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Impact of Nuclear Power in Korea
BackgroundChung , Hyo Sun
• 2004 ~ Present : Vice President for Construction Div.
Vice President for WNPS
Director General of Construction Eng. Dept
Construction Director for Shin-Wolsung 1&2
Project Manager for Shin - Wolsung 1&2
• 1993 ~ 2003 : Commissioning Manager for YGN 5&6
Assistant Project Manager for Ul-Jin 5&6
Construction Sch. Manager for YGN 3&4
• 1978 ~ 1992 : Project Procurement Engineer in N.Y Office
Project Schedule Engineer
Ⅰ . Status and Impact of NPP
Ⅱ . NPP Development
Ⅲ. Construction Status in Korea
Contents
Ⅳ. Preparation for the Introduction of the First NPP
4
Radioactive WasteDisposal Facility
(Under construction)
Population : 50,575,000 Gross Area : 100,000 Km2
GNP : 20,000 $
Ⅰ . Status and Impact of NPPAs of Dec 2010
Total : 76,078 MW Total : 473,874 GWh
(As of the end of 2010)Nuclear Coal Gas Oil Hydro
Installed Capacity National Power Generation
*The others : 1,749 MW(2,3%) *The others : 7,831 GWh(2.0%)
23,3%
19,41725.5%
24,20531.8%
7,4679.8%
5,5247.3%
Electricity Generation (GWh)Electricity Generation (GWh)
1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2030
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
TotalNuclear
17.7 91.7372
1,074
2,617
4,738
31.0%
59%3,336
1,4741,090
52934.8
Installed Capacity (MW)Installed Capacity (MW)
1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2030
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
TotalNuclear
367 2,5109,390
21,021
48,451
76,078
42,716
17,71613,716
58723%
41%
Increase 59% of Electricity Generation Capacity by 2030
6
Unplanned shutdown / Unit
Capacity Factor(%); Total energy the plant produced during a period of time The energy the plant would have produced at full capacity
0.60.60.4 0.50.50.50.90.41.10.91.1 0.350.55shutdown
`06 `08`95 `96 `97 `98 `99 `00 `01 `02 `03 `04 `05
40
60
80
100 Capacity Factor (Korea)
Unplanned shutdown / Unit ; The best way to measure the level of plant reliability and operation capability.
Capacity Factor (World Average)
93.4
79.4
0.35
0
1
2
3
0.6
`07
7
91.494.292.7 95.593.290.488.390.387.687.587.3 93.492.3C.F.(%) 90.3
While Consumer price index has risen 221.4% since 1982, The price of Electricity has risen only 10.2% due to
increased share of Nuclear Power
Contributed to the economic growth in Koreaby supplying stable and low electricity price
8
20081982Electricity Price 10.2%
9
Low generation costLow generation cost
Sales price (KRW/kWh) : Nuclear is the cheapest (Year 2009)
(Contribution to National Economy)
PV Wind Oil LNG Hydro Coal Nuclear
35.6
153.1109.4
60.3
647.0
145.6107.3
1971 2010
GNP per capita 290 $ 20,000$
Export 1 billion $ 467 billion $
Power capacity 2,628 MW 76,078MW
Number of Cars 0.14 million 18,1 million
Changes in Some Economic Indicators
`71 `76 `81 `86 `91 `96 `01 `05
50
100
150
200
250
300Million Ton CO2
151 Million Tons
Actual CO2 Emission6.5 Million TonsIn 1971
265 Million Tons
`07
Impact of Nuclear Power Contributed to Environment conservation by reducing CO2 emission
If no nuclear powerin Korea
Carbon dioxide emission by electricity generation in Korea .N.P has reduced about 40% of carbon dioxide emission.
Reduction ofCO2 Emission
(114 Million Tons)
11
Nuclear energy is eco‐friendly.
14
Coal Oil LNG Biomass Solar Wind Nuclear
991
782
549
70 5714 10
0
400
800
CO2(g/kWh)
CO2 Emission by Energy Source (IAEA)
Nuclear energy is eco‐friendly.
