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Impact of Nuclear Power in Korea

BackgroundChung , Hyo Sun

• 2004 ~ Present : Vice President for Construction Div.

Vice President for WNPS

Director General of Construction Eng. Dept

Construction Director for Shin-Wolsung 1&2

Project Manager for Shin - Wolsung 1&2

• 1993 ~ 2003 : Commissioning Manager for YGN 5&6

Assistant Project Manager for Ul-Jin 5&6

Construction Sch. Manager for YGN 3&4

• 1978 ~ 1992 : Project Procurement Engineer in N.Y Office

Project Schedule Engineer

Ⅰ . Status and Impact of NPP

Ⅱ . NPP Development

Ⅲ. Construction Status in Korea

Contents

Ⅳ. Preparation for the Introduction of the First NPP

4

Radioactive WasteDisposal Facility

(Under construction)

Population : 50,575,000 Gross Area : 100,000 Km2

GNP : 20,000 $

Ⅰ . Status and Impact of NPPAs of Dec 2010

Total : 76,078 MW Total : 473,874 GWh

(As of the end of 2010)Nuclear Coal Gas Oil Hydro

Installed Capacity National Power Generation

*The others : 1,749 MW(2,3%) *The others : 7,831 GWh(2.0%)

23,3%

19,41725.5%

24,20531.8%

7,4679.8%

5,5247.3%

Electricity Generation (GWh)Electricity Generation (GWh)

1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2030

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

TotalNuclear

17.7 91.7372

1,074

2,617

4,738

31.0%

59%3,336

1,4741,090

52934.8

Installed Capacity (MW)Installed Capacity (MW)

1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2030

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

TotalNuclear

367 2,5109,390

21,021

48,451

76,078

42,716

17,71613,716

58723%

41%

Increase 59% of Electricity Generation Capacity by 2030

6

Unplanned shutdown / Unit

Capacity Factor(%); Total energy the plant produced during a period of time The energy the plant would have produced at full capacity

0.60.60.4 0.50.50.50.90.41.10.91.1 0.350.55shutdown

`06 `08`95 `96 `97 `98 `99 `00 `01 `02 `03 `04 `05

40

60

80

100 Capacity Factor (Korea)

Unplanned shutdown / Unit ; The best way to measure the level of plant reliability and operation capability.

Capacity Factor (World Average)

93.4

79.4

0.35

0

1

2

3

0.6

`07

7

91.494.292.7 95.593.290.488.390.387.687.587.3 93.492.3C.F.(%) 90.3

While Consumer price index has risen 221.4% since 1982, The price of Electricity has risen only 10.2% due to

increased share of Nuclear Power

Contributed to the economic growth in Koreaby supplying stable and low electricity price

8

20081982Electricity Price 10.2%

9

Low generation costLow generation cost

Sales price (KRW/kWh) : Nuclear is the cheapest (Year 2009)

(Contribution to National Economy) 

PV Wind Oil LNG Hydro Coal Nuclear

35.6

153.1109.4

60.3

647.0

145.6107.3

1971 2010

GNP per capita 290 $ 20,000$

Export 1 billion $ 467 billion $

Power capacity 2,628 MW 76,078MW

Number of Cars 0.14 million 18,1 million

Changes in Some Economic Indicators

`71 `76 `81 `86 `91 `96 `01 `05

50

100

150

200

250

300Million Ton CO2

151 Million Tons

Actual CO2 Emission6.5 Million TonsIn 1971

265 Million Tons

`07

Impact of Nuclear Power Contributed to Environment conservation by reducing CO2 emission

If no nuclear powerin Korea

Carbon dioxide emission by electricity generation in Korea .N.P has reduced about 40% of carbon dioxide emission.

Reduction ofCO2 Emission

(114 Million Tons)

11

Nuclear energy is eco‐friendly.

14

Coal Oil LNG Biomass Solar Wind Nuclear

991

782

549

70 5714 10

0

400

800

CO2(g/kWh)

CO2 Emission by Energy Source (IAEA)

Nuclear energy is eco‐friendly.

