introduction to orthopaedics it will be your best course ever when you reach 6 th year!
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Introduction to OrthopaedicsIt will be your best course ever when you reach 6th year!
Dr. Mohammad AttiahDr. Badr AlQahtaniDr. Salah Fallatah
Dr. Sohail Bajammal
What is Orthopaedics?orthopedie
• Greek Words• Orthos: correct, straight• Paideion: child
Orthopaedic Subspecialties
1. Pediatric Orthopaedics2. Orthopaedic Trauma3. Arthroplasty4. Spine Surgery5. Upper Extremity6. Sport Injuries7. Hand Surgery8. Orthopaedic Oncology9. Foot & Ankle Surgery
Each has different patient population,
expectations & life style
Interested in ortho?
• Do elective in orthopaedics• Get excellent marks in the ortho course• Spend 5 years in residency• Do 1-2 years of fellowship
Orthopaedic Surgeons are
• Among the top paid doctors in the US• Spine Surgeons: 600,000 US$ annually
Even if you don’t like Orthopaedics,
you need to pay attention• Back pain affects 80% of the population
• Young population Sport Injuries
• Obesity Osteoarthritis
• 20% of Primary Care Visits are MSK complaints– 90% can be managed non-operatively by family
physicians
Not convinced yet?
Cost of Road Traffic Accidentsin Saudi Arabia
USD $5.6 billion
(2.2% to 9% of the national income)
Ansari S, Akhdar F, Mandoorah M, Moutaery K. Causes and effects of road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia. Public Health 2000;114:37-9
Trauma is a leading cause of death and disability in Saudi
Every hour in Saudi1 KILLED
4 INJURED
We deal with a diverse group of practitioners
• Trauma team• Family Physicians• Internists• Rheumatologists• Endocrinologists• Physiotherapists• Physiatrists (Rehabilitation
Physicians)• Occupational Therapists• Orthotists & Prosthetists
• Cast Technicians• Interventional Radiologists• Pain Specialists• Oncology team: medical
and radiation oncologists• Chiropractors• Podiatrists• Social Workers• Lawyers• Insurance Companies
We deal withspecial instruments
By the end of the course,you should
Objectives
• Orthopaedic Terminology• Orthopaedic History & Physical Exam• How to read an X-ray?• Some orthopaedic pathology
Orthopaedic Terminology
Joint Movements Terminology
• Active Movement vs Passive Movement• Flexion vs Extension• Abduction vs Adduction• Dorsiflexion vs Plantar/Palmar Flexion• Eversion vs Inversion• Internal rotation vs External rotation• Pronation vs Supination
IR/ER
Terminology of Deformities
• Static/Fixed vs Flexible• Varus vs Valgus
Parts of a long bone• Diaphysis• Metaphysis• Epiphysis• Physis (growth plate)• Apophysis
Types of Bone
• Cortical• Cancellous
Operative Procedures
• Osteotomy• Arthrodesis• Arthroplasty• Osteosynthesis
– Open reduction & internal fixation (ORIF)– Closed reduction & internal fixation (CRIF)– Intramedullary nail (IM nail)
Orthopaedic History & Physical
History
• Similar to other medical histories in that you need to identify:– Age– Chief complaint– History of presenting illness– Past medical history especially prior injuries or
operations
History• Medications
– NSAIDs– steroids– narcotics
• Other treatments for this injury– Injections– Bracing– Physiotherapy– Chiropractic care
• Allergies
Social History• Occupation
– Working / Retired– Manual labor / Desk job
• Living situation– Alone / Spouse / Other supports– Two storey house / Apartment
• Ambulatory status– How far can they walk– Do they use a walker / cane
• Smoking/ Alcohol/ Drug Use
Specifics to the HPI
• Precipitating incident– trauma (macrotrauma) – repetitive stress (microtrauma)– is this a work related injury?– is there a lawsuit ongoing?