12
Construction
Shipbuilding
Environment
Construction of NPPs
Stimulus to TechnologicalDevelopment in VariousIndustries
Electronics
Metal
Chemistry
Machinery
Industry Involvement : Contribution to Other Industries
Impact of Nuclear Power
DOOSAN has an integrated manufacturing facility which is capable of raw material production to final assembly of components for Power Plants in Changwon, Korea.
⊙Seoul
◎
Changwon
BoilerNuclear
T/G
FoundryForging
Main Office
R & D Center
Dock Facilities
Total Area : 1,100 acresFloor Space : 137 acres
Manufacturing Complex
Nuclear Shop
14
Turbine Shop
15
650 MWe(Qinshan/ China)
1,000 MWe(OPR1000/Korea)
1000 MWe(AP1000/China, U.S.A)
950 MWe(Ulchin #1,2/Korea)
1,400 MWe(APR1400Korea)
Various Types of RVs
16
700 MWeCANDU(20 Ea)
587 MWeKori#1 RSG(2Ea)
1,000 MWeOPR1000(28 Ea)
1,400 MWeAPR1400(4 Ea)
1,174 MWeSequoyah#1&2 RSG(8Ea)
1,167 MWeWatts Bar#1RSG(4 Ea)
1,000 MWeAP1000(12 Ea)
Various SGs
950 MweUlchin#1,2 RSG (6Ea) 17
18
Technical efficiencyTechnical efficiencyProven Technology
AvailabilityAvailabilityNuclear : over 90% , Solar 10~15%, Wind : around 20%
Site areaSite areaSite area comparisonSite area comparison< 1,000MW capacity basis >
Nuclear
Solar
Wind
330,000 m2
33,000,000m2
165,000,000m2
In Comparison with Renewables, Nuclear energy is:
2000s1980s
Construction of Kori #1 (`71-`78)
1990s
Establishment ofLocalization Plan (`84)
1970s
TechnologySelf-reliance
Introductionof Nuclear Power
Promotion ofLocalization
Development ofOPR1000 (`95)
Development ofAPR1400 (`01)
Export APR1400 to UAE
Export components : RV, SG to U.S, China
Achievement of technology self-reliance by development of OPR 1000 APR 1400 improves its safety and reliability
Ⅱ. NPP Development
1970's1970's
Introduction of NPP
Turnkey Approach
Introduction of NPP
Turnkey Approach
1980's1980's
Accumulation of NPPTechnology
Component Approach
Accumulation of NPPTechnology
Component Approach
1990's1990's
Technology Self-Reliance
Development of OPR1000
Development of APR1400
Technology Self-Reliance
Development of OPR1000
Development of APR1400
Foreign - Local Joint Design,Joint Manufacturing- Foreign : Prime Contractors- Local : Sub-contractors
Foreign Contractors
Led by Local Contractors- Local : Prime Contractors- Foreign : Sub-contractors
Kori 1&2
WSN 1
Kori 3&4
YGN 1&2
UCN 1&2
YGN 3~6
UCN 3&4
Perform under the leadership of government &KHNPEstablish national localization policy forProject management, Design, Equipment supply
Step by Step Approach for LocalizationLocalization program was accomplished with the following 3 steps. The project philosophy was shifted from turnkey to non-turnkey type contractsto widen the scope of contract and local participation .
Localization Results
Kori#1
Kori#2
Wolsong#1
Kori#3,4
Yonggwang#1,2
Ulchin#1,2
Yonggwang#3,4
Ulchin#3,4
Yonggwang#5,6
1st Stage 2nd Stage 3rd Stage
Localization Ratio (%)
37
29
44
35
-
13
-
14
Design(%)
Equipment(%)
-
8
90
75
95
79
46
40
75
74
DesignEquipment
100 --
75 --
50 --
25 --
0 --
2nd Stage: Accumulated lots of experience through joint participationin design, manufacturing, management of NPP
3rd Stage: Reached its technology self-reliance goal.
