jan roscoe publications wjec examinations gce physical education a2 unit 4 pe4 performance,...
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Jan Roscoe Publications
WJEC ExaminationsGCE Physical Education
A2 Unit 4 PE4Performance, Provision and Participation in Physical
Education
Section 1Refining Sporting Performance and Enhancing
Health
Part 12:Attribution theory
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 2
Attribution theory
INDEXINDEX
3 - ATTRIBUTION4 - ATTRIBUTION - WEINER’S MODEL5 - WEINER’S MODEL - LOCUS OF CAUSALITY, ABILITY,
EFFORT6 - WEINER’S MODEL - STABILITY, TASK DIFFICULTY, LUCK7 - ATTRIBUTION10 - CONTROLLABILITY - THE THIRD DIMENSION12 - THE SELF-SERVING BIAS15 - THE ATTRIBUTION PROCESS16 - BEHAVIOUR, ATTRIBUTION AND MOTIVATION18 - ERRORS IN ATTRIBUTION20 - LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)21 - LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH) - GENERAL, SPECIFIC22 - LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH) - ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 3
Attribution theory
ATTRIBUTIONATTRIBUTION
the process of the process of giving reasonsgiving reasons for for behaviourbehaviour
and ascribing and ascribing causescauses for events for events
example: the player played badly today example: the player played badly today because the weather was poorbecause the weather was poor
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 4
Attribution theory
ATTRIBUTIONATTRIBUTIONWEINER’S MODELWEINER’S MODEL
has four attributions:has four attributions:– abilityability– efforteffort– task difficultytask difficulty– luckluck
ability'w e w ere m ore
skilful'
eff ort'w e tried hard'
task diffi culty'the opposition arew orld cham pions'
luck'the court w as
slippy'
I NTER NAL EXTER NAL
LOCUS OF CAUSALI TY
STABLE
UNSTABLE
STABI LI TY
arranged in two dimensions:arranged in two dimensions:– LOCUS OF CAUSALITYLOCUS OF CAUSALITY– STABILITYSTABILITY
with a possible third dimension:with a possible third dimension:– CONTROLLABILITYCONTROLLABILITY (not shown on (not shown on
diagram)diagram)
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 5
Attribution theory
WEINER’S MODELWEINER’S MODELLOCUS OF CAUSALITYLOCUS OF CAUSALITY
– is the performance outcome is the performance outcome caused bycaused by
INTERNALINTERNAL factors factors– under the under the controlcontrol of the of the
performerperformer– ability or effortability or effort
EXTERNALEXTERNAL factors factors– beyondbeyond the control of the the control of the
performerperformer– task difficulty or lucktask difficulty or luck
ABILITYABILITY– the extent of the the extent of the
performer’s capacityperformer’s capacity to to cope with a sporting taskcope with a sporting task
EFFORTEFFORT– the amount of the amount of mental and mental and
physicalphysical endeavour the endeavour the performer gives to the taskperformer gives to the task
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 6
Attribution theory
WEINER’S MODELWEINER’S MODELSTABILITYSTABILITY
– is the performance outcome is the performance outcome caused by:caused by:
STABLESTABLE factors factors– fixedfixed factors which don’t factors which don’t
change with timechange with time– ability or task difficultyability or task difficulty
UNSTABLEUNSTABLE factors factors– factors which can factors which can varyvary with with
timetime– effort or luckeffort or luck
TASK DIFFICULTYTASK DIFFICULTY– the extent of the the extent of the problemsproblems
posed by the task including posed by the task including the strength of the the strength of the oppositionopposition
LUCKLUCK– factors attributable to factors attributable to
chancechance– such as the weather or the such as the weather or the
state of the pitchstate of the pitch
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 7
Attribution theory
ATTRIBUTIONATTRIBUTION
SUCCESSSUCCESS
explained by explained by internalinternal attributions attributions
FAILUREFAILURE
explained by explained by externalexternal attributions attributions
FUTURE EXPECTATIONSFUTURE EXPECTATIONS
related to related to stabilitystability
if we attribute if we attribute successsuccess to to stablestable factorsfactors
or if we attribute or if we attribute failurefailure to to stablestable factorsfactors
then we expect the same next timethen we expect the same next time
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 8
Attribution theory
ATTRIBUTIONATTRIBUTION
HIGH ACHIEVERSHIGH ACHIEVERS
attribute attribute successsuccess to to internalinternal factors factors
and attribute and attribute failurefailure to to externalexternal factors factors
LOW ACHIEVERSLOW ACHIEVERS
attribute attribute successsuccess to to externalexternal factors factors
and attribute and attribute failurefailure to to internalinternal factorsfactors
the process of changing attributions is the process of changing attributions is called called attribution retrainingattribution retraining Wikimedia commons - Russell Garner
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 9
Attribution theory
ATTRIBUTIONATTRIBUTIONFEELINGS ABOUT SPORTFEELINGS ABOUT SPORT
attributions affectattributions affect– pridepride– satisfactionsatisfaction– expectancyexpectancy– learned helplessnesslearned helplessness– avoidanceavoidance
Helen Roscoe PhotographyHelen Roscoe Photography
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 10
Attribution theory
CONTROLLABILITY - THE THIRD CONTROLLABILITY - THE THIRD DIMENSIONDIMENSION
LOCUS OF CONTROLLOCUS OF CONTROL
are attributions are attributions under the controlunder the control of the performer of the performer or not?or not?
