it was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of...

It was the best of times, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the worst of times,

it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of it was the age of foolishness, foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of belief,

it was the epoch of it was the epoch of incredulity…incredulity…

-- Charles -- Charles DickensDickens A Tale of A Tale of Two CitiesTwo Cities

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The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793

Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI

Marie Marie AntoinettAntoinett

e e and the and the Royal Royal

ChildrenChildren

Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”

Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”

Causes of the Fr Rev

Causes of the Fr RevLong Term causes

•Breakdown of the old order– The 3 Estate system–Class conflict

• Ideals of the Enlightenment

Long Term causes

•Breakdown of the old order– The 3 Estate system–Class conflict

• Ideals of the Enlightenment

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Immediate Causes

Immediate Causes

• Money– Nearly bankrupt– Poorest classes pay for

gov’t– Inflation

• Taxes, taxes, taxes

• Weak leader

• Money– Nearly bankrupt– Poorest classes pay for

gov’t– Inflation

• Taxes, taxes, taxes

• Weak leader

Socio-Economic Data, Socio-Economic Data, 17891789

So…So…

The French Urban The French Urban PoorPoor

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

a Urban Urban Commoner’sCommoner’sBudget:Budget:– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%

a King’s Budget:King’s Budget:– Interest 50%Interest 50%– Army 25%Army 25%– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789

French Budget, French Budget, 17741774

MORE PROBLEMS

THE KING VS. THE NOBILITY – An ongoing struggle between the

king and the nobility reached its peak in 1778 when the nobility refused to pay taxes.

– France was a bankrupt nation of rich nobles.

STILL MORE PROBLEMS

THE KING VS. THE PEOPLE– The king was very out of touch

with the common people.– The peasants bore the burden of

taxation for the French nation and many were suffering greatly.

Where is the tax Where is the tax money?money?

THE FRENCH FINANCIAL CRISIS OF THE 1780’S

• NECKER’S (D-G 1781-83) REPORT OF 1781:– If America would pay its war debts,

France would have a surplus.– 41% of the royal budget went to

provide money for court favorites and royal pensions.

• THE NOBILITY HAS NECKER FIRED.

Ancien RegimeAncien Regime Map, 1789Map, 1789

Weak LeaderWeak Leader

• Indecisive

• Madam Deficit

• Indecisive

• Madam Deficit

Popular Cartoon of the Plight

of the Third

Estate

Estates General called

Estates General called

• Cahiers de doleances- list of grievances• Cahiers de doleances- list of grievances

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd

Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Suggested Voting The Suggested Voting Pattern:Pattern:

Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates1

1

1

Louis XIV insisted that Louis XIV insisted that the ancient the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved distinction of the three orders be conserved

in its entirety.in its entirety.

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Number of The Number of RepresentativesRepresentatives

in the Estates General: Vote in the Estates General: Vote by Head!by Head!300

300

648

Emmanuel Joseph Emmanuel Joseph SieyesSieyes

11stst What is the What is the Third Third Estate? Estate? Everything!Everything!22ndnd What has it been What has it been heretofore in heretofore in the the political political order? order? Nothing! Nothing!33rdrd What does it What does it demand?demand? To become To become somethingsomething therein! therein!

Abbé SieyèsAbbé Sieyès1748-18361748-1836

Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789

Last time it was called into session Last time it was called into session was 1614!was 1614!

““The Third Estate The Third Estate Awakens”Awakens”Y The commoners finally presented their The commoners finally presented their

credentials not as delegates of the credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”of the nation.”

Y They proclaimed themselves the They proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly”“National Assembly” of France. of France.

““The Tennis Court The Tennis Court Oath”Oath”

by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David

June 20, 1789June 20, 1789

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Storming of the BastileJuly 14

Storming of the BastileJuly 14

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The Great Fear: The Great Fear: Peasant RevoltPeasant Revolt

(July 20, 1789)(July 20, 1789)

Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy were Rumors that the feudal aristocracy were sending hired brigands to attack peasants sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.and pillage their land.

The The PathPath

of theof the“Great“GreatFear”Fear”

Europe on the Eve Europe on the Eve of theof the

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789

We want the baker, the baker’s wife We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!and the baker’s boy!

A spontaneous demonstration of A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.Parisian women for bread.