12

Construction

Shipbuilding

Environment

Construction of NPPs

Stimulus to TechnologicalDevelopment  in VariousIndustries

Electronics

Metal

Chemistry

Machinery

Industry Involvement : Contribution to Other Industries

Impact of Nuclear Power

DOOSAN has an integrated manufacturing facility which is capable of raw material production to final assembly of components for Power Plants in Changwon, Korea.

⊙Seoul

◎

Changwon

BoilerNuclear

T/G

FoundryForging

Main Office

R & D Center

Dock Facilities

Total Area : 1,100 acresFloor Space : 137 acres

Manufacturing Complex

Nuclear Shop

14

Turbine Shop

15

650 MWe(Qinshan/ China)

1,000 MWe(OPR1000/Korea)

1000 MWe(AP1000/China, U.S.A)

950 MWe(Ulchin #1,2/Korea)

1,400 MWe(APR1400Korea)

Various Types of RVs

16

700 MWeCANDU(20 Ea)

587 MWeKori#1 RSG(2Ea)

1,000 MWeOPR1000(28 Ea)

1,400 MWeAPR1400(4 Ea)

1,174 MWeSequoyah#1&2 RSG(8Ea)

1,167 MWeWatts Bar#1RSG(4 Ea)

1,000 MWeAP1000(12 Ea)

Various SGs

950 MweUlchin#1,2 RSG (6Ea) 17

18

Technical efficiencyTechnical efficiencyProven Technology

AvailabilityAvailabilityNuclear : over 90% ,  Solar 10~15%, Wind : around 20% 

Site areaSite areaSite area comparisonSite area comparison< 1,000MW capacity basis >

Nuclear

Solar

Wind

330,000 m2

33,000,000m2

165,000,000m2

In Comparison with Renewables, Nuclear energy is:

2000s1980s

Construction of Kori #1 (`71-`78)

1990s

Establishment ofLocalization Plan (`84)

1970s

TechnologySelf-reliance

Introductionof Nuclear Power

Promotion ofLocalization

Development ofOPR1000 (`95)

Development ofAPR1400 (`01)

Export APR1400 to UAE

Export components : RV, SG to U.S, China

Achievement of technology self-reliance by development of OPR 1000 APR 1400 improves its safety and reliability

Ⅱ. NPP Development

1970's1970's

Introduction of NPP

Turnkey Approach

Introduction of NPP

Turnkey Approach

1980's1980's

Accumulation of NPPTechnology

Component Approach

Accumulation of NPPTechnology

Component Approach

1990's1990's

Technology Self-Reliance

Development of OPR1000

Development of APR1400

Technology Self-Reliance

Development of OPR1000

Development of APR1400

Foreign - Local Joint Design,Joint Manufacturing- Foreign : Prime Contractors- Local : Sub-contractors

Foreign Contractors

Led by Local Contractors- Local : Prime Contractors- Foreign : Sub-contractors

Kori 1&2

WSN 1

Kori 3&4

YGN 1&2

UCN 1&2

YGN 3~6

UCN 3&4

Perform under the leadership of government &KHNPEstablish national localization policy forProject management, Design, Equipment supply

Step by Step Approach for LocalizationLocalization program was accomplished with the following 3 steps. The project philosophy was shifted from turnkey to non-turnkey type contractsto widen the scope of contract and local participation .

Localization Results

Kori#1

Kori#2

Wolsong#1

Kori#3,4

Yonggwang#1,2

Ulchin#1,2

Yonggwang#3,4

Ulchin#3,4

Yonggwang#5,6

1st Stage 2nd Stage 3rd Stage

Localization Ratio (%)

37

29

44

35

-

13

-

14

Design(%)

Equipment(%)

-

8

90

75

95

79

46

40

75

74

DesignEquipment

100 --

75 --

50 --

25 --

0 --

2nd Stage: Accumulated lots of experience through joint participationin design, manufacturing, management of NPP

3rd Stage: Reached its technology self-reliance goal.