Basic Strategy of Technology Self-reliance
Experience feedback from Previous NPPs
Implementation of YGN3&4 Project
Technology Transfer Contract
NuclearTechnologySelf-reliance
Goal : 95% by 1995
Government KHNP
Establish Nuclear TechnologySelf-Reliance Program (1984)
Overall PM
KHNP
Maintenance
KPS
Construction
LocalConstructor
S /U
KHNP
NSSS, T/G
Doosan
Design &Engineering
KOPEC
BOP
Local/ForeignSuppliers
Fuel
KNFC
Technology Self-reliance Program
24
Reduced dramatically 12 month from 64M
to 52M through repeated construction
by incorporating lessons learned.
Construction cost
6065
Y#3,4
U#3,4
Y#5,6
U#5,6
Shin‐K#1,2
Shin‐W#1,2
100
89
79
7067.7
66.Y#3,4
U#3,4
U#5,6
u#5,6
Shin‐K#1,2
Shin‐W#1,2
6361
5855
53 52
Period reduction (1st conc.~COD)
(unit : month)
Reference : Y #3,4 Construction cost (2005)
Advantages of Standardization of NPP(1000MW)
Project Implementation Structure( Domestic Project )
Owner (KHNP)
NSSS
DOOSAN /KOPEC
T / G
DOOSAN
BOP
KHNP
A / E
KOPEC
Construction
LocalConstructor
we
tProject Management
GE
S / U
KHNP
Local / Foreign
S / U
Owner (KHNP)
NSSS
DOOSAN /KOPEC
T / G
DOOSAN
BOP
KHNP
A / E
KOPCOE&C
Construction
LocalConstructor
WH
tProject Management
GE
S / U
KHNP
Local / Foreign
FUEL
KEPCONF
KHNP is responsible for overall Project Managementand commissioning
Utility7 476
Design/Engineering
1,761Manufacturing5,112
ConstructionContractor
6,811-Eng: 1,811
- Labor : 5,000
Service/Maintenance
2,551
Fuel783
Government700
Unit : persons
Number of Employees in Nuclear-related Organization
※ OPR1000 4 Units & APR1400 4 Units are under construction in KOREA
[As of 2010]
Total :25,194
Manpower Mobilization during Construction Peak Stage(2 Units / Project in Korea)
WAS(1980s)
IS(2010s)
Owner 460 200
Construction Contractors
1,500~2000 600~700
Labors 5,000~6,000 3000~3,200
Drawings Status
Work Field UnitQuantity
SWN1,2 SKN3,4
A/E
Architecture Sheet 1,099
36,205
809
29,724
Civil Sheet 5,234 4,199Electric Sheet 6,464 5,965
Instrument Sheet 5,047 5,712Mechanic Sheet 1,391 1,001
Piping Sheet 16,734 11,862Nuclear Sheet 222 161
Environment Sheet 14 15
VendorNSSS Sheet 37,000
42,1003,820
41,020T/G Sheet 1,300 1,200BOP Sheet 3,800 37,000
Contractor Shop Sheet 31,500 31,500 26,525 26,525
Total Sheet 109,805 97,269
Drawings and Materials Status
Bulk Materials Status
Material UnitQuantity
SWN1,2 SKN3,4
Structural Steel Ton 21,853 24,860
Re-Bar Ton 95,704 128,914
Concrete ㎥ 624,641 940,335
HVAC Duct Ton 1,122 953
Large Bore Pipe m 118,794 116,399
Small Bore Pipe m 125,032 136,980
Cable Tray m 83,138 96,952
Conduit m 662,474 990,204
Cable m 5,265,995 5,718,016
310~320
350~400(phase 4)
300(phase 3)
60(phase 1)
170(phase 2)
SWN 2
SWN 1
Month
Construction completion of SWN 1
Set Rx vessel ENR CHT HFT F/L COD
(7.27) (4.1) (1.1) (5.1) (9.1) (3.31)ENR CHT HFT F/L COD
(6.1) (2.1) (11.1) (3.1) (7.1) (1.31)
year
Set Rx vessel
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12
2013
3 6 9 123
Construction completion of SWN 2
S/U
S/U (143) Operation(162)
S/U (160) Operation (210)
S/U