The “October The “October Days” Days” (1789)(1789)

The king was thought to be surrounded The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside was forced to move to Paris and reside

at the at the Tuileries PalaceTuileries Palace..

Night Session of August Night Session of August 4, 17894, 1789

Y Before the night was Before the night was over:over: The feudal regime in France The feudal regime in France

had been abolished.had been abolished.

All Frenchmen were, at least All Frenchmen were, at least in principle, subject to the in principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes same laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same and eligible for the same offices.offices.

Equality & Equality & Meritocracy!Meritocracy! Equality & Equality & Meritocracy!Meritocracy!

National Constituent National Constituent AssemblyAssembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791

August DecreesAugust DecreesAugust 4-11, 1789August 4-11, 1789

(A renunciation of aristocratic (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!)privileges!)

Liberté!Liberté!Egalité!Egalité!

Fraternité!Fraternité!

The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris.& BLUE of Paris.

Citizen!

Citizen!

The Tricolor is the The Tricolor is the Fashion!Fashion!

The “Liberty Cap”: The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne RougeBonne Rouge

Revolutionary Playing Revolutionary Playing CardsCards

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Rights of Man and of the

CitizenCitizenAugust 26, August 26,

17891789V Liberty!Liberty!

V Property!Property!

V Resistance Resistance to to oppression!oppression!

V ““Men are born Men are born and remain free and remain free and equal in and equal in rights!”rights!”

Planting the Tree of Planting the Tree of LibertyLiberty

17901790

Sir Edmund Burke Sir Edmund Burke (1790):(1790):

Reflections on the Revolution Reflections on the Revolution in Francein France

Emigres fled France Emigres fled France

The conservative The conservative response to the response to the French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Olympe de Gouges (1745-Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)1793)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

V Women played a Women played a vital role in the vital role in the Revolution.Revolution.

V But, But, The The Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of Manthe Rights of Man did NOT extend did NOT extend the rights and the rights and protections of protections of citizenship to citizenship to women.women.

How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?

Confiscate Church Lands Confiscate Church Lands (1790)(1790)

One of the most controversial decisions One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.of the entire revolutionary period.

The Civil Constitution The Civil Constitution of the of the

ClergyClergy July 12,July 12,17901790

•Church officials Church officials and Priests paid by and Priests paid by the Statethe State

Significance?Significance?Peasants?Peasants?

New Relations New Relations Between Church & Between Church &

StateStateV Government paid the salaries of the Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the French clergy and maintained the churches.churches.

V The church was reorganized:The church was reorganized: Parish priests Parish priests elected by the elected by the district assemblies.district assemblies.

Bishops Bishops named by the named by the department assemblies.department assemblies.

The pope had NO The pope had NO voice in the voice in the appointment of appointment of the French clergy.the French clergy.

V It transformed France’sIt transformed France’sRoman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!!into a branch of the state!!

Pope Pius Pope Pius VIVI

[1775-1799][1775-1799]

The Royal Family The Royal Family Attempts Attempts

to Fleeto FleeY June, 1791June, 1791

Y Helped by the Swedish Count Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover].Antoinette’s lover].

Y Headed toward the Headed toward the LuxembourgLuxembourgborder.border.

Y The King wasThe King wasrecognized atrecognized atVarennes, nearVarennes, nearthe borderthe border

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Constitution

& the National Assembly. & the National Assembly. 17911791

The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:

A Bourgeois GovernmentA Bourgeois GovernmentV The king got the The king got the “suspensive” “suspensive”

vetoveto [which prevented the passage [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].of laws for 4 years].

He could not pass laws.He could not pass laws. His ministers were responsible His ministers were responsible

for their own actions.for their own actions.

V A permanent, elected, single chamber A permanent, elected, single chamber Legislative Assembly.Legislative Assembly.

Had the power to grant taxation.Had the power to grant taxation.

V An independent judiciary.An independent judiciary.

The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:

A Bourgeois A Bourgeois GovernmentGovernmentV ““Active” CitizenActive” Citizen [who pays taxes [who pays taxes

amounting to 3 days labor] could amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. vote vs. “Passive” Citizen“Passive” Citizen..

1/3 of adult males were denied 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.the franchise.

Domestic servants were also Domestic servants were also excluded.excluded.V A newly elected A newly elected LEGISLATIVE LEGISLATIVE

ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY..