Basic Strategy of Technology Self-reliance

Experience feedback from Previous NPPs

Implementation of YGN3&4 Project

Technology Transfer Contract

NuclearTechnologySelf-reliance

Goal : 95% by 1995

Government KHNP

Establish Nuclear TechnologySelf-Reliance Program (1984)

Overall PM

KHNP

Maintenance

KPS

Construction

LocalConstructor

S /U

KHNP

NSSS, T/G

Doosan

Design &Engineering

KOPEC

BOP

Local/ForeignSuppliers

Fuel

KNFC

Technology Self-reliance Program

24

Reduced dramatically 12 month from 64M

to 52M through repeated construction

by incorporating lessons learned.

Construction cost

6065

Y#3,4

U#3,4

Y#5,6

U#5,6

Shin‐K#1,2

Shin‐W#1,2

100

89

79

7067.7

66.Y#3,4

U#3,4

U#5,6

u#5,6

Shin‐K#1,2

Shin‐W#1,2

6361

5855

53 52

Period  reduction (1st conc.~COD)

(unit : month)

Reference : Y #3,4 Construction cost (2005) 

Advantages of Standardization of NPP(1000MW)

Project Implementation Structure( Domestic Project )

Owner (KHNP)

NSSS

DOOSAN /KOPEC

T / G

DOOSAN

BOP

KHNP

A / E

KOPEC

Construction

LocalConstructor

we

tProject Management

GE

S / U

KHNP

Local / Foreign

S / U

Owner (KHNP)

NSSS

DOOSAN /KOPEC

T / G

DOOSAN

BOP

KHNP

A / E

KOPCOE&C

Construction

LocalConstructor

WH

tProject Management

GE

S / U

KHNP

Local / Foreign

FUEL

KEPCONF

KHNP is responsible for overall Project Managementand commissioning

Utility7 476

Design/Engineering

1,761Manufacturing5,112

ConstructionContractor

6,811-Eng: 1,811

- Labor : 5,000

Service/Maintenance

2,551

Fuel783

Government700

Unit : persons

Number of Employees in Nuclear-related Organization

※ OPR1000 4 Units & APR1400 4 Units are under construction in KOREA

[As of 2010]

Total :25,194

Manpower Mobilization during Construction Peak Stage(2 Units / Project in Korea)

WAS(1980s)

IS(2010s)

Owner 460 200

Construction Contractors

1,500~2000 600~700

Labors 5,000~6,000 3000~3,200

Drawings Status

Work Field UnitQuantity

SWN1,2 SKN3,4

A/E

Architecture Sheet 1,099

36,205

809

29,724

Civil Sheet 5,234 4,199Electric Sheet 6,464 5,965

Instrument Sheet 5,047 5,712Mechanic Sheet 1,391 1,001

Piping Sheet 16,734 11,862Nuclear Sheet 222 161

Environment Sheet 14 15

VendorNSSS Sheet 37,000

42,1003,820

41,020T/G Sheet 1,300 1,200BOP Sheet 3,800 37,000

Contractor Shop Sheet 31,500 31,500 26,525 26,525

Total Sheet 109,805 97,269

Drawings and Materials Status

Bulk Materials Status

Material UnitQuantity

SWN1,2 SKN3,4

Structural Steel Ton 21,853 24,860

Re-Bar Ton 95,704 128,914

Concrete ㎥ 624,641 940,335

HVAC Duct Ton 1,122 953

Large Bore Pipe m 118,794 116,399

Small Bore Pipe m 125,032 136,980

Cable Tray m 83,138 96,952

Conduit m 662,474 990,204

Cable m 5,265,995 5,718,016

310~320

350~400(phase 4)

300(phase 3)

60(phase 1)

170(phase 2)

SWN 2

SWN 1

Month

Construction completion of SWN 1

Set Rx vessel ENR CHT HFT F/L COD

(7.27) (4.1) (1.1) (5.1) (9.1) (3.31)ENR CHT HFT F/L COD

(6.1) (2.1) (11.1) (3.1) (7.1) (1.31)

year

Set Rx vessel

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12

2013

3 6 9 123

Construction completion of SWN 2

S/U

S/U (143) Operation(162)

