important images from chapters 10, 11, 12 and 13 the following may be questions on the test slides...

Important images from Chapters 10, 11, 12 and 13

The following may be questions on the test

Slides 1,2,3,11,12,13,14

• White areas represent sequences of rocks That are separated by large-scale unconformities shown in brown

Cratonic Sequences of N. America

Cordilleraorogenies

Appalachiaorogenies

– Observe the time transgressive nature of the three formations

Cambrian Transgression

• Arrangement of fin bones for

(a) a typical ray-finned fish

(b) a lobe-finned fish– Muscles extend

into the fin– allowing greater

flexibility

Ray-Finned and Lobe-Finned Fish

• This “fishapod” has characteristics of both fish and tetrapods– It has gills and fish

scales – but also a broad skull,

eyes on top of its head, flexible neck and large ribcage

– that could support its body on land or shallow water,

• and the beginning of a true tetapod forelimb

Tiktaalik roseae

• Diagram illustrating how Tiktaalik roseae is a transitional species between lobe-finned fish and tetrapods

Tiktaalik roseae

• The amnion cavity – surrounds the embryo.

• The yolk sac – provides the food

source

• while the allantois – serves as a waste sac

• The evolution of the amniote egg freed reptiles – to inhabit all parts of

the land

Amniote Egg

• In this way the emerging reptile is – in essence a miniature adult, – bypassing the need for a larval stage in the water

• The evolution of the amniote egg allowed vertebrates – to colonize all parts of the land – because they no longer had to return – to the water as part of their reproductive cycle

• SUCCESS of reptiles is partly because – of their advanced method of reproduction – and their more advanced jaws and teeth,

• as well as their ability to move rapidly on land

Colonization of All Parts of the Land

• Cladogram showing dinosaur relationships– showing pelvises of ornithischians and saurischians – Among the several subgroups of dinosaurs

Dinosaur Cladogram

• theropods were carnivores

• and all others were herbivores

Fossil succession shows :

• Paleogeography of North America during the Pennsylvanian Period

Pennsylvanian Period

• For the Late Permian Period

Paleogeography of the World

• Diversity for marine invertebrate and vertebrate families

Phanerozoic Diversity

– 3 episodes of Paleozoic mass extinctions are visible

– with the greatest occurring at the end of the Permian Period