous
power requirement, maintenance and replacement
of soil after every 2-3 years for protection against
soil borne disease and insect pest. Hence, a low
cost and low maintenance technique, low tunneltechnology was tried that ensures supply of
vegetable during scarcity and help the grower to
obtain reasonable and profitable return of their
produce. By increasing air temperature, reducing
wind damage and providing a degree of frost
protection, the low tunnels accelerate crop
production and extend the growing season
* Corresponding Authors email: pckvkbandipora@gmail.com
1. Krishi Vigyan Kendra SKUAST-K Bandipora, Potushai Bandipora, 193502
2. Krishi Vigyan Kendra SKUAST-K, Kargil -194103
3. Krishi Vigyan Kendra SKUAST-K, Kupwara.
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(Waterer, 2003). In the present investigation, an
on farm trial was conducted to compare the
efficiency of low tunnel technology and traditional
open field growing of cabbage hybrid S 92.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
On farm trials on cabbage hybrid S-92Mitra
was conducted during the years 2006, 2007 and
2008 at 3 locations in the Kargil district. The
supporting structure of low tunnel was made by
using locally and abundantly available 2.5 m long,
freshly cut willow sticks of 1.5 to 2 cm diameter.
To obtain uniform curvature sticks were moulded
by keeping them fixed in 0.5 m long strong pegs,
nailed into ground at 5 different points along a
prefixed curve, to obtain a diameter of 1m till the
time these were dry and hard enough to provide
sufficient support without losing the shape. After
drying, arc shaped willow sticks were fixed at the
proper site by inserting 15 cm deep into the soil
at intervals of 75 cm to 90 cm, depending upon
the diameter of the sticks. Seed for raising nursery
were sown in the first week of February and
transplanted in third week of March. The tunnel
was covered with ordinary transparent polythene
(2.4 m wide), with lateral supports and packed
from all the sides. The polythene covering was
removed gradually as the outside temperaturebecame favorable for plant growth, starting with
opening of tunnel at both ends followed by
complete lifting during day time. The covering
was removed completely after mid May. As
dictated by weather, under open field conditions
sowing and transplanting operations were possible
only in the first week of April and third week of
May, respectively. Observations on germination
percentage, days taken to attain marketable
seedlings, survival of transplants and percentage
head formed plants were recorded. Harvesting of
cabbage head was done by keeping unwrapped
leaves intact with plant and allowing the plant to
produce super heads. For calculating average headweight 30 randomly selected heads from each trial
were weighed and yield per unit area was
calculated by multiplying average head weight and
number of head formed. Most of the new head
sprouts were rubbed retaining a maximum of two
heads per plant in order to obtain saleable heads.
The yield of super heads was also recorded. The
data were analyzed using the test of two
independent means suggested by Herzberg
(1983).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect on seed germination and seedling survival
The seed germination percentage ranged from
87 to 96 per cent in low tunnel compared to 70 to
84 per cent under open field condition. This
technology reduced days taken to reach the 3 to
4 leaf stage, which is considered fit for
transplanting, from 53 to 45 days. Good moisture
supply and protection from fluctuating
temperature under low tunnel may be the cause
of increased germination percentage and rapidgrowth. It is worth to note that the survival of
seedlings after transplanting is very critical in
Ladakh condition due to prevalence of dry
weather and high speed desiccating winds. Under
low tunnel structures, survival of seedlings after
seven days was found to be superior (96.6 %)
while as in open condition only 76.3 per cent
seedlings survived. Flood irrigation immediately
after transplanting might be the cause of reduced
survival percentage in open field condition which
Table 1. Comparison of growth and yield of cabbage hybrid under low tunnel and open field conditions.
Character Location -1 Location -2 Location -3 Average
Low Open Low Open Low Open Low Open
tunnel field tunnel field tunnel field tunnel field
Germination (%) 90 72 96 84 87 70 91* 75.3
Days to maturity of seedlings 46 52 48 54 46 51 46.6* 53.0
Transplantation survival (%) 98 81 98 75 94 73 96.6* 76.3
Days to head maturity 72 88 70 86 75 82 72.3* 85.3
No. of head formed plant (%) 96 91 98 90 95 88 96.3* 89.6
Average head weight (kg) 0.86 1.01 0.96 0.98 0.81 0.82 0.87 0.93
Yield (q/ha) 555.79 652.56 633.34 587.88 518.02 562.32 569.0 600.9
Yield of super heads (q/ha) 278.58 191.55 301.92 186.76 280.30 180.43 290.2* 186.2
Saleem et al
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most of the time becomes necessary due to high
evaporation rate coupled with porous soils. To
keep the soil moist, in open planting, manual
fountain bucket watering, 2-3 time a day is
required, which is laborious and adds to the cost
of cultivation while in low tunnel single manual
fountain bucket watering is quite sufficient for
three to four days, which meets the requirement
because of drastically reduced rate of evaporation
and recycling of the evaporated moisture.