GOALGOAL Make sure that the Make sure that the country was not turned over to country was not turned over to

the mob!the mob!

GOALGOAL Make sure that the Make sure that the country was not turned over to country was not turned over to

the mob!the mob!

83 Revolutionary 83 Revolutionary DepartmentsDepartments

February 26, February 26, 17901790

The The Sans-Culottes:Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working The Parisian Working

ClassClass Small Small

shopkeepers.shopkeepers.

Tradesmen.Tradesmen.

Artisans.Artisans.

They shared many of They shared many of the ideals of their the ideals of their

middle class middle class representatives in representatives in

government!government!

The The Sans-Sans-CulottesCulottes

Depicted as Savages by a British Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.Cartoonist.

War!War!

FRANCEFRANCE 1792-1797

1792-1797 AUSTRIAAUSTRIA

PRUSSIAPRUSSIABRITAINBRITAINSPAINSPAINPIEDMONTPIEDMONT

•Wanted the king restored- Wanted the king restored-

•Worried that Rev. would spread to their Worried that Rev. would spread to their countriescountries

This military crisis undermined the new This military crisis undermined the new Legislative Assembly.Legislative Assembly.

French Soldiers & the French Soldiers & the Tricolor:Tricolor:

ViveVive Le Patrie!Le Patrie!V The French armies The French armies

were ill-prepared were ill-prepared for the conflict.for the conflict.

V ½ of the officer ½ of the officer corps had corps had emigrated.emigrated.

V Many men Many men disserted.disserted.

V New recruits were New recruits were enthusiastic, butenthusiastic, butill-trained.ill-trained.

V French troops French troops often broke ranks often broke ranks and fled in and fled in disorder.disorder.

War … moreWar … more

• By 1792 Prussia outside of Paris

• Threatened to destroy Paris if royal family

Was harmed.

• By 1792 Prussia outside of Paris

• Threatened to destroy Paris if royal family

Was harmed.

The Storming of the The Storming of the Tuilieres:Tuilieres:

August 9-10, 1792August 9-10, 1792

This was triggered in part by the This was triggered in part by the publication in Paris of the August 3 publication in Paris of the August 3 Brunswick Manifesto, which confirmed Brunswick Manifesto, which confirmed popular suspicions concerning the popular suspicions concerning the

king’s treason.king’s treason.

The September The September Massacres, Massacres, 17921792

Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.the front.

over 1000 killed!over 1000 killed! It discredited the Revolution among its It discredited the Revolution among its

remaining sympathizers abroad.remaining sympathizers abroad.

Constitution put aside

Constitution put aside

• King deposed

• Assembly dissolved

• National Convention takes over

• King deposed

• Assembly dissolved

• National Convention takes over

The National The National ConventionConvention

(September, 1792)(September, 1792) Get rid of the monarchyGet rid of the monarchy

The The Year IYear I of the French of the French Republic.Republic.

The Decree of FraternityThe Decree of Fraternity

it offered French assistance it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who to any subject peoples who wished to overthrow their wished to overthrow their governments.governments.

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches

cold!cold!

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches

cold!cold!

The Political The Political SpectrumSpectrum

JacobinsJacobins

RoyalistsRoyalists

1790s:1790s:The PlainThe Plain

(swing (swing votes)votes)

TODAY:TODAY:

Jean-Paul Jean-Paul MaratMarat

(1744 – 1793)(1744 – 1793)

““The Death of Marat”The Death of Marat”by Jacques Louis David,by Jacques Louis David,

17931793

The Assassination of The Assassination of MaratMarat

by Charlotte by Charlotte CordayCorday

Paul JacquesPaul JacquesAimeeAimee

Baudry, 19Baudry, 19cc

[A Romantic[A RomanticView]View]

The Assassination of The Assassination of MaratMarat

by Charlotte Corday, by Charlotte Corday, 17931793

Georges Jacques Georges Jacques DantonDanton

Sans cullottes leaderSans cullottes leader

Louis XVI as a Louis XVI as a PigPig

c For the Jacobins, the king was a For the Jacobins, the king was a traitor.traitor.

c Some felt that the Revolution had Some felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].execute the king [maybe exile him].

