jan roscoe publications wjec examinations gce physical education as unit 2 active lifestyle and...
Post on 28-Dec-2015
214 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Jan Roscoe Publications
WJEC ExaminationsGCE Physical Education
AS Unit 2Active lifestyle and Physical Education
Section BParticipation in Physical Activity
Physical Development
Part 5:Understanding Long-term Adaptations
Resulting from Type of Training
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 2
Long-term adaptations
INDEXINDEX
3 - ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAINING4 - ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAINING - MUSCLE CELL RESPONSE (FAST
TWITCH)7 - ADAPTATIONS TO HIGH INTENSITY TRAINING - ATP8 - ADAPTATIONS TO HIGH INTENSITY TRAINING - NEURAL ADAPTIVE RESPONSE9 - ADAPTATIONS TO HIGH INTENSITY TRAINING - RECIPROCAL INNERVATION 11 - ADAPTATIONS TO HIGH INTENSITY TRAINING - CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESPONSE12 - ADAPTATIONS TO HIGH INTENSITY TRAINING - INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE
13 - BODY COMPOSITION 14 - BODY COMPOSITION - CHANGES DUE TO STRENGTH TRAINING, FEMALES
15 - ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAINING16 - CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC TRAINING - MUSCLE CELL
RESPONSE17 - CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC TRAINING - NEURAL RESPONSE
18 - CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC TRAINING 19 - LONG-TERM EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
20 - CARDIAC ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY TRAINING22 - CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY25 - VASCULAR RESPONSES PRODUCED BY TRAINING
27 - EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM28 - AEROBIC CAPACITY - RESPIRATORY RESPONSE
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 3
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAININGTRAINING
m uscle
neural
sw eatingregression
bodycom position
connectivetissue
individualresponse
anaerobic adaptiveresponses
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 4
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAININGTRAINING
MUSCLE CELL RESPONSE (FAST MUSCLE CELL RESPONSE (FAST TWITCH FIBRES)TWITCH FIBRES)
HYPERTROPHYHYPERTROPHY
muscle muscle hypertrophyhypertrophy (of fast twitch (of fast twitch fibres) fibres) increases cross sectional increases cross sectional areaarea of existing fibres by increasing: of existing fibres by increasing:– number of number of myofibrilsmyofibrils within each within each
muscle cellmuscle cell– sarcoplasmic volumesarcoplasmic volume– contractile proteins: contractile proteins: actin and actin and
myosin myosin filamentsfilaments– massmass of fast twitch fibres of fast twitch fibres
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 5
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAININGTRAINING
MUSCLE CELL RESPONSE (FAST MUSCLE CELL RESPONSE (FAST TWITCH FIBRES)TWITCH FIBRES)
HYPERPLASIAHYPERPLASIA
hyperplasia hyperplasia means that the means that the numbernumber of fast twitch fibres increasesof fast twitch fibres increases
by by splittingsplitting of muscle fibres (splitting of muscle fibres (splitting length-ways)length-ways)
caused by caused by intense exerciseintense exercise as in as in heavy weight training or plyometricsheavy weight training or plyometrics
hence hence % of type II increases% of type II increases and % of and % of type I decreasestype I decreases
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 6
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAININGTRAININGMUSCLE CELL RESPONSE (FAST TWITCH FIBRES)MUSCLE CELL RESPONSE (FAST TWITCH FIBRES)
increase in muscle cell increase in muscle cell storesstores such as such as ATP, PC, and ATP, PC, and glycogenglycogen
increase in increase in anaerobic enzymesanaerobic enzymes
increase increase toleration of lactatetoleration of lactate in fast twitch fibres in fast twitch fibres
improved ability to improved ability to remove lactateremove lactate from muscle cell into from muscle cell into bloodblood
therefore enhancement of alactic/lactate and therefore enhancement of alactic/lactate and lactate/aerobic lactate/aerobic thresholdsthresholds -- delay in OBLAdelay in OBLA
hence improved capacities of hence improved capacities of alactic and lactic acid alactic and lactic acid systemssystems to resynthesise to resynthesise ATPATP
and ability to maintain maximal power output for longerand ability to maintain maximal power output for longer
decrease in decrease in DOMSDOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness) (delayed onset muscle soreness) particularly following eccentric trainingparticularly following eccentric training
