insect and mite resistance management

Insect and Mite Resistance Management

Surendra Dara Strawberry and Vegetable Crops Advisor and Affiliated IPM Advisor

San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties University of California Cooperative Extension

skdara@ucdavis.edu @calstrawberries @calveggies strawberriesvegetables

ucanr.org/strawberries-vegetables and ucanr.org/pestnews

Sustainable Ag Expo, 19 November, 2013

Integrated Pest Management

PLANNING &

ORGANIZATION

KNOWLEDGE

&

RESOURCES

COMMUNICA-

TION CONTROL

IPM

Cultural Within the

community

Staying

up-to-date

Within

the group

Chemical

Actions

Managing

Info

Pest

Control

options

Biological

Monitoring Tools &

Technology

Insect Resistance Management

Insect Resistance

Management

Integrated Pest Management

DIVERSITY

Mechanisms of insecticide resistance

• Penetration resistance • Increased sequestration or excretion • Metabolic resistance • Behavioral resistance • Altered target site resistance

Neuromuscular junction

Excited nerve

Altered target site resistance

Neuromuscular junction

Acetylecholine-a neurotransmitter

Altered target site resistance

Neuromuscular junction

Excited muscle

Altered target site resistance

Neuromuscular junction

Acetylecholinesterase binding to acetylecholine

Altered target site resistance

Neuromuscular junction

Unexcited neuromuscular junction

Altered target site resistance

X

Acytlecholine Acytlecholinesterase

Acytlecholine Acytlecholinesterase Toxin

Acytlecholine Acytlecholinesterase Toxin

Altered target site resistance

Hyperexcitation of the muscle

Altered target site resistance

Altered binding site on acetylcholinesterage in resistant insect

Acytlecholine Acytlecholinesterase Toxin

Acytlecholine Acytlecholinesterase Toxin

Altered target site resistance

Normal functioning of acetylcholinesterase in a resistant insect

Altered target site resistance

Altered target site resistance

Insecticide resistance

Resistant mutant Increase in the resistant allele frequency

Cross resistance

Insecticide A Insecticide C Insecticide B

Multiple resistance

Insecticide A

Insecticide B

Pesticide resistant arthropods

Onstad, DW. 2008. Insecticide resistance management: biology, economics, and prediction

Insecticide resistance

• Rotating pesticides having different modes of action

IRAC classification of MoA Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Group 2: GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists

Group 3: Sodium channel modulators

Group 4: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists

Group 5: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators

Group 6: Chloride channel activators

Group 7: Juvenile hormone mimics

Group 8: Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors

Group 9: Selective homopteran feeding blockers

Group 10: Mite growth inhibitors

Group 11: Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes and derived toxins

Group 12: Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase

Group 13: Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of proton gradient

Group 14: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers

Groups 15 and 16: Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0 and type 1

Group 17: Molting disruptor

Group 18: Ecdysone receptor agonists

Group 19: Octopamine receptor agonists

Group 20 and 21: Mitochondrial complex (III and I) electron transport inhibitors

Group 22: Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers

Group 23: Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase

Insecticide resistance

• Rotating pesticides having different modes of action • Reducing the number of applications • Lowering the application rates • Providing refuge for susceptible populations • Using non-chemical alternatives • Conserving and/or releasing natural enemies • Using cultural and other practices

Resistance to crop rotation

Onstad, DW. 2008. Insecticide resistance management: biology, economics, and prediction

Resistance to crop rotation

Resistance to crops

Host Plant Resistance Antibiosis: Host plant affects pest biology Antixenosis: Property of the host plant is undesirable. Physical structure or chemical defense Tolerance: Host plant tolerates some pest damage without causing the yield loss Twospotted spider mite adaptation to resistant cucumber -In nine generations to antibiosis -Once adapted to HPR cultivar of cucumber, they were predisposed to feed on tobacco and potato (Gould, 1979) and had higher resistance to three OP compounds (Gould, 1982).

