Important images from Chapters 10, 11, 12 and 13

The following may be questions on the test

Slides 1,2,3,11,12,13,14

• White areas represent sequences of rocks That are separated by large-scale unconformities shown in brown

Cratonic Sequences of N. America

Cordilleraorogenies

Appalachiaorogenies

– Observe the time transgressive nature of the three formations

Cambrian Transgression

• Arrangement of fin bones for

(a) a typical ray-finned fish

(b) a lobe-finned fish– Muscles extend

into the fin– allowing greater

flexibility

Ray-Finned and Lobe-Finned Fish

• This “fishapod” has characteristics of both fish and tetrapods– It has gills and fish

scales – but also a broad skull,

eyes on top of its head, flexible neck and large ribcage

– that could support its body on land or shallow water,

• and the beginning of a true tetapod forelimb

Tiktaalik roseae

• Diagram illustrating how Tiktaalik roseae is a transitional species between lobe-finned fish and tetrapods

Tiktaalik roseae

• The amnion cavity – surrounds the embryo.

• The yolk sac – provides the food

source

• while the allantois – serves as a waste sac

• The evolution of the amniote egg freed reptiles – to inhabit all parts of

the land

Amniote Egg

• In this way the emerging reptile is – in essence a miniature adult, – bypassing the need for a larval stage in the water

• The evolution of the amniote egg allowed vertebrates – to colonize all parts of the land – because they no longer had to return – to the water as part of their reproductive cycle

• SUCCESS of reptiles is partly because – of their advanced method of reproduction – and their more advanced jaws and teeth,

• as well as their ability to move rapidly on land

Colonization of All Parts of the Land

• Cladogram showing dinosaur relationships– showing pelvises of ornithischians and saurischians – Among the several subgroups of dinosaurs

Dinosaur Cladogram

• theropods were carnivores

• and all others were herbivores

Fossil succession shows :

• Paleogeography of North America during the Pennsylvanian Period

Pennsylvanian Period

• For the Late Permian Period

Paleogeography of the World

• Diversity for marine invertebrate and vertebrate families

Phanerozoic Diversity

– 3 episodes of Paleozoic mass extinctions are visible

– with the greatest occurring at the end of the Permian Period