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 7
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS TO HIGH INTENSITY TRAININGADAPTATIONS TO HIGH INTENSITY TRAINING
ATPATP
increases in stores of increases in stores of ATP ATP and PCand PC
and amounts of and amounts of anaerobic anaerobic enzymesenzymes
the ATP-PC system the ATP-PC system provides energyprovides energy for for slightly slightly longerlonger
which means that when which means that when exercise is taken at exercise is taken at maximum effortmaximum effort
eventually there will be a eventually there will be a delay in the delay in the ATP-PC to ATP-PC to lactic thresholdlactic threshold
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 8
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAININGTRAINING
NEURAL ADAPTIVE RESPONSENEURAL ADAPTIVE RESPONSE
increased increased rate of responserate of response of of CNSCNS (Central Nervous (Central Nervous System)System)
recruitmentrecruitment of additional of additional fast twitch fibrefast twitch fibre motor units motor units
improved improved coordinationcoordination of of fast twitch fibrefast twitch fibre motor units motor units
tougheningtoughening of of proprioceptorsproprioceptors so that more force is so that more force is required to stimulate inhibitory signalsrequired to stimulate inhibitory signals
sensory organs such as sensory organs such as Golgi tendonsGolgi tendons (see section B3) (see section B3) become less sensitivebecome less sensitive
which allows which allows large muscle forces to developlarge muscle forces to develop in a given in a given muscle which in an untrained person could cause injurymuscle which in an untrained person could cause injury
hence hence increased strengthincreased strength
and and increase in rate of force productionincrease in rate of force production
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 9
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAININGTRAINING
NEURAL ADAPTIVE RESPONSENEURAL ADAPTIVE RESPONSE
RECIPROCAL INNERVATIONRECIPROCAL INNERVATION
this occurs as an this occurs as an antagonistantagonist muscle is activated muscle is activated less during a movement less during a movement
the antagonist action is reduced the antagonist action is reduced without without conscious effortconscious effort as a sportsperson performs a as a sportsperson performs a powerful movement (powerful movement (using agonistsusing agonists as prime as prime movers)movers)
this leads to a this leads to a small increase in strengthsmall increase in strength of of the performer in learned and specific movementsthe performer in learned and specific movements
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 10
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAININGTRAINING
NEURAL ADAPTIVE RESPONSENEURAL ADAPTIVE RESPONSE
early strength gainsearly strength gains during periods of strength during periods of strength training (between 6 months and 2 years depending on training (between 6 months and 2 years depending on exercise intensity)exercise intensity)
are almost all due to increased are almost all due to increased neural activationneural activation
long-term strength gainslong-term strength gains are are mostly due to muscle mostly due to muscle hypertrophyhypertrophy
Wikimedia commons/Wikimedia commons/Photo by: LocalFitness.com.au
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 11
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAININGTRAINING
CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESPONSECONNECTIVE TISSUE RESPONSE
increase in thickness and strength of increase in thickness and strength of tendonstendons
increased flexibility of increased flexibility of ligamentsligaments
thickening and improved elasticity of thickening and improved elasticity of cartilagecartilage
improved capability of cartilaginous tissue to improved capability of cartilaginous tissue to absorb and expel synovial fluidabsorb and expel synovial fluid
hence improved cushioning against impact within hence improved cushioning against impact within a jointa joint
strengthening of strengthening of bone tissuebone tissue due to increased due to increased depositing of calciumdepositing of calcium
therefore therefore reduced risk of injuryreduced risk of injury
and reduced risk of and reduced risk of osteoporosisosteoporosis in older people in older people
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 12
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAININGTRAINING
INDIVIDUAL RESPONSEINDIVIDUAL RESPONSE