Commissioning Organization ( PWR,1000Mw) The commissioning office increases the number of employees step by step in line with progressing of commissioning activities
Year Y-7 Y-6 Y-5 Y-4 Y-3 Y-2 Y-1 Y+1 Y+2 Y+3 Y+4 Y+5 Y+6
Milestones
Feasibility Study
License
Design &Procurement
Construction
Project Phase
Typical NPP Construction Schedule(1000Mwe)
Set RV F/L
Feasibility Study
Prepare PSAR
Review PSARby Reg. Body
Construction
Equip. Manufacture & Delivery
Pre-Project Phase Project Implementation Phase
COD
Site Preparation
FirstConcrete
Excavation
CHT
Startup
Major Contract
Long LeadEquip. Order
Excavation
Detailed Site SurveyEnviron. Impact Assess
(12)
(24)
(12)
(18)
(60)
(18 ~ 24) (12)
(52)
Pre-Feasibility Study
(18~24)
Prepare FSAR
(12) FSAR Review
(18)
ITB ~Bidding Process
(18~24)
Pre-Project Phase
Project Implementation Phase
Project Implementation Phase
32
8 units : Under construction (9,600 Mwe) 10 units : Planning for construction by 2030
As of Dec 2011
* OPR1000 (Optimized Power Reactor 1,000 MW)* APR1400 (Advanced Power Reactor 1,400 MW)
4 Projects : 9,600 MWe
Description SKN 1&2 SWN 1&2 SKN 3&4 SUN 1&2
Capacity 1000MW×2 1000MW×2 1400MW×2 1400MW×2
Rx Type OPR1000 OPR1000 APR1400 APR1400
COD Feb. 2011Dec. 2011
Mar. 2012Jan. 2013
Sep. 2013Sep. 2014
Jun.2016Jun.2017
Progress 99% 86 % 67% 18%
Milestone1st Concrete(Jun 2006)
Fuel Loading(Jun 2010)
1st Concrete(Nov. 2007)Fuel Loading(Sep. 2011)
1st Concrete(Nov. 2008)
Fuel Loading(Jan. 2013)
Site Grading(Apr.2010)
Fuel Loading(Dec.2015)
Ⅲ. Construction Status in Korea
Milestone Unit 1 Unit 21st Concrete Pouring Jun. 2006 Jun. 2007
Set Reactor Vessel Mar. 2008 Feb. 2009
RCS Cold Hydro Test Sep. 2009 Oct. 2010
Fuel Loading Jun. 2010 Jun. 2011
COD Feb. 2011 Dec. 2011
33
Jul. 2012Sep. 2011Fuel Loading
Jan. 2013Mar. 2012COD
Nov. 2011Dec. 2010RCS Cold Hydro Test
Jun. 2010July. 2009Set Reactor Vessel
Sep. 2008Nov. 20071st Concrete Pouring
Unit 2Unit 1Milestone
34
Milestone Unit 3 Unit 41st Concrete Pouring Oct. 2008 Nov. 2009
Set Reactor Vessel Aug. 2010 Aug. 2011
RCS Cold Hydro Test May. 2012 May. 2012
Fuel Loading Jan. 2013 Jan. 2014
COD Sep. 2013 Sep. 2014
35
The First Project of Advanced Power Reactor
Milestone Unit 1 Unit 21st Concrete Pouring Nov. 2011 Nov. 2012
Reactor Vessel Installation Aug. 2013 July. 2014
RCS Cold Hydro Test Apr. 2015 Feb. 2016
Fuel Loading Dec. 2015 Oct. 2016
COD Jun. 2016 Jun. 2017
Second APR1400 project Capacity : 1,400MWe x 2 units
Construction Status- Site Grading : Apr,2011 12
4 3
36
Development OPR1000 using proven technology through
continued construction & operation.
Enhanced safety, operability, maintainability and reliability.
Optimized the system design and Plant arrangement.
Reduced the construction cost and schedule.
• Thermal Output : 2,825 Mwt
• Rated Electric Power: 1,000Mwe
• Plant Availability : more than 90%
OPR1000 has two heat transfer loops.
The main components are a reactor,
two S/G, four RCP a PZR.
1400MWe-class nuclear power reactor designed to meet the futureneeds of nuclear power industries around the world.
Evolutionary Design
Developed over a period of 10 years since 1992 as the part of the nationallong- term R&D program.