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January (January 21, 1793)21, 1793)c Discovered a Discovered a

secret cupboard secret cupboard in the Tuilieres in the Tuilieres of a cache of of a cache of documents.documents.

c They proved They proved conclusively conclusively Louis’ knowledge Louis’ knowledge and encouragement and encouragement of foreign of foreign intervention.intervention.

c The National The National Convention votedConvention voted387 to 334387 to 334 to to execute the execute the monarchs.monarchs.

The Death of “Citizen” The Death of “Citizen” Louis CapetLouis Capet

So impure bloodSo impure blooddoesn’t soil our land!doesn’t soil our land!

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette on the Way to the on the Way to the

GuillotineGuillotine

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,

17931793

Attempts to Attempts to ControlControl

the Growing the Growing CrisisCrisis

e War successful! Defeated the War successful! Defeated the Aust and PrussiaAust and Prussia

e But Eng, Netherlands and Spain But Eng, Netherlands and Spain joinjoin

e Committee of Public Safety Committee of Public Safety [CPS][CPS]

e Emergency executive committeeEmergency executive committeee to oversee and speed up the work to oversee and speed up the work

of the government during this of the government during this crisis.crisis.

French Expansion: French Expansion: 1791-17991791-1799

Maximillian Maximillian RobespierreRobespierre(1758 – 1794)(1758 – 1794)

Committee for Public Committee for Public SafetySafety

Revolutionary Tribunals.Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.16,000 – 50,000 executed.

DraftDraftAn Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 SoldiersAn Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers

An army based on merit, not An army based on merit, not birth!birth!

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

Terror is nothing other than justice, Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.prompt, severe, inflexible. -- -- RobespierreRobespierre

Let terror be the Let terror be the order of the day!order of the day!

c The Revolutionary The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris Tribunal of Paris alone executed alone executed 2,639 victims in 2,639 victims in 15 months.15 months.

c The total number The total number of victims of victims nationwide was nationwide was over 20,000!over 20,000!

Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed

28%

31%

25%

8%7%

The “Monster” The “Monster” GuillotineGuillotine

The last guillotine execution in France was in The last guillotine execution in France was in 19391939!!

Political PropagandaPolitical Propaganda

The Contrast:The Contrast:“French Liberty / British “French Liberty / British

Slavery”Slavery”

Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization De-Christianization

(1793-1794)(1793-1794) The Catholic Church was The Catholic Church was linked withlinked withreal or potential counter-real or potential counter-revolution.revolution.

Religion was associated with Religion was associated with thetheAncien RégimeAncien Régime and and superstitioussuperstitiouspractices.practices.

Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-sans-culottesculottes..

Therefore, religion had no Therefore, religion had no place in aplace in arational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!

A Republican A Republican CalendarCalendar

The New Republican The New Republican CalendarCalendar

New Name Meaning Time Period

Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21

Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20

Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20

Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19

Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18

Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20

Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19

Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19

Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18

Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18

Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17

Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

A New Republican A New Republican Calendar YearCalendar YearI 1792 – 1793

II 1793 – 1794

III 1794 – 1795

IV 1795 – 1796

V 1796 – 1797

VI 1797 – 1798

VII 1798 – 1799

VIII 1799 – 1800

IX 1800 – 1801

X 1801 – 1802

XI 1802 – 1803

XII 1803 – 1804

XIII 1804 – 1805

XIV 1805

The Gregorian System returned in 1806.

The “Temple of The “Temple of Reason”Reason”

The Festival of Supreme The Festival of Supreme BeingBeing

A new secular A new secular holidayholiday

The “Thermidorean The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 1794Reaction,” 1794

P July 26 July 26 Robespierre gives Robespierre gives aa speech speech illustrating newillustrating new plots & plots & conspiracies.conspiracies.

he alienated members of the he alienated members of the CPS. CPS.

many felt threatened by his many felt threatened by his implications. implications.

P July 27 July 27 the Convention the Convention arrestsarrests Robespierre.Robespierre.

P July 28 July 28 Robespierre is Robespierre is tried &tried & guillotined!guillotined!

The Arrest of Robespierre

The Revolution The Revolution ConsumesConsumes

Its Own Children!Its Own Children!

Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, Execution,

17931793

Robespierre Lies Robespierre Lies WoundedWounded

Before the Before the Revolutionary Tribunal Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.be guillotined, 1794.