Specifics of the HPI
• For MVCs – driver/passenger– belted/non-belted– location of impact and severity of crash (required jaws of
life, if anyone died in the crash, thrown from the car, etc)– speed at impact– position of the patient and the limb in question at impact
Specifics of the HPI
• For pain or presenting problem– Onset– Duration– Character– Course– Aggravating and relieving factors– Location– Radiation– Associated symptoms
Associated Symptoms
• In addition to pain do they have:– Clicking– Snapping– Catching– Locking– Sensation of giving way (including prior falls or
dislocations)– Swelling– Weakness
Temporality or Timing
• Is it worse when they wake up in the morning?• Does it gradually get worse over the course of
the day?• Does the pain ever wake them up at night?
Red flags
• Pain at night or rest• Associated weight loss and loss of appetite• History of cancer• Steroids use• History of trauma• Extreme age• Bowel or bladder symptoms
General Considerations for Examination
• When taking a history for an acute problem always inquire about the mechanism of injury, loss of function, onset of swelling (< 24 hours), and initial treatment
• When taking a history for a chronic problem always inquire about past injuries, past treatments, effect on function, and current symptoms.
General Considerations for Examination
• The patient should be gowned and exposed as required for the examination
• Some portions of the examination may not be appropriate depending on the clinical situation (performing range of motion on a fractured leg for example)
General Considerations for Examination
• The musculoskeletal exam is all about anatomy
• Think of the underlying anatomy as you obtain the history and examine the patient
General Considerations for Examination
• The cardinal signs of musculoskeletal disease are:– Pain– Redness (erythema)– Swelling– Increased warmth– Deformity– Loss of function
General Considerations for Examination
• Always begin with inspection, palpation and range of motion, regardless of the region you are examining (LOOK, FEEL, MOVE)
• Specialized tests are often omitted unless a specific abnormality is suspected
• A complete evaluation will include a focused neurological exam of the effected area
Inspection
• Look for scars, rashes, or other lesions like abrasions/open wounds
• Look for asymmetry, deformity, or atrophy • Always compare with the other side• Look for swelling• Look for erythema (redness)• Posture/position of the joint or limb
Percussion
• Typically, we don’t percuss things in orthopedics however the one exception is nerves
• If tapping over a nerve causes pain or electric shock sensations, this is called Tinel’s sign
• Present when nerves are compressed or irritated• Also used to monitor nerve recovery after injury (in the
form of an “advancing Tinel’s sign”)
Auscultation
• We don’t really listen to anything in orthopedics
Palpation
• Examine each major joint and muscle group in turn
• Identify any areas of tenderness• Joint line• Tendinous insertions• Palpate for any crepitus • Identify any areas of deformity• Always compare with the other side
Palpation
• Warm or cold including pulses • Fluctuation/fluid collection• Compartments – soft or firm and painful• Sensation
Range of Motion
• Active• Passive
Active ROM
• Ask the patient to move each joint through a full range of motion
• Note the degree and type of any limitations (pain, weakness, etc.)
• Note any increased range of motion or instability
• Always compare with the other side • Proceed to passive range of motion if
abnormalities are found
Passive ROM• Ask the patient to relax and allow you to support the
extremity to be examined• Gently move each joint through its full range of motion• Note the degree and type (pain or mechanical) of any
limitation• If increased range of motion is detected, perform special
tests for instability as appropriate• Always compare with the other side
Vascular Status
• Pulses• Upper extremity
– Check the radial pulses on both sides– If the radial pulse is absent or weak, check the
brachial pulses• Lower extremity
– Check the posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis pulses on both sides - if these pulses are absent or weak, check the popliteal and femoral pulses
Vascular Status
• Capillary Refill– Press down firmly on the patient's finger or toe
nail so it blanches– Release the pressure and observe how long it
takes the nail bed to "pink" up – Capillary refill times greater than 2 to 3 seconds
suggest peripheral vascular disease, arterial blockage, heart failure, or shock
Special tests
• Each joint has special tests
Reading X-rays
Ordering X-rays
• Two orthogonal views• Joint above and joint below• Two occasions:
– Before & after reduction– Now & two weeks for scaphoid and suspected
physeal injuries• If not trauma:
– Think weight-bearing: spine, knees, feet
How to read an X-ray
1. Take the history and examine the patient first2. Check the patient ID3. Skeletally immature?4. What area of the body & what views5. Identify each bone in the X-ray6. Follow the cortical outline of each bone7. Describe any:
1. Fracture2. Dislocation or Subluxation3. Lucency4. Deformity
How to describe a fracture on an X-ray?
