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Excellence in Automotive R&D
International Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
Emissões de Veículos a Diesel
Dr. Bernd Wiedemann
São Paulo, 27.10.2009
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 2
AgendaInternational Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts 2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment2.2 Aerodynamic2.3 Hybrid 2.4 Indirect Solutions
3. Conclusion
Phot
ocas
e
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 3
Status, Overview and ConflictsTraffic growth
Two global trends
The traffic problems get worse.Source: „Mobility 2030“, WBCSD, 2004
OECD
other countries
OECD
other countries
passenger traffic freight traffic
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 4
Status, Overview and ConflictsUrbanization progress
Source: UN Department of Economics and Social Affaires; Bosch
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 5
Status, Overview and ConflictsUrbanization progress
Absolute:2030: 4,967 bn
Absolute:1950: 0,733 bn
Source: Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung
urba
n po
pula
tion
in %
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 6
0,465 m
Status Truck MarketsYear 2007: about 1 Million Trucks Year 2015 : 1.15 Million of Trucks
Passenger cars: 56 Million
0,250 m.North America
0,75 mSouth America
0,240 mEurope
China/IndiaJapan/Korea
0,120 mRest of the World
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 7
Status Truck MarketsMedium and heavy duty trucks
WorldN
orth
Am
eric
aC
hina
Wes
tern
Eur
ope
Source: Global Insight
1
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 8
Status, Overview and Conflicts Different Transient Test Cycles
Source: Navistar
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 9
Status, Overview and ConflictsEmissions Regulation: US EPA
Source: Navistar
Soot: -94%
NOx: -96%
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 10
Status, Overview and ConflictsEmissions Regulation: Europe
Source: Scania
2013:Euro VI
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 11
Status, Overview and ConflictsFuel consumption of different emission standards compared to Euro III
Source: MAN
100% 100%
96%* 96%98%* 98%
Fuel
con
sum
ptio
n [%
]
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 12
Status, Overview and ConflictsEmissions Regulation: Cost Development
Source: Scania
Fact
or
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 13
AgendaInternational Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
Phot
ocas
e
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment2.2 Aerodynamic2.3 Hybrid 2.4 Indirect Solutions
3. Conclusion
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 14
Powertrain and AftertreatmentExamples of Fuel Saving Technologies
Source: Renault Trucks
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 15
Powertrain and AftertreatmentEnergy losses at an European long haul truck
Source: Daimler
Engine Brake3,5%
Brakes5,7%
Propulsion system2,7%
Auxiliaries1,4%
Cooling21,3%
Exhaust heat31,3%
Aerodynamic13,6%
Rolling Resistance15,6%
Exhaust Aftertreatment System
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 16
Powertrain and AftertreatmentKey technologies
EGR system Common Rail
Particulate filter system SCR catalyst Two-stage supercharging
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 17
Powertrain and AftertreatmentCombined Systems
Source: Haldor Topsoe
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 18
Powertrain and AftertreatmentInjection system: High pressure Injection with high EGR rate
Source: MAN
NOx [g/kWh]
BSF
C [g
/kW
h]S
mok
e [F
SN
]
P-Rail= 1800 / EGR=20%P-Rail= 2000 / EGR=30%P-Rail= 2200 / EGR=40%P-Rail= 2400 / EGR=45%
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 19
Powertrain and AftertreatmentExhaust gas aftertreatment system: MAN AdBlue-System D20
Source: MAN
AdBlue®-Mixer
CAN Bus connection to ECU
muffler with reduction catalyser (SCR) and NH3-blocking catalytic onverter
AdBlue® tank
fluid level sensor
metering module (AdBlue®-)
air supply
air reservoir
air compressor
metering system with control-unit
temperature sensor
temperature sensor
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 20
Powertrain and AftertreatmentTechnology for Euro V
Source: Scania
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 21
Diesel oxidising catalyst (DOC): AgeingUrea injection: Mixer substrateSCR: Ageing and Efficiency
Powertrain and AftertreatmentTechnology for Euro VI
Source: Scania