the locus of control dimension relates to thethe locus of control dimension relates to the intensityintensity of a performer’s feelings of of a performer’s feelings of pride and satisfaction, pride and satisfaction, shame and guiltshame and guilt
pride and pride and satisfactionsatisfaction are are maximisedmaximised if if successsuccess is is attributed to attributed to internal controllableinternal controllable factors such as factors such as ability and effortability and effort
then then motivationmotivation would be would be enhancedenhanced
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 11
Attribution theory
CONTROLLABILITY - THE THIRD CONTROLLABILITY - THE THIRD DIMENSIONDIMENSION
LOCUS OF CONTROLLOCUS OF CONTROL
if if successsuccess were attributed to were attributed to externalexternal and and uncontrollableuncontrollable factors (such as factors (such as luckluck) and the fact that ) and the fact that the task was very easythe task was very easy
then satisfaction would be less intense and then satisfaction would be less intense and motivation motivation lessless
if if failurefailure is attributed to is attributed to internal controllable internal controllable factorsfactors
such as such as lack of ability and lack of effortlack of ability and lack of effort
then the overpowering emotion would be then the overpowering emotion would be dissatisfactiondissatisfaction
and and motivationmotivation would be would be reducedreduced
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 12
Attribution theory
THE SELF-SERVING BIASTHE SELF-SERVING BIAS
successful performerssuccessful performers tend to tend to take take credit for successcredit for success
they do this by they do this by attributing attributing successsuccess to to their their own overwhelminglyown overwhelmingly outstanding outstanding
qualitiesqualities (natural ability, ability to (natural ability, ability to respond to the competitive situation)respond to the competitive situation)
thereby enhancing their feelings of thereby enhancing their feelings of pride pride and worthand worth
enhancing feelings of enhancing feelings of self-esteemself-esteem
Wikimedia commons/Charlie CowinsWikimedia commons/Charlie Cowins
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 13
Attribution theory
THE SELF-SERVING BIASTHE SELF-SERVING BIASsuccessful performerssuccessful performers tend to tend to blame external blame external factors for failurefactors for failure
failurefailure is automatically attributed to is automatically attributed to avoidavoid internal controllableinternal controllable and and stablestable factors (even if factors (even if such factors may be true)such factors may be true)
this is the this is the self-serving biasself-serving bias, people tend to give , people tend to give attributions to attributions to protectprotect their their self-esteemself-esteem rather rather than look for than look for true attributionstrue attributions which would which would reflect the reality of the situationreflect the reality of the situation
Wikimedia commons/Michael KjaerWikimedia commons/Michael Kjaer
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 14
Attribution theory
THE SELF-SERVING BIASTHE SELF-SERVING BIAS
unsuccessful performersunsuccessful performers do not always do not always attribute failure to external factorsattribute failure to external factors
and therefore do and therefore do notnot protect their protect their self-esteemself-esteem
hence hence reducing motivationreducing motivation
Wikimedia commons/jonnyr1Wikimedia commons/jonnyr1
Neal Bishop - Neal Bishop - Notts CountyNotts County
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 15
Attribution theory
lack ofm otivation
reinforcedfailure
LEARNEDHELPLESSNESS
drive tosucceed
m otivation
continuation
DECI SI ON SABOUT
PAR TI CI PATI ON
attribution ofsuccess to
internalstable factors
attribution offailure toexternal
unstable factors
M ASTERYORI ENTATI ON
pride satisfactionEM OTI ONS
future failure future successEXPECTANCY
internalexternal controlled
uncontrolledstable
unstablespecificglobal
intentionalunintentional
ATTR I BUTI ON
THE ATTRIBUTION PROCESSTHE ATTRIBUTION PROCESSsuccess failureOUTCOM E
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 16
Attribution theory
BEHAVIOUR, ATTRIBUTION and BEHAVIOUR, ATTRIBUTION and MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION
HIGH ACHIEVERHIGH ACHIEVER LOW ACHIEVERLOW ACHIEVER
motivation?motivation? high motive to achieve successhigh motive to achieve success low motive to achieve successlow motive to achieve success
low motive to avoid failurelow motive to avoid failure high motive to avoid failurehigh motive to avoid failure
focuses on pride on successfocuses on pride on success focuses on shame and worry focuses on shame and worry aboutabout failurefailure
attributionsattributions ascribes success to stableascribes success to stable ascribes success to unstableascribes success to unstableinternal and controllable factorsinternal and controllable factors
external uncontrollable factorsexternal uncontrollable factors
ascribes failure to unstableascribes failure to unstable ascribes failure to stableascribes failure to stableexternal uncontrollable factorsexternal uncontrollable factors internal internal
controllable factorscontrollable factors
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 17
Attribution theory
HIGH ACHIEVERHIGH ACHIEVER LOW ACHIEVERLOW ACHIEVER
goals adoptedgoals adopted adopts task oriented goalsadopts task oriented goals adopts outcome oriented goalsadopts outcome oriented goals
task choicetask choice seeks challenging tasks andseeks challenging tasks andavoids challenge, seeks very avoids challenge, seeks very difficultdifficult competitive situationscompetitive situations or very easy tasks or or very easy tasks or competitioncompetition
