introduction to climate changes part 1
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8/13/2019 Introduction to Climate Changes Part 1
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Energy Resource and Analysis
Introduction
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CLIMATE
• EARTH is 4.5 BILLION YEARS OLD
• Humans evolved in the last 2 million and Homo Sapiens in the last 0.4million
• Earth has had many ‘climates’ which describe an average pattern ofvariation in temperature, humidity ,precipitation etc
• There have been 6 Ice ages and we are currently in the end period of the
last one• Since we can only experience the present the science of paleoclimatology
has evolved and mathematical models, informed by the science, predict thefuture.
• Climate Myth: Climate's changed before
Climate is always changing. We have had ice ages and warmer periods whenalligators were found in Spitzbergen. Ice ages have occurred in a hundredthousand year cycle for the last 700 thousand years, and there have beenprevious periods that appear to have been warmer than the present despiteCO2 levels being lower than they are now. More recently, we have had themedieval warm period and the little ice age.
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• Snowball Earth
• Ice ages
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Snowball earth
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/ancient_earth/S
nowball_Earth#p00cgy7m
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/ancient_earth/S
nowball_Earth#p00cgyfz
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Greenhouse Effect
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Climate Science
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keelingcurve.ucsd.edu/
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CO2 @800,000 year peak
2013
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Climate Change
• We are worried about ‘dangerous climate
change.
• 2 Degrees C is considered the potential risk
point for runaway climate change
• 400ppm
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HUMAN POPULATION
• 2.5 Billion in 1950
• 7.2 Billion in 2014
• 9 Billion in 2050 - predicted to stabilise
• www.unpopulation.org.
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Industrial Revolution (s)
• Water
• Coal , Rail
• Oil, Road• Gas
• Electricity
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A.D.
2000
A.D.
1000
A.D.
1
1000
B.C.
2000
B.C.
3000
B.C.
4000
B.C.
5000
B.C.
6000
B.C.
7000
B.C.
1+ million
years
8
7
6
5
2
1
4
3
OldStone
Age New Stone Age
Bronze
Age
Iron
Age
Middle
Ages
ModernAge
Black Death — The Plague
9
10
11
12
A.D.
3000
A.D.
4000
A.D.
5000
1800
1900
1950
1975
2000
2100
Future
Billions
Source: Population Reference Bureau; and United Nations, World Population Projections to 2100 (1998).
World Population Growth Through
History
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Billions
Less Developed Regions
More Developed Regions
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.
Growth in More, Less Developed
Countries
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UN
• IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5th
assessment issued in September 2013
• ‘95% Certainty that humans are the dominant cause of
climate change since 1950s’
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The Arctic
• Change here is fast and very visible
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September extent trend is accelerating
Years Trend
(km2 yr-1)
% decade-1
relative to
79-00 avg.79-01 -45900 -6.5
79-02 -51000 -7.3
79-03 -52800 -7.5
79-04 -54600 -7.8
79-05 -59400 -8.4
79-06 -60200 -8.6
79-07 -71600 -10.2
79-08 -78100 -11.1
79-09 -78700 -11.2
79-10 -81400 -11.6
79-11 -84700 -12.0
79-12* -91200 -13.0
Average Monthly Arctic Sea Ice Extent
September 1979 to 2012
*2012 estimate
• Overall, the Arctic has lost ~50%of its summer ice cover
• The last six Septembers are the
lowest in our satellite records
(beginning in 1979)
IRELAND 73000km2
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