S/U (160) Operation (210)

S/U

Commissioning Organization ( PWR,1000Mw) The commissioning office increases the number of employees step by step in line with progressing of commissioning activities

Year Y-7 Y-6 Y-5 Y-4 Y-3 Y-2 Y-1 Y+1 Y+2 Y+3 Y+4 Y+5 Y+6

Milestones

Feasibility Study

License

Design &Procurement

Construction

Project Phase

Typical NPP Construction Schedule(1000Mwe)

Set RV F/L

Feasibility Study

Prepare PSAR

Review PSARby Reg. Body

Construction

Equip. Manufacture & Delivery

Pre-Project Phase Project Implementation Phase

COD

Site Preparation

FirstConcrete

Excavation

CHT

Startup

Major Contract

Long LeadEquip. Order

Excavation

Detailed Site SurveyEnviron. Impact Assess

(12)

(24)

(12)

(18)

(60)

(18 ~ 24) (12)

(52)

Pre-Feasibility Study

(18~24)

Prepare FSAR

(12) FSAR Review

(18)

ITB ~Bidding Process

(18~24)

Pre-Project Phase

Project Implementation Phase

Project Implementation Phase

32

8 units : Under construction (9,600 Mwe) 10 units : Planning for construction by 2030

As of Dec 2011

* OPR1000 (Optimized Power Reactor 1,000 MW)* APR1400 (Advanced Power Reactor 1,400 MW)

4 Projects : 9,600 MWe

Description SKN 1&2 SWN 1&2 SKN 3&4 SUN 1&2

Capacity 1000MW×2 1000MW×2 1400MW×2 1400MW×2

Rx Type OPR1000 OPR1000 APR1400 APR1400

COD Feb. 2011Dec. 2011

Mar. 2012Jan. 2013

Sep. 2013Sep. 2014

Jun.2016Jun.2017

Progress 99% 86 % 67% 18%

Milestone1st Concrete(Jun 2006)

Fuel Loading(Jun 2010)

1st Concrete(Nov. 2007)Fuel Loading(Sep. 2011)

1st Concrete(Nov. 2008)

Fuel Loading(Jan. 2013)

Site Grading(Apr.2010)

Fuel Loading(Dec.2015)

Ⅲ. Construction Status in Korea

Milestone Unit 1 Unit 21st Concrete Pouring Jun. 2006 Jun. 2007

Set Reactor Vessel Mar. 2008 Feb. 2009

RCS Cold Hydro Test Sep. 2009 Oct. 2010

Fuel Loading Jun. 2010 Jun. 2011

COD Feb. 2011 Dec. 2011

33

Jul. 2012Sep. 2011Fuel Loading

Jan. 2013Mar. 2012COD

Nov. 2011Dec. 2010RCS Cold Hydro Test

Jun. 2010July. 2009Set Reactor Vessel

Sep. 2008Nov. 20071st Concrete Pouring

Unit 2Unit 1Milestone

34

Milestone Unit 3 Unit 41st Concrete Pouring Oct. 2008 Nov. 2009

Set Reactor Vessel Aug. 2010 Aug. 2011

RCS Cold Hydro Test May. 2012 May. 2012

Fuel Loading Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014

COD Sep. 2013 Sep. 2014

35

The First Project of Advanced Power Reactor

Milestone Unit 1 Unit 21st Concrete Pouring Nov. 2011 Nov. 2012

Reactor Vessel Installation Aug. 2013 July. 2014

RCS Cold Hydro Test Apr. 2015 Feb. 2016

Fuel Loading Dec. 2015 Oct. 2016

COD Jun. 2016 Jun. 2017

Second APR1400 project Capacity : 1,400MWe x 2 units

Construction Status- Site Grading : Apr,2011 12

4 3

36

Development OPR1000 using proven technology through

continued construction & operation.

Enhanced safety, operability, maintainability and reliability.

Optimized the system design and Plant arrangement.

Reduced the construction cost and schedule.