Advanced• Engine management• High-pressure injection• Premixed combustion• EGR• SCR
No PM aftertreatment
Technical Challenges for Euro VI:
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 22
Powertrain and AftertreatmentAftertreatment System Challenges
Source: Navistar
Torq
ue [f
t-lb]
Engine speed [rpm]
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 23
Euro 0
Euro 3 (- 67%)
Euro 4 (- 77%)
Euro 5 (- 87%)
Euro 6 (- 97%)
Powertrain and AftertreatmentFoco em Meio Ambiente (Emissões)
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 24
Fonte: Innovative MAN Euro V Engines without Exhaust Treatment , 2009Torque máximo [Nm]
Alternative EURO V or EEV
Alternative EEV with SCR
Powertrain and AftertreatmentLine-up
Source: MAN
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 25
Powertrain and AftertreatmentReduction of Fuel consumption: Automatic transmission for Buses
Source: ZF
Ecomat5-speed<2002
Ecomat6-speed
2002
Ecomat6-speed
optimized2006
EcoLifewith
Topodyn2009
EcoLifeHybrid
2012
EcoLife
2007
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 26
Powertrain and AftertreatmentReduction of Fuel consumption
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 27
Gas System
Energy Source Energy Conductor Automotive Technology Engine Development
Syntetic(SynDiesel)
NGC1
NGL2
LPG3
Diesel Cycle
Lean Burn (Otto Cycle)
Diesel Cycle
Dual Fuel (Diesel Cycle)
Lean Burn (Otto Cycle)
Diesel Cycle
Dual Fuel (Diesel Cycle)
Stoichiometric Burn(Otto Cycle)
Cummins Westport
MWM – BRC System
MAN Buses
MAN Buses
VW – MWM – Bosch
MAN Marine
1) GNC = Gás Natural Comprimido2) GNL = Gás Natural Liquefeito3) LPG = Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Powertrain and AftertreatmentGas Vehicles
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 28
Powertrain and Aftertreatment
Natural gas engines already Euro 5 compatible• More than 2800 natural-gas MAN engines in operation. • Two six-cylinder natural gas engines, CNG and LNG (naval) • Extremely low level of exhaust emissions;• Euro 5 emissions standards and EEV standard.
MAN NL 323 F CNG
CNG/LNG
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 29
CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS:MODELO: VW 15.180 MOTOR: MWM 6.10 TCA DUAL FUEL (PROTÓTIPO)TORQUE: 657 Nm @ 1600 rpmPOTÊNCIA: 206 cv @ 2600 rpmPBT: 15 TTANQUE DE DIESEL: 275 L4 CILINDROS: 120 m3
AUTONÔMIA: 490 km
NÍVEL DE EMISSÕES – EURO II
CICLO OTTO CICLO OTTO CICLO DIESEL
CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS:MODELO: VW 17.250 EG OTMOTOR: MWM 6.12 TCE GNV (PROTÓTIPO)TORQUE: 820 Nm @ 1300 to 1900 rpmPOTÊNCIA: 250 cv @ 2500 rpmPBT: 17 TCOMPRIMENTO: 12 m6 CILINDROS: 170 m3
AUTONÔMIA: 280 kmACUMULADOS: 40.000 km
NÍVEL DE EMISSÕES – EURO III
CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉCNICAS:MODELO: VW 17.250 EG OTMOTOR: CUMMINS CG 250TORQUE: 895 Nm @ 1400 rpmPOTÊNCIA: 250 cv @ 2400 rpmPBT: 17 TCOMPRIMENTO: 12 m6 CILINDROS: 170 m3
AUTONÔMIA: 270 kmACUMULADOS: 100.000 km
NÍVEL DE EMISSÕES – EURO III
MENOS EFICIENTE QUE A TECNOLOGIA DIESEL PODENDO ATINGIR EURO IV COM CATALISADOR. REDUZ A ZERO AS EMISSÕES DE MP. MOTOR COMERCIAL.
ACARRETA EM ATÉ 30% DE ECONOMIA DE COMBUSTÍVEL. ATENDE EURO II COM REDUÇÃO DE 75% AS EMISSÕES DE MP.
MENOS EFICIENTE QUE A TECNOLOGIA DIESEL. MOTOR PROTÓTIPO COM DESENVOLVIMENTO DESCONTINUADO PELA MWM-I.
Powertrain and AftertreatmentCNG: Paises Emergentes
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 30
• Buses MAN operating on LPG Runs from 175 kW / 238 hp to 195 kW / 265 hp.
MAN LPG Engine: G2876 DUH01• The gas mixer is diferent between this and
G2866 DHU05
Powertrain and Aftertreatment
MAN NL243Engine: G2866 DUH05• LPG engine (175 kW)• 3-way catalytic converter • EEV• For underfloor installation • Rear installation
LPG Engine – MAN Buses
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 31
Fuels
CNG
LPG
Alcohol
Bio Diesel
Hydrogen
Diesel / Electricity
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 32
AgendaInternational Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
Phot
ocas
e
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment2.2 Aerodynamic2.3 Hybrid 2.4 Indirect Solutions
3. Conclusion
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 34
AerodynamicsHeavy Duty
Style of roof
A-Pillar
Side mirror
Deflector
Cooling-air duct
Spoiler
Aeropaket
Side lining
Bumper
Underride protection/Spoiler
Source: VDA/MAN
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 35
Rear Tail FairingThese devices aredesigned to reduce thesignificant drag createdat the back of the trailer.