adaptive response depends on individualadaptive response depends on individual– fitnessfitness– cultural differencescultural differences– gendergender– psychological factorspsychological factors– maturationmaturation
SWEATINGSWEATING
improved ability to sweatimproved ability to sweat
more efficient heat lossmore efficient heat loss
REGRESSIONREGRESSION
when when training stopstraining stops, , adaptive responses ceaseadaptive responses cease
the longer the training the more stable the adaptationthe longer the training the more stable the adaptation
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 13
Long-term adaptations
BODY COMPOSITIONBODY COMPOSITIONBODY COMPOSITION CHANGES DUE TO STRENGTH TRAININGBODY COMPOSITION CHANGES DUE TO STRENGTH TRAINING
anaerobic training can result in:anaerobic training can result in:– loss or increase in total body mass (depending on the loss or increase in total body mass (depending on the
training regime used and whether male or female)training regime used and whether male or female)– loss of fat massloss of fat mass– losses in relative fatlosses in relative fat– gains in fat free mass (FFM)gains in fat free mass (FFM)
Istockphoto Ron Summers/Damir SpanicIstockphoto Ron Summers/Damir Spanic
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 14
Long-term adaptations
BODY COMPOSITIONBODY COMPOSITIONBODY COMPOSITION CHANGES DUE TO STRENGTH TRAININGBODY COMPOSITION CHANGES DUE TO STRENGTH TRAINING
femalesfemales gain much less in FFM than gain much less in FFM than males due to hormonal differences:males due to hormonal differences:– presence of testosterone in males presence of testosterone in males
causes causes androgenicandrogenic effect effect– the building of the building of muscle massmuscle mass in in
malesmales
the amount of change of body mass the amount of change of body mass depends on total energy expendituredepends on total energy expenditure
Helen Roscoe PhotographyHelen Roscoe Photography
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 15
Long-term adaptations
ATPPC
glycogenglycolytic enzymes
lactic acid
ATPPC
glycogenglycolytic enzymes
lactic acid
AFTER SEVERAL WEEKS OF STRENGTH AFTER SEVERAL WEEKS OF STRENGTH (ANAEROBIC) TRAINING(ANAEROBIC) TRAINING
= SLOW TWITCH MUSCLE FIBRE (type I) (starts small gets smaller)= SLOW TWITCH MUSCLE FIBRE (type I) (starts small gets smaller)
== FAST TWITCH MUSCLE FIBRE (type II) (starts big gets bigger)FAST TWITCH MUSCLE FIBRE (type II) (starts big gets bigger)
MUSCLE CELLMUSCLE CELL
BEFORE TRAININGBEFORE TRAINING
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY STRENGTH TRAININGTRAINING
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 16
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC TRAININGTRAINING
MUSCLE CELL RESPONSEMUSCLE CELL RESPONSE
more more myoglobinmyoglobin is created in muscle cells is created in muscle cells
more and bigger more and bigger mitochondriamitochondria in muscle cellsin muscle cells
increased oxidative increased oxidative enzymesenzymes
hence increased activity of hence increased activity of Kreb’s cycleKreb’s cycle and and electron electron transport chaintransport chain
and increase in and increase in utilisation of fatutilisation of fat
increase in stores of increase in stores of glycogenglycogen in muscle in muscle
which enables which enables more fuelmore fuel to be available for aerobic work to be available for aerobic work
conversion of type IIb to type IIa fibresconversion of type IIb to type IIa fibres
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 17
Long-term adaptations
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC TRAININGTRAINING
NEURAL RESPONSENEURAL RESPONSE
betterbetter recruitment of slow twitch fibre motor unitsrecruitment of slow twitch fibre motor units making making muscle usage more efficientmuscle usage more efficient
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 18
Long-term adaptations
CELLULAR ADAPTATION PRODUCED BY CELLULAR ADAPTATION PRODUCED BY AEROBIC TRAININGAEROBIC TRAINING
glycogenfats
oxygen uptake
glycogenfats
oxygen uptake
AFTER SEVERAL WEEKS OF AFTER SEVERAL WEEKS OF AEROBIC TRAININGAEROBIC TRAINING
= SLOW TWITCH MUSCLE FIBRE (type I)= SLOW TWITCH MUSCLE FIBRE (type I)
== FAST TWITCH MUSCLE FIBRE (type II) (do not increase in size)FAST TWITCH MUSCLE FIBRE (type II) (do not increase in size)
BEFORE TRAININGBEFORE TRAINING
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 19
Long-term adaptations
LONG-TERM EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON THE LONG-TERM EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
EFFECT OFEXERCISE ON THECARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