Improved microclimate resulted in early
maturation coupled with increased proportion of
head formed plant in low tunnels (Table 1).
Effect on yield and maturity
The average head weight was more in openfield because of the high light intensity, which
increase the rate of photosynthesis (Jain, 2005)
but was not able to compensate the yield
difference. The early maturation of heads under
low tunnel provided sufficient time to gain size
and firmness of super heads which resulted in 55.8
per cent increase in yield of super heads over open
field grown cabbage.
Under low tunnel the heads were ready for
harvest in the first fortnight of June and reaped
the early market high price (Rs. 10 to Rs.14/kg.)as at this point of time only distant produced
vegetables are available in the market. Further due
to nuclear family system the demand of super
heads which weigh about 200-400g was
preferred, purely for economic reasons, as open
Table 2. Economics of cabbage hybrid under low tunnel and open field conditions.
Location Yield of Return Yield of Return Gross Cost of Net
main crop (Rs./ha) super (Rs./ha) income input profit
(q/ha) heads (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs/ha)
(q/ha) (3+5)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Low tunnel 569.05 6,82,860 290.26 2,32,208 9,15,068 95,200 8,20,008
Open field condition 600.92 4,80,736 186.24 1,48,992 6,29,728 - 6,29,728
% increase over open field 42.2 55.82 30.21
Cost of input includes only cost of polythene and willow sticks keeping a life span of 1 and 3 years respectively.
Sale rate of main crop under low tunnel (off season) Rs.12/kg and rest @ Rs. 8/kg
field grown big sized cabbage heads weighing
around two kg are only available in the market
during this period and not required by small
families. Early maturation of main crop and small
compact super heads produced under low tunnel
not only protected grower from market glut but
also raised net profits, to as high as Rs. 8,20,008/
ha against Rs. 6,29,728 /ha earned from the crop
grown in open field condition.
CONCLUSION
The low tunnel technology is a suitable
technology for the region, which is low cost than
other forcing structures, has potential to increase
the per unit area returns and can play a positive
role in nutrition by making vegetable available inthe off-season. The technology needs testing for
other crops as well.
REFERENCES
Herzberg P A ( 1983). Principles of Statistics.John Wiley and
Sons, Singapore. Pp. 249-52.
Jain V K ( 2005). Fundamentals of Plant Physiology.S. Chand
company Ltd. New Delhi. Pp. 225-27.
Sharma J P ( 2000). Climate of cold arid region: An Agricultural
perspective. In Dynamics of cold arid agriculture. (eds.
Sharma, J.P and Mir, A.) Kalyani publisher. Pp. 19-36
Waterer D R (2000). Effect of soil mulches and herbicides onproduction economics of warm season vegetable crops in cool
climate.HortTechnology10: 154-59.
Waterer D R (2003). Yields and economics of high tunnels for
production of warm season vegetable crops.HortTechnology
13(2): 339-43.
Received on 20-01-2014 Accepted on 18-03-2014
Cultivation of Cabbage under Low Tunnel in Ladakh
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Development and Evaluation of Dietetic Products
Prepared From Bael (Aegle marmelos) Fruit
Sangita Sood and Suruchi Katoch
Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology
College of Home Science
CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalya, Palampur 176062 (Himachal Pradesh)
ABSTRACT
Bael fruit with nutritive and medicinal value was processed into products especially for diabetics
patients. The preparation was done using sorbitol a non-nutritive sweetener in place of sugar.
These were then analyzed for TSS, pH, Vitamin C, acidity and sugars. The products contained
good amount of vitamin C, less acidity and less sugar, beneficial for the patients.
Key Words:Bael, Diabetes mellitus, Beverages, Dietetic products, Aegle marmelos.
INTRODUCTION
With the advancing of age, Diabetes mellitus
is one of the prominent metabolic disorders
commonly noticed among the people. The
incidence of diabetes is increasing all over the
world and becoming a problem of significant
importance. Diet plays a very important role and
restricts a person to a specific diet. This makes
the individual devoid of certain sweet products
which are palatable and enjoyed from time to time.