These devices are attachedto the front sideof the trailer to improvehandling and reducedrag caused by thetractor-trailer gap. These devices can also be used on smaller non-combination box trucks
AerodynamicsTrailer
Trailer Side Skirts Rear Tail FairingFront Fairing
These are body panelsinstalled on trailers whichcover the gap between therear wheels of the tractorand the wheels of the trailer.
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 36
Aerodynamics
Source: Scania
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 37
AgendaInternational Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
Phot
ocas
e
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment2.2 Aerodynamic2.3 Hybrid2.4 Indirect Solutions
3. Conclusion
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 38
Hybrid Systems
Options for clean fuels which are produced from electricity.
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 39
Hybrid and E-MobilityVW Micro Bus: 1972
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 40
Hybrid SystemsMAN Lion`s City Hybrid
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 41
Hybrid SystemsVarious energy storage devices by energie and power density
Source: Bosch Rexroth AG
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 42
Hybrid SystemsOperating inviroment and load cycle
Source: Bosch Rexroth AG
HighLow
High
brak
e po
wer
[mas
s x
dece
lera
tion]
brake frequency
passenger car
wheel loader
bus
garbage truck
truck
swapbody
telehandler
lift truck
Storage volume:Bus/ Garbage Truck: 20t, 30km/h, 65l
Delivery truck: 7t, 50km/h, 75l
Passenger Car: 2t 50/100km/h, 12/85l
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 43
ener
gy d
ensi
ty [k
Wh/
kg]
energy density [kWh/l]
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,00 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
Future:Liquid H2
Today:Gaseous H2
NiMHMetallic hydride
Today:LiquidH2
Hybrid SystemsEnergy density of different energy carriers
8 kWh/l
9 kWh/kg Gasoline/ Diesel
The energy density of liquid fuels is not approximately reachedWeight and volume requirements for batteries and gas tanks are clearly higher!
400kg Li-Ion
5kg DieselLi-Ion
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 44
Hybrid System
H2
Diesel
System Alternative System Main Engine System
Electric
Supplier
Hydraulic
MAN
Eaton
EatonDiesel
ZF – Voith
Bosch RexRoth
Allison
Hybrid SystemsHybrid Vehicles
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 45
Hybrid SystemsTrucks: GM 2-Mode hybrid system
Number: 1200 GM Hybrid BusesSaving of Fuel: 1.75 million gallons annually
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 46
Hybrid SystemsFuture commercial-vehicle
Usage: urban traffic
Type: Parallel Hybrid
Fuel saving: 35%
Diesel: 235 kW
Electric range: 2km
Source: Renault Trucks
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 47
Hybrid SystemsHybrid City Bus: MAN
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 48
Hybrid SystemsHybrid Transmission
Source: ZF
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 49
Hybrid SystemsElectric driven drop center axle AVE 130
Source: ZF
liquid-cooled asynchronous motor: Pmax = 120 kWPnominal = 60kW
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 50
Fuller Automated
Transmission (AMT)
120VAC/60Hz Power Panel
Auxiliary Power Generator (APG) Inverter
DC/DC ConverterMotor
Controller/Inverter
Hybrid Electric Motor
Electric Clutch
Assembly
Power Electronics Carrier (PEC)Lithium Ion Batteries andBattery Controls
HybridHEV System – Electric and Diesel Power
Source: Eaton
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 51
Hybrid SystemsTrucks: Eample of a hydrostatic regenerative braking system
Garbage truck:• frequent starting• average distance: 50 m
Hydrostatic:+ robust+ higher energy density than batteries- noise
Source: Bosch Rexroth AG
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 52
Hybrid SystemsTrucks: Example of Hydraulic Hybrid
EPA`s Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid Urban Delivery Vehicle
• 60-70% mpg improvement in city driving
• 2-3 year payback has attracts attention from fleets
• Potential for net Lifetime savings over $50,000 with $2.75/gal fuel costs
• Demonstration to accelerate technology transfer to industry & familiarity with technology
• Partners (UPS, Eaton, International Truck, US Army)
Source: EPA
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 53
Hybrid SystemsFlywhell
Source: Torotrak
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 54
A Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos – EMTU/SP coordena o “Projeto Ônibus Brasileiro a Hidrogênio”, veículo que será utilizado noCorredor Metropolitano ABD (São Mateus – Jabaquara).
O primeiro protótipo do veículo foi fabricado para a EMTU/SP, em Caxias do Sul (RS). O ônibus tem emissão zero de poluentes, liberando para a atmosfera apenas vapor d´água e foi lançado em 1º/07/2009 na sede da EMTU/SP, em São Bernardo do Campo (SP).