• Thermal Output : 2,825 Mwt

• Rated Electric Power: 1,000Mwe

• Plant Availability : more than 90%

OPR1000 has two heat transfer loops.

The main components are a reactor,

two S/G, four RCP a PZR.

1400MWe-class nuclear power reactor designed to meet the futureneeds of nuclear power industries around the world.

Evolutionary Design

Developed over a period of 10 years since 1992 as the part of the nationallong- term R&D program.

Relying on our accumulated experiences in plant construction andoperation, Korean Nuclear Industries hasimplemented advanced design features that have contributed to enhanced safety.

Reactor type : PWR

Capacity : 1,400 MWe (4000MWth)

Plant Design Life : 60 years

Performance Plant Availability : 90 %

Refueling Cycle : More than 18 months

Instrument and Control : Digital

Safety - Core Damage Frequency : ≪ 10-5 / RY - Containment Failure Frequency : ≪ 10-6 / RY - Occupational Exposure Dose Rate : ≪ 1 man-Sv / Year

Ⅳ. Preparation for the Introduction of the First NPP

1. Characteristics of Nuclear Power Project

2. Infrastructure issues for Nuclear Power Project

3. Process of the 1st Nuclear Power Project

4. Korean Experience and Recommendation

42

1. Characteristics of the Nuclear Project1. Characteristics of the Nuclear Project

Large-scale InvestmentLarge-scale Investment

Approx. 5~6 billion US dollars for 1,000 MW x 2 units- depending on capacity, contract type, construction period, financing conditions, etc

Long Construction PeriodLong Construction Period

10 to 15 years from policy making to commercial operation through project planning

Contribution to Local Key IndustryContribution to Local Key Industry

Integrated plant project consisting of 1 million components Contribution to promote local key industries such as metal, machine,

electronic, chemical industries, etc Accompanied by raising technology level of the local industry

Characteristics of the Nuclear ProjectCharacteristics of the Nuclear Project

Safety-first PrioritySafety-first Priority

Strict compliance with international codes and standards Adoption of multi-redundancy and in-depth safety system Project implementation based on public acceptance

Project Led by GovernmentProject Led by Government

All phases of project implementation from construction to operation

to be controlled and regulated by government

Basic preparation for project implementation, such as long-term and

medium range planning to be established by government

43

44

National Position

Nuclear Safety

Preparation and Developmentof the Nuclear Infrastructure

Successful NPP Introduction

Management Funding and Financing

Legislative Framework

Safeguards Regulatory Framework

Radiation Protection

Electrical Grid Human ResourcesDevelopment

Stakeholder Involvement

Site and Supporting Facilities

Environmental Protection

Emergency Planning

Security and Physical Protection

Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Radioactive Waste

Industrial Involvement

Procurement

2. Infrastructure issues for NPP

PublicAcceptance

Step 1

Feasibility Study on the Necessity of an NPP

45

Step 6

Issuance of Invitation to Bid

Step 7

Concluding Major Contracts

Step 2

Pre-Feasibility Study on Introduction of an NPP

Step 3

Establishment of Nuclear Power Project Plan

Step 4

Government Decision on Introduction of an NPP

Step 5

Preparation for NPP Construction

Step 8

NPP Construction

Step 9

Commercial Operation

3. Process of the 1st Nuclear Power Project

4.Experience and Recommendation

Three types of contractual approach have been used forNPP stations, namely:

•The turnkey approach, where a single contractor or a consortium of contractors takes the overall technical responsibility for the construction work

•The split-package approach, where the technical responsibility is divided between a relatively small number of contractors, each building a large section of the plant.

•The multi-contract approach, where the owner or his architect-engineer (A/E) assumes the overall responsibility for detail engineering and constructing the plant. The A/E typically issues a large number of contracts.

Types of Project Contracts.