Moreover, providing a suitable combination ofdiet with respect to other health problems rising
along with diabetes is meant to be a sole
responsibility. Bael occupies an important place
among the indigenous fruits of India. The
importance of its fruit lies in its nutritive and
curative properties a well known fact. It is a
concentrated source of riboflavin and ascorbic
acid. The pulp although a little acrid bitter but is
aromatic and acts as a sweet cooling tonic for heart
and brain. The pulp is mildly laxative and simple
remedy for dyspepsia, diarrhea anddysentery.Since this fruit is widely grown in the
Changer areas of Distt Kangra ,Himachal Pradesh
generally go waste for the want of technical
know-how. Therefore, an effort was made to
process bael into dietetic products using sorbitol,
a non-nutritive sweetener to provide suitable
health drinks and enjoyable items especially for
the diabetic patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bael fruits were procured from the changer
areas and was processed into pulp according to
Roy and Singh (1979). Thereafter the pulp was
freezed to process into different products like
squash, ready-to-serve beverage (RTS), jam and
toffee, according to FPO specification; except
sorbitol was used in place of sugar.The method
for the preparation of the products in the form of
flow-sheet are shown in Fig. 1, 2, 3 and 4. The
prepared products were then analyzed for TSSby using hand sugar refractometer, pH through
pH meter, acidity, Vitamin C and sugars by
Ranganna (1995).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table (1) shows the nutritive content of bael
products. The TSS value obtained for RTS, squash,
jam and toffee are 18.5, 48.6, 68.8 and 30 Brix.
The values obtained are quite less than that noted
by Jauhari and Singh (1971) within the range of
32-36
0
Brix in different bael fruit varieties. Thismight be due to the presence of sorbitol in the
products. However, a close value of 500Brix in
bael squash was observed by Roy and Singh
(1979). Moreover, the Brix should be high in bael
squash as compared to citrus and most other fruit
squashes. This is because the fruit is not acidic
and mucilage contributes a lot towards the soluble
solids of the pulp. The pH values in the RTS and
squash was found to be 3.3 and 3.2 respectively
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*Corresponding Authors Email: sangitasood@rediffmail.com
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Table 1. Nutritive value of Bael Products
Product TSS Degree pH Vitamin C Acidity Reducing sugars Total sugars
Brix (mg/100g) (%) (%) (%)
RTS 18.5 3.3 15.0 0.70 3.87 14.71
Squash 48.6 3.2 12.0 1.15 7.48 15.06Jam 68.3 - 21.0 0.64 27.17 49.02
Toffee 69.0 - 31.5 0.38 27.78 50.00
cannot bring any harm when given to diabetics
and can also be prepared in homes as and when
required.
CONCLUSION
With changng life style and feeding habbits
health problems are on the rise. Now, the
emphasis is on those foods or procesed products
that have nutriotional value and some theraupatic
effect. Toffees, jam and squash etc. prepared from
bael have great important for health. Fruit based
processed products need to be introduced in the
market to cater the growing demand for these
natural products.
REFERENCES
Jauhari O S and Singh R D (1971). Bael - a valuable fruit.Indian
Horticulture(4-6) : 9.
Singh V P and Misra, K K (2003). Bael : A panacea for all.Indian
farmers Digest(1) : 41-42.
Roy S K and Singh R N (1979). Studies on utilization of bael fruit
for processing-II. Extraction of bael fruit pulp.Indian Food
Packer(1): 5-9.
Ranganna S (1995). Handbook of Analysis and Quality control
for fruit and vegetable products. 3rd Edition.
Received on 29-09-2013 Accepted on 25-03-2014
Evaluation of Dietetic Products Prepared from Bael Fruits
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Effect of Salixspp. Spacing on the Growth and Yield
of Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) under Shallow
Water Table ConditionsSunil Kumar, B C Saini and R K Jha
Department of Agronomy
G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145 ( Uttaranchal)
ABSTRACT
The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of Salix albaspacing on the growth
and yield of wheat under shallow water conditions. Two clones of Salix alba (Salix alba cv.
coerulea and Salix alba cv. vitellina), planted four years earlier at four different spacing of 4 m
5 m, 6 m 5 m, 8 m 5 m and 10 m 5 m, one treatment being control i.e., without any tree,
were tried in split plot design with three replications. Wheat variety PBW 343 was sown inbetween the rows of Salix trees. Almost all plant characters like germination, plant height,
number of tillers, spike length, number of fertile spikelets, number of sterile spikelets, grains
per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and above ground biological yield were found
statistically at par due to tree clone. However, the treatments having lesser tree population were
significantly superior over the treatments having greater tree population in all the growth and
yield attributing parameters. The highest grain yield (3898 kg/ ha) was obtained from the
treatment having no trees followed by the treatment having tree spacing of 10 m 5 m (3533
kg / ha) and 8 m 5 m (3533 kg/ha). The lowest grain yield (3161 kg / ha) was obtained from
the treatment having tree spacing of 4 m 5 m. Tree height and tree diameter at breast height
(DBH) taken before and after wheat crop were also found non-significant due to Salix clones
and Salix spacing.Key Words: Salix alba, Wheat, Intercropping ,Tree spacing.