Hybrid SystemsVéículos Híbridos – Ônibus à Hidrogênio
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 55
AgendaInternational Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
Phot
ocas
e
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment2.2 Aerodynamic2.3 Hybrid 2.4 Indirect Solutions
3. Conclusion
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 56
Indirect Solutions
Distant
Time
Quality
Safety
Consumption
Discharge
ChangingTime for Freight
RouteOptimization
CombinedTransportation
JointDistribution
DecreasingDeadheadKilometers
Sustainable Freight on Road
More Effective and Cleaner Freight on Road
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 57
Indirect Solutions
Source: DaimlerUnder ideal conditions significant improvements will be possible
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 58
Indirect SolutionsDeveloping Joint distribution
Without Hub Center With Hub Center
Area A
Area B
Area C
Area D
Area E
Area F
Area A
Area B
Area C
Area D
Area E
Area F
• Cargo consolidation and mass delivery are beneficial for reduction of convective transportation, traffic jam and deadhead kilometers as well as improvement of logistics efficiency.
• Not only energy consumption and pollutant discharge but also stock level and logistics cost are decreased.
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 59
Indirect SolutionsITS: Intelligent Traffic Systems
Improving safety Increasing (Improving) traffic efficiency Improving comfortableness (convenience) Contributing to the preservation of environment Creating new industries/business
- Advances in navigation systems - Electronic toll collection systems - Assistance for safe driving - Optimization of traffic management - Increasing efficiency in road management - Support for public transport - Increasing efficiency in commercial vehicle
operations - Support for pedestrians - Support for emergency vehicle operations
• ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) is a new transport system which is comprised of an advanced information and telecommunications network for users, roads and vehicles.
• ITS contributes much to solving problems such as traffic accidents and congestions.• ITS consists of nine development areas such as advances in navigation systems, electronic toll
collection system, assistance for safe driving and so forth.
Nine Development Areas of ITS (Development)
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 60
Indirect SolutionsDelivery Route Optimization
Route optimization during delivery has become possible because of the development of positioning, ITS, GIS and TMS. IT innovation is advancing urban delivery efficiency with lower social and environmental cost during transportation.
Intelligent Traffic Systems: Sagawa in Tokyo
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 61
-Kommunikation und Vernetzung mit der Umgebung (Car-2-X)-Kontrolle des Funktionszustandes von Fahrzeugbauteilen – on-Board Diagnose- Vollständige parametrische Erfassung des Innenraums inklusive der FahrzeuginsassenPersonalisierung, Wohlfühlen
Indirect SolutionsExamples for new solutions outside the drivetrain
Source: VW
• Communication and networking with the environment (Car-2-X) • Monitoring of the state of function of vehicle components (on-board diagnosis)• Complete parametric acquisition of the interior space including the car passengers,
personalisation, feeling of comfort
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 62
Indirect Solutions
Targeted Reduction Amount (2002-2010)
“Top-runner” fuel efficiency standards
(17 million CO2-t; 41%)
Development/dissemination of low-emission vehicles (Except “top-runner)
(8 million CO2-t; 20%)
Improvement of traffic flow
(5 million CO2-t;12%)
Enhancement of freight transportation efficiencies (large trucks, modal shift, etc.)
(8 million CO2-t; 20%)
Promotion of use of public transportation
(3 million CO2-t; 7%)
Total: 42 million CO2-t/a
Roadmap oriented to CO2reduction
Example Japan:
• “Top-runner” efficiency standards
• Low Emission Vehicles
• Improvement of Traffic Flow
• Enhancement of Freight
Transportation efficiencies
• Promotion of use of Public Transportation
Breakdown of the Targeted Reduced CO2 Emissions in the Transportation Sector in Japan
Integrated Approach: Short Term Concept
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 63
AgendaInternational Experiences for the Urban Environment Improvement
Phot
ocas
e
1. Status, Overview and Conflicts2. Future Trends
2.1 Powertrain and Aftertreatment2.2 Aerodynamic2.3 Hybrid 2.4 Indirect Solutions
3. Conclusion
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 64
Conclusion
Source: Scania
© IAV GmbH · 10/2009 · Dr. B. Wiedemann · International Experiences V6 final.ppt 65
ConclusionPh
otoc
ase
Emission regulations for trucks are more and more converging worldwide.
Environment and load cycle define the powertrain.
Busses and distribution trucks: Electrical hybrids demonstrate advantages in urban environment
Vehicles with extreme stop and go may be favorable for hydraulic hybrids or fly wheels
Suburban and inter urban focus on - driveline optimisation, - improved rolling resistance, - aerodynamics and energy management.
Optimised transport management, operation modes and system integration with the combination of vehicle-2-environment communication will make also a major contribution
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