Strawberry pests Lygus bug

Twospotted spider mite

Lewis mite

Strawberry spider mite

Strawberry pests

Western flower thrips

Greenhouse whitefly

Strawberry aphid

Bronzing

Pallidosis-related decline

Current pest management practices

• Primarily chemical pesticides

• Release of predatory mites

IPM (IRM)-Cultural Control

• Choosing the right cultivars

• Planting dates and selection of the field

• Managing weeds and alternate hosts

• Trap crops and vacuuming

• Refuge for wild populations to reduce resistance

• Dust control and low fences

• Field sanitation

• Adequate chilling in strawberries

• Irrigation management

• Nutrition management

• Regular monitoring

IPM (IRM)-Chemical Control

• Choosing the right chemical

• Rotating different modes of action to reduce the risk of resistance

• Reducing the number of chemical applications and using other alternatives

• Using lower rates of chemicals

• Using softer chemicals to conserve natural enemies

• Test for resistance

IPM (IRM)-Biological Control

• Conserving natural enemies

• Providing refuge for natural enemies

• Using chemicals that are less disruptive to natural enemies

• Choosing the right species at the right time

• Multiple natural enemies for different life stages of pest

Phytoseiulus

persimilis Neoseiulus

californicus

Lygus adult killed by Beauveria bassiana Peristenus stygicus on lygus nymph

www.state.nj.us

Potential of entomopathogens

• Entomopathogens like Beauveria bassiana are pathogenic to most of the strawberry pests

http://archimede.bibl.ulaval.ca/archimede/ fichiers/22512/ch01.html http://www.plant-health.co.za/eco-bb.html

Lygus

Spider mites

Thrips

Whitefly

Strawberry-IPM trial 2012

Treatments: 1. Untreated control 2. Assail 70 WP (acetamiprid) 3 oz/ac in 50 gal 3. BotaniGard WP (Beauveria bassiana) 2lb/ac in 50 gal 4. BotaniGard WP 2lb/ac + Molt-X (azadirachtin) 8 fl oz/ac in 50 gal 5. BotaniGard WP 2lb/ac + Danitol (fenpropathrin) ½ label rate 5.3 fl oz/ac in 50 gal 6. BotaniGard WP 2lb/ac + Assail ½ label rate 1.5 oz/ac in 50 gal 7. AzaGuard (azadirachtin) 8 fl oz/ac in 50 gal 8. AzaGuard 16 fl oz/ac in 50 gal 9. Rimon 0.83 EC (novaluran) 12 fl oz/ac + Brigade (bifenthrin) 16 oz/ac in 50 gal

Strawberry-IPM trial 2012

0

5

10

15

# in

sect

s/2

0 p

lan

ts

All stages of Lygus 0 DAT I-6 DAT II-5DAT III-5DAT

Strawberry-IPM trial 2012

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Pe

rce

nt

chan

ge in

lygu

s b

ug

po

pu

lati

on

Lygus population change during the trial period

I Spray II Spray III Spray

Strawberry-IPM trial 2013

Strawberry-IPM trial 2013 1st application

(Rate/acre)

2nd application

(Rate/acre)

3rd application

(Rate/acre)

1 Untreated Untreated Untreated

2 Assail 70 WP (3 oz) Assail 70 WP (3 oz) Assail 70 WP (3 oz)

3 Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz) Athena (17 fl oz)

4 Athena (17 fl oz) Athena (17 fl oz) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz)

5 Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz)

+ Brigade (16 oz)

Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz)

+ Brigade (16 oz)

EverGreen (16 fl oz)

6 Rimon 0.83 EC (12 fl oz)

+ Brigade (16 oz)

BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +

Molt-X (8 fl oz)

BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +

Molt-X (8 fl oz)

7 Grandevo (2 lb) Grandevo (2 lb) Grandevo (2 lb)

8 BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +

Molt-X (8 fl oz)

Grandevo (2 lb) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz)

9 EverGreen (16 fl oz) EverGreen (16 fl oz) Assail 70 WP (3 oz)

10 BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +

Low Assail (1.5 oz)

BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +

Low Beleaf 50 SG (1.4

oz)

BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +

Low Athena (10 fl oz)

11 Closer (4.5 oz) Closer (4.5 oz) BotaniGard ES (2 qrt) +

Grandevo (2 lb)

12 Closer (3 oz) Closer (3 oz) Beleaf 50 SG (2.8 oz)

Proposed strawberry IPM strategy

• Rotates different modes of action • Reduces the number of chemical insecticide applications • Lowers the application rates of chemicals • Uses non-chemical alternatives

Strawberry-Miticide trial 2013 Treatments 1. Untreated 2. Acramite 50 WS (bifenazate) 1 lb 3. Agri-Mek SC (abamectin) 4.29 fl oz 4. BotaniGard ES (B. bassiana) 1qrt + Acramite 0.75 lb 5. Eco-Mite 1% (rosemary and cotton seed oils) 6. Fujimite 5 EC (fenpyroximate) 2 pt 7. Fujimite XLO 2 pt 8. Grandevo (C. subtsugae) 2 lb 9. MBI206 2 gal 10. Nealta (cyflumetofen) 13.7 fl oz

IRM

Regulatory agencies

Academic community

Pesticide industry

Grower community

IRM