INTRODUCTION
It is a well known fact that the population of
India is increasing at a fast rate and the pressure
of population on the land resource is increasing.
At the same time, the existing tree population and
natural forests are being exhausted to meet the
food demand. The agroforestry system thus seems
to be the only option accommodating both forestry
and agronomic crops. Wheat is the second mostimportant crop in India contributing about 32.0
per cent of the total cereal production and 22.7
per cent of the total area under cereal crops. As
wheat requires high temperature during vegetative
stage and low temperature during post anthesis
stage, it can be suitably placed as an intercrop in
the agroforestry system. Unfortunately, most of
the agroforestry trees are unsuitable for wheat.
Salix trees shed leaves during winter and sprout
early in the spring so wheat can perform better
because it will permit sufficient sunlight to wheat
in early stage and protect the plant during later
stages. Therefore, the field experiment was
conducted during the rabi season of 2002-2003
in the Agroforestry Research Block of
Horticultural Research Centre, G.B.P.U.A.T.
Pantnagar to study the effect of Salix albaspacing
on the growth and yield of wheat under shallowwater conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two clones of Salix alba (Salix alba cv.
coerulea and Salix alba cv. vitellina) planted four
years earlier were treated as the main plots. Four
spacing of 4 m 5 m, 6 m 5 m, 8 m 5 m and
10 m 5 m and one treatment being control i.e.,
without any tree, were kept as sub plots in the
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affected by tree spacing and highest spike length
was found under control followed in the order by
decreasing tree spacing. This could be due to
reduced availability of light under trees (Saxena,
2002). Sharma et al (1996) also observed almostsimilar results in wheat. The number of fertile
spikelets per spike was also found to highest under
control and there was 15.6, 8.9, 8.2 and 5.1 per
cent decrease in the number of fertile spikelets
per spike in tree spacing of 4 m 5 m, 6 m 5 m,
8 m 5 m and 10 m 5 m, respectively. This
could be because of lesser shading effect under
wider tree spacing (Saxena, 2002). The grain yield
was significantly influenced by Salix clones and
tree spacing, however, interaction between these
factors was non-significant. Highest grain yieldwas found under control and there was 18.9, 13.6,
9.3 and 4.4 per cent reduction in yield under tree
spacing of 4 m 5 m, 6 m 5 m, 8 m 5 m and
10 m 5 m, respectively. This could be because
of reduction of light under trees in agroforestry
system as compared to sole crops. This was again
in confirmation with the findings of Savin and
Slafer (1991) and Saxena (2002).
REFERENCES
Savin R and Slafer G A (1991). Shading effects on the yield of an
Argentinian wheat cultivar. J Agric Sci (Camb),116:1-7.
Saxena Ruchi ( 2002). Studies on growth and productivity of
wheat crop under poplar (Populus deltoidsBart. Ex. Naren.)
based agroforestry system. Thesis M.Sc.Ag. G.B. Pant Univ.
of Agric. and Tech., Pantnagar. P. 41-44.
Sharma K K, Khanna P and GulatiA ( 1996). The growth and
yield of wheat and paddy as influenced byDalbergia sisso
Roxb. Boundary plantation.Indian Forester.122(12):1114-
1126.
Tripathi M K (2001). Growth and yield of late sown wheat under
modified microclimate of mix Salix-Dalbergia plantations inan agroforestry system. Thesis M.Sc. Ag. G.B. Pant Univ. of
Agric. & Tech., Pantnagar.
Received on 10-07-2013 Accepted on 15-03-2014
Effect of Salix spp spacnig on wheat yield
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Single super phosphate (94 Kg soil-basal
application) and muriate of potash (100 Kg).
Super phosphate in the above treatments was
applied as basal dose in soil at the time of the last
ploughing. The fertigation schedule was given atfour stages of crop growth from days after
transplanting (DAP) viz. establishment stage (1-
10 DAP), vegetative stage (11-40 DAP), flowering
and fruiting stage (41-70 DAP) and maturity and
harvest stage (71-90 DAP).
The soil nutrient status was N (185 kg/ha),
P2O
5(9 kg/ha) and K
2O (225 kg/ha). The soil and
plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
contents were estimated by Microkjedhal method
(Pipper, 1966), Vanadomolybdate phosphoric
yellow method (Jackson, 1967) and flamephotometer method (Jackson, 1967), respectively.
The fertigation was given at three days interval
and total 50 times during the entire crop period.
The study was conducted by replicating at10
farmers field. The plot size per treatment was 0.2
ha. The drip was installed in all the trials. The
distance between laterals was five feet and distance
between drippers was two feet. The discharge rate
of drippers was 4 l/hr
top related