performanceperformance performs well in front of performs well in front of performs badly in front of performs badly in front of evaluative audiencesevaluative audiences evaluative audiencesevaluative audiences
BEHAVIOUR, ATTRIBUTION and BEHAVIOUR, ATTRIBUTION and MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 18
Attribution theory
ERRORS IN ATTRIBUTIONERRORS IN ATTRIBUTION
THE ACTOR-OBSERVER EFFECTTHE ACTOR-OBSERVER EFFECT
this is the tendency for actors to attribute their own actions to situational or external causes
(such as blaming the circumstances - weather, state of the pitch and so on)
whereas observers attribute the same behaviour of the actor to dispositional or internal factors
(such as blaming the ability or personal choices of the actor when facing tactical decisions in a game)
the actor-observer effect is an example of an attribution bias
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 19
Attribution theory
ERRORS IN ATTRIBUTIONERRORS IN ATTRIBUTIONTHE ACTOR-OBSERVER EFFECTTHE ACTOR-OBSERVER EFFECT
GENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DIFFERENCES
girlsgirls tend to have attributions tend to have attributions consistent with those of low consistent with those of low achieversachievers
boysboys tend to have higher tend to have higher expectations of successexpectations of success
Wikimedia commons/Grant WilliamsonWikimedia commons/Grant Williamson
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 20
Attribution theory
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)
LEARNED HELPLESSNESSLEARNED HELPLESSNESS
a belief acquired over timea belief acquired over time
that one has that one has no controlno control over events over events
that that failurefailure is is inevitableinevitable
a feeling of hopelessnessa feeling of hopelessness
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Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 21
Attribution theory
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)
GENERAL (GLOBAL) LHGENERAL (GLOBAL) LH
a person attributes a person attributes failurefailure to internal or stable to internal or stable factorsfactors
applied to applied to all sportsall sports
‘‘I am useless at all sports’I am useless at all sports’
SPECIFIC LHSPECIFIC LH
a person attributes a person attributes difficultiesdifficulties to internal or stable to internal or stable factorsfactors
applied to applied to one specific sportone specific sport
‘‘I am good at soccer but hopeless at cricket’I am good at soccer but hopeless at cricket’
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 22
Attribution theory
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)ATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAINING
low achieverslow achievers need to learn to need to learn to attribute success attribute success
and failure to the and failure to the same reasonssame reasons
as high achieversas high achievers
successsuccess to to stablestable factors factors
failurefailure to to unstableunstable factors factors
this would raise the this would raise the self-efficacyself-efficacy of of the performer for his or her sportthe performer for his or her sport
couldn’t be helped!!! couldn’t be helped!!!
- the track was slippy- the track was slippy
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 23
Attribution theory
ATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAINING
ATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAINING
this heading describes the process by which a this heading describes the process by which a performer is advised to change his attribution for performer is advised to change his attribution for poor performancepoor performance
a a low achieverlow achiever will tend to attribute will tend to attribute failurefailure to lack to lack of his or her of his or her ability (internal factor)ability (internal factor)
which produces the feeling of which produces the feeling of shameshame and low and low self-self-esteemesteem
and and helplessnesshelplessness in the face of further situations in the face of further situations which might produce failurewhich might produce failure
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 24
Attribution theory
ATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAINING
helplessnesshelplessness in the face of further situations which might in the face of further situations which might produce failureproduce failure
will produce the need to be trained to attribute failure to will produce the need to be trained to attribute failure to an an externalexternal factor (such as the weather) factor (such as the weather)
which is the same as a high achieverwhich is the same as a high achiever
which should produce a feeling of which should produce a feeling of disappointmentdisappointment (rather than helplessness)(rather than helplessness)
hopefully this will initiate a feeling of hopefully this will initiate a feeling of determinationdetermination and and seeking out of further opportunities to improveseeking out of further opportunities to improve
hence improve hence improve motivationmotivation to succeed to succeed
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WJEC A2 Level Physical Education
Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 25
Attribution theory
behaviour:
helplessness
avoidance ofcom petition
behaviour:
persistence
seeking outcom petition
ATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAINING
change from :
attribution oflack of ability
negativeem otion:
sham e
change to:
attribution ofpoor w eather
positive or neutralem otion:
disappointm ent
POORPER FOR M ANCE