EFFECT OFEXERCISE ON THECARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
increasedheart stroke
volume
bigger /stronger heart
reducedresting heart
rate
EFFECT OFEXERCISE ON THECARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
improvedblood flow toheart muscle
resting bloodpressurelowered
EFFECT OFEXERCISE ON THECARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
increasedelasticity ofmuscle in
arterial walls
balance oftriglycerides
and cholesterolimproved
increase inblood volume
and blood cells
increasedheart stroke
volume
improvedblood flow toheart muscle
bigger /stronger heart
increasedelasticity ofmuscle in
arterial walls
resting bloodpressurelowered
balance oftriglycerides
and cholesterolimproved
reducedresting heart
rateincrease inblood volume
and blood cells
EFFECT OFEXERCISE ON THECARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 20
Long-term adaptations
CARDIAC ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY CARDIAC ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY TRAININGTRAINING
ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC TRAININGTRAINING
CARDIAC RESPONSECARDIAC RESPONSE
blood plasmablood plasma volume increases with training volume increases with training
therefore increased blood plasma volume therefore increased blood plasma volume enters enters left ventricleleft ventricle
increasing the increasing the stretchstretch of the ventricular walls by of the ventricular walls by the the Frank-StarlingFrank-Starling mechanism mechanism
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 21
Long-term adaptations
CARDIAC ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY CARDIAC ADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY TRAININGTRAININGADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC TRAININGADAPTATIONS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC TRAINING
CARDIAC RESPONSECARDIAC RESPONSE
cardiac hypertrophycardiac hypertrophy – heart becomes bigger and – heart becomes bigger and stronger (mainly left ventricle)stronger (mainly left ventricle)
increased increased ventricular muscle massventricular muscle mass and stronger and stronger elastic recoil of the myocardiumelastic recoil of the myocardium
causes a more forceful contraction during ventricular causes a more forceful contraction during ventricular systolesystole
therefore therefore stroke volumestroke volume increases and HR increases and HR decreases (decreases (bradycardiabradycardia))
and hence providing more oxygen per pulseand hence providing more oxygen per pulse
the net effect is up to the net effect is up to 20% bigger stroke volume20% bigger stroke volume and and greater oxygen deliverygreater oxygen delivery to muscles to muscles
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 22
Long-term adaptations
CARDIAC HYPERTROPHYCARDIAC HYPERTROPHY
REGULAR AEROBIC TRAININGREGULAR AEROBIC TRAINING
results in results in hypertrophyhypertrophy of the cardiac muscle, meaning of the cardiac muscle, meaning that the muscle becomes larger and strongerthat the muscle becomes larger and stronger
this means that the heart pumps a larger volume of this means that the heart pumps a larger volume of blood out per beat, hence the stroke volume is largerblood out per beat, hence the stroke volume is larger
this is termed this is termed bradycardiabradycardia and has the consequence of and has the consequence of producing a resting HR below 60 bpmproducing a resting HR below 60 bpm
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 23
Long-term adaptations
CARDIAC HYPERTROPHYCARDIAC HYPERTROPHYREGULAR AEROBIC TRAININGREGULAR AEROBIC TRAINING
at restat rest, a bigger stronger heart pumps more blood out per , a bigger stronger heart pumps more blood out per beat, even though the body’s requirement for oxygenated beat, even though the body’s requirement for oxygenated blood would be approximately the same as for an untrained blood would be approximately the same as for an untrained personperson
hence resting heart rate decreases, with the net effect of an hence resting heart rate decreases, with the net effect of an unchanged cardiac outputunchanged cardiac output
highly trained sportspeople tend to have resting heart rates highly trained sportspeople tend to have resting heart rates of well below 60 bpmof well below 60 bpm
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 24
Long-term adaptations
CARDIAC HYPERTROPHYCARDIAC HYPERTROPHYREGULAR AEROBIC TRAININGREGULAR AEROBIC TRAINING
during maximum exerciseduring maximum exercise, an increase in heart rate, , an increase in heart rate, coupled with an increase in stroke volumecoupled with an increase in stroke volume