Relying on our accumulated experiences in plant construction andoperation, Korean Nuclear Industries hasimplemented advanced design features that have contributed to enhanced safety.
Reactor type : PWR
Capacity : 1,400 MWe (4000MWth)
Plant Design Life : 60 years
Performance Plant Availability : 90 %
Refueling Cycle : More than 18 months
Instrument and Control : Digital
Safety - Core Damage Frequency : ≪ 10-5 / RY - Containment Failure Frequency : ≪ 10-6 / RY - Occupational Exposure Dose Rate : ≪ 1 man-Sv / Year
Ⅳ. Preparation for the Introduction of the First NPP
1. Characteristics of Nuclear Power Project
2. Infrastructure issues for Nuclear Power Project
3. Process of the 1st Nuclear Power Project
4. Korean Experience and Recommendation
42
1. Characteristics of the Nuclear Project1. Characteristics of the Nuclear Project
Large-scale InvestmentLarge-scale Investment
Approx. 5~6 billion US dollars for 1,000 MW x 2 units- depending on capacity, contract type, construction period, financing conditions, etc
Long Construction PeriodLong Construction Period
10 to 15 years from policy making to commercial operation through project planning
Contribution to Local Key IndustryContribution to Local Key Industry
Integrated plant project consisting of 1 million components Contribution to promote local key industries such as metal, machine,
electronic, chemical industries, etc Accompanied by raising technology level of the local industry
Characteristics of the Nuclear ProjectCharacteristics of the Nuclear Project
Safety-first PrioritySafety-first Priority
Strict compliance with international codes and standards Adoption of multi-redundancy and in-depth safety system Project implementation based on public acceptance
Project Led by GovernmentProject Led by Government
All phases of project implementation from construction to operation
to be controlled and regulated by government
Basic preparation for project implementation, such as long-term and
medium range planning to be established by government
43
44
National Position
Nuclear Safety
Preparation and Developmentof the Nuclear Infrastructure
Successful NPP Introduction
Management Funding and Financing
Legislative Framework
Safeguards Regulatory Framework
Radiation Protection
Electrical Grid Human ResourcesDevelopment
Stakeholder Involvement
Site and Supporting Facilities
Environmental Protection
Emergency Planning
Security and Physical Protection
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Radioactive Waste
Industrial Involvement
Procurement
2. Infrastructure issues for NPP
PublicAcceptance
Step 1
Feasibility Study on the Necessity of an NPP
45
Step 6
Issuance of Invitation to Bid
Step 7
Concluding Major Contracts
Step 2
Pre-Feasibility Study on Introduction of an NPP
Step 3
Establishment of Nuclear Power Project Plan
Step 4
Government Decision on Introduction of an NPP
Step 5
Preparation for NPP Construction
Step 8
NPP Construction
Step 9
Commercial Operation
3. Process of the 1st Nuclear Power Project
4.Experience and Recommendation
Three types of contractual approach have been used forNPP stations, namely:
•The turnkey approach, where a single contractor or a consortium of contractors takes the overall technical responsibility for the construction work
•The split-package approach, where the technical responsibility is divided between a relatively small number of contractors, each building a large section of the plant.
•The multi-contract approach, where the owner or his architect-engineer (A/E) assumes the overall responsibility for detail engineering and constructing the plant. The A/E typically issues a large number of contracts.
Types of Project Contracts.
Activity Contract typesTurnkey Split package Multiple package
Pre-project activities U U UProject management MC AE or U U + AEProject engineering MC AE or U + SS U or AEQuality assurance / Quality control
MC + U AE + SS + U U + AE
Procurement MC AE or U + SS U or AEApplication for license U U ULicensing RA RA RASafeguard, physical protection U U UManufacturing MC SS + EM EMSite preparation U or MC U or AE U or AEErection MC AE + SS U or AEEquipment installation MC AE + SS U or AECommissioning MC AE + U U or AEPlant operation and maintenance U U UFuel procurement U U UFuel fabrication FS FS FSWaste management U U U
TYPICAL LEAD RESPONSIBILITIES CONTRACT TYPES
Symbols: AE : Architect engineer RA: Regulatory authorityEM : Equipment manufacture SS : System supplierFS : Fuel supplier U : UtilityMC