Activity Contract typesTurnkey Split package Multiple package

Pre-project activities U U UProject management MC AE or U U + AEProject engineering MC AE or U + SS U or AEQuality assurance / Quality control

MC + U AE + SS + U U + AE

Procurement MC AE or U + SS U or AEApplication for license U U ULicensing RA RA RASafeguard, physical protection U U UManufacturing MC SS + EM EMSite preparation U or MC U or AE U or AEErection MC AE + SS U or AEEquipment installation MC AE + SS U or AECommissioning MC AE + U U or AEPlant operation and maintenance U U UFuel procurement U U UFuel fabrication FS FS FSWaste management U U U

TYPICAL LEAD RESPONSIBILITIES CONTRACT TYPES

Symbols: AE : Architect engineer RA: Regulatory authorityEM : Equipment manufacture SS : System supplierFS : Fuel supplier U : UtilityMC : Main contractor

49

Country Type Net output Construction Operation Contract Type

Argentina PHWR (FRG) 345 MW 1968 1974 Turnkey

Brazil PWR (USA) 626 MW 1971 1980 Turnkey

Germany BWR (USA) 16 MW 1958 1961 Turnkey

India BWR (USA) 2×200 MW 1964 1969 Turnkey

Korea PWR (USA) 595 MW 1970 1978 Turnkey

Spain PWR (USA) 160 MW 1965 1969 Turnkey

The first nuclear power plant in the world

* IAEA TRS 200

Utility’s Major Work Scope

• Planning the country’s electric power generation programs.

• Design transmission line and Distribution systems.

• Site Preparation (Feasibility and Environ. Impact Assessment)

• Determination of Contract Type.

• Apply for Plant Licensing.

• Operation and Maintenance of NPP.

Main Contractor’s Work Scope (Turnkey)

• Overall Project Management.

• System Design and Procurement plant components.

• Install and commissioning components and system.

• Development of PSAR and FSAR.

• Fulfill warranty condition on the Plant.

• Additional works depend on contracts type and work scope.

Recommended Schedule for the First NPPRecommended Schedule for the First NPP

52

Roles of Organization for HRDRoles of Organization for HRD

53

Organization Subject persons Roles

Government

Government employee Establish and determine the nuclear power policy

Regulation Enactment of the Atomic Energy Act anddevelopment of regulatory requirements

Utility

Construction Undertaking the NPP construction and PM

Operation Commissioning and operation of power plant

Maintenance Maintenance management

Architect Architecture Design/design management of NPP

Construction company Construction Site work for NPP construction (civil work/architecture/ machinery/ electricity and others)

Manufacturing company Manufacturing Main equipment, nuclear fuel, auxiliary

components design and manufacturing

Research institute Research R&D on reactor physics, nuclear fuel and others

Recommendations for HRD (Government)Recommendations for HRD (Government)

54

1. Establish a long-term HRD plan.1. Establish a long-term HRD plan.

(1) Formulate the strategic goal.(2) Review the current human resources.(3) Forecast future human resources demand.(4) Develop organizational structure. (5) Implement the performance plan.

2. Establish the infrastructures for education and training.2. Establish the infrastructures for education and training.

3. Opening of nuclear related department for universities. 3. Opening of nuclear related department for universities.

4. Attract the domestic scientists and high-level engineers from overseas. 4. Attract the domestic scientists and high-level engineers from overseas.

5. Establish the national technical qualification system.5. Establish the national technical qualification system.

6. Develop governmental institutions for special professional technologies.6. Develop governmental institutions for special professional technologies.

55

Recommendations for HRD (Utility)Recommendations for HRD (Utility)

1. Secure the necessary HR for each field.

2. Set educational and training target for sufficient HR of each field.

3. Establish the in-house organization for training and set up the

training system.

4. For a self-reliance development, establish the middle & long-term training plan.

5. Acquire the training materials in advance for overseas training program.

6. Educate or train special field of technology using research institutions.

8. Utilize the overseas trained staff as instructors as much as possible.

9. Provide with preferential treatments for qualified and licensed staffs.

Technology transfer and localization

Continuous Improvement & Feedback

Self reliance & StandardizationAccumulated Experience &

Knowledge

Integrated Structure forNuclear Project

Let’s together cooperate, run and gallop for the success of nuclear energy and new challenging coming next 30 years.

Thank you very much for your attention !