results in an increase in cardiac outputresults in an increase in cardiac output
as expected, cardiac output for the endurance athlete is more as expected, cardiac output for the endurance athlete is more than double that of the untrained person than double that of the untrained person
due to due to cardiac muscle hypertrophycardiac muscle hypertrophy
BLOOD VESSELS IN THE HEARTBLOOD VESSELS IN THE HEART
blood flow to heart decreasesblood flow to heart decreases because heart muscle is more efficient because heart muscle is more efficient
hence hence decrease in resting HRdecrease in resting HR
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 25
Long-term adaptations
VASCULAR RESPONSES PRODUCED BY VASCULAR RESPONSES PRODUCED BY TRAININGTRAINING
VASCULAR RESPONSEVASCULAR RESPONSE
more haemoglobinmore haemoglobin is created and is available in is created and is available in blood for oxygen transport blood for oxygen transport
the the capillary systemcapillary system in a trained muscle bed is in a trained muscle bed is utilised better and developedutilised better and developed
there is there is increased capillarisationincreased capillarisation of trained of trained musclemuscle
and and improved dilationimproved dilation of existing capillaries due to of existing capillaries due to increased increased blood volumeblood volume
hence increase in hence increase in a-vOa-vO22 diff diff
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 26
Long-term adaptations
VASCULAR RESPONSES PRODUCED BY VASCULAR RESPONSES PRODUCED BY TRAININGTRAINING
VASCULAR RESPONSEVASCULAR RESPONSE
increased elasticityincreased elasticity and and thickness of smooth thickness of smooth musclemuscle of of arterial wallsarterial walls
makes walls tougher and therefore makes walls tougher and therefore less likely to less likely to stretchstretch under pressure under pressure
hence a more effective hence a more effective blood distributionblood distribution
this this maintainsmaintains the blood pressure which forces blood the blood pressure which forces blood through the capillary networkthrough the capillary network
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 27
Long-term adaptations
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEMSYSTEM
EFFECT OFEXERCI SE ONRESPI RATORY
SYSTEM
EFFECT OFEXERCI SE ONRESPI RATORY
SYSTEM
respiratorym uscles get fi tter
and stronger
increase in lungvo lum e andcapacity tobreathe air
EFFECT OFEXERCI SE ONRESPI RATORY
SYSTEM
im proves bloodfl ow to upperlobes o f lungs
im provedutilisation o f the
alveo li
im provedrecovery from
exercise
sm aller oxygendebt
EFFECT OFEXERCI SE ONRESPI RATORY
SYSTEM
increase ingaseous
exchange
EFFECT OFEXERCI SE ONRESPI RATORY
SYSTEM
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 28
Long-term adaptations
AEROBIC CAPACITYAEROBIC CAPACITY
TRAINING EFFECTS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC TRAINING EFFECTS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC ACTIVITYACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY RESPONSERESPIRATORY RESPONSE
musculature of the torsomusculature of the torso becomes stronger and becomes stronger and more efficientmore efficient
lung volumeslung volumes increase slightly, increase slightly, greater volumes greater volumes of airof air can be breathed per breath can be breathed per breath
increase in VC at the expense of RVincrease in VC at the expense of RV
hence hence decrease in breathing ratedecrease in breathing rate (f) at (f) at submaximal workloadssubmaximal workloads
and increase in breathing rate (f) at maximal and increase in breathing rate (f) at maximal workloadsworkloads
hence large increase in hence large increase in volume of air breathed volume of air breathed per minute per minute ((VEVE))
index previous next
WJEC AS Level Physical Education
Unit 2 section B Part 5 29
Long-term adaptations
AEROBIC CAPACITYAEROBIC CAPACITYTRAINING EFFECTS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC TRAINING EFFECTS PRODUCED BY AEROBIC
ACTIVITYACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY RESPONSERESPIRATORY RESPONSE
increase in pulmonary bloodincrease in pulmonary blood flow and plasma flow and plasma volumevolume
efficiency of efficiency of alveolialveoli improves, and more alveoli are improves, and more alveoli are utilisedutilised
hence hence increased gaseous exchangeincreased gaseous exchange and and VOVO22maxmax
during maximal workloads there is a big during maximal workloads there is a big increase in increase in breathing ratebreathing rate (f) (f)
hence hence much bigger valuesmuch bigger values of minute ventilation ( of minute ventilation (VEVE) ) are achievedare achieved
top related