• In relationship to the joint:– Intra-articular: epiphysis– Extra-articular: diaphysis or metaphysis
• Anatomical location:– Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Diaphysis
• Characteristics: oblique, transverse, spiral, comminuted
Describe
Describe
Describe
Describe
Diagnostic Tests• Plain x- ray: rule of 2s • CT Scan• Bone Scan• MRI• Arthrography• Arthrocenthesis• Arthroscopy
ORTHOPAEDIC DISORDERS
• Locomotive system– Bone– Joints– Tendons– Nerves– Muscles
WHAT CONDITIONS AFFECT THESE STRUCTURES
• Congenital and developmental anomalies• Infection and inflammation• Arthritis and inflammatory disorders• Metabolic dysfunction• Tumors and tumor like condition• Sensory and motor disorders• Injuries and mechanical derangement
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
INFECTION
PIP Swelling
Ulnar Deviation, MCP Swelling, Left Wrist Swelling
Nodules
ARTHRITIS
ARTHRITIS
ARTHRITIS
METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION
TUMOURS
TUMORS
NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
TRAUMA• Leading cause of death in young
• Deaths– 1st hour
• Severe head injury• Severe bleeding
– 1-4 hour• Uncompensated blood loss
– Days to weeks• complication
EXTENT OF INJURY
• Age– Skeletally immature– Young but skeletally mature– Elderly
• Direction of force– Determine which structure injured
• Magnitude– Determine extent of injury
TRAUMA OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Bone• Joint• Ligament• Muscle• Nerve• Vascular
Bone
• Fracture– Definition– Complete vs incomplete– Open Vs Closed– Pattern – Cause (injury, fatigue, pathological)
TRAUMA OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Bone– Direct
• Simple contusion• Sever commonution
– Indirect• Bending => transverse fracture• Compression => depressed fracture• Twisting=> spiral fracture• Combination=> oblique, commonution,
– Penetrating • Stab & laceration• Missiles
– Low v: < 300 m/s» damage along the tract» commonution
– High v:» Wide soft tissue damage» Sever commonution with loss
Diaphyseal Fractures
• Type A– Simple fractures with two
fragments
• Type B– Wedge fractures– After reduced, length and
alignment restored
• Type C– Complex fractures with no
contact between main fragments
TRAUMA OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Joint:– Dislocation– Subluxation– Fracture-Dislocation
TRAUMA OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Ligament:– Sprain: some fibers torn remains stable– Partial rupture– Complete rupture
PRICE – Treatment of Ligament Injuries
• Protection• Rest• Ice• Compression• Elevation
TRAUMA OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Muscle– Direct
• Simple contusion• Sever crush
– Viability: remove all devitalised muscles– Indirect:
• By sharp end of fractured bone – Penetrating
• Laceration– Muscle – Musculotendinous junction– tendon
• Missiles – Low velocity– High velocity=> major damage
TRAUMA OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Nerves– Neuropraxia: conduction block, (no axonal loss focal
demyelination; rapid & complete return of sensation or function 3 to 6 weeks;
– Axonotemesis: axonal injury with subsequent degeneration, no disruption of the endoneurial sheath, perineurium, or epineurium,complete recovery may take as long as 12 months
– Neurotemesis: severe disruption of the connective tissue components of the nerve trunk with compromised sensory and functional recovery , poor prognosis for recovery, and sensory and functional recovery is never complete
TRAUMA OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Isolated or combination• Injury to vital organs• Survival of the limb
– Neurovascular– Integrity of skin– Bone– Prevention of complication– => limb salvage ( functioning limb) or amputation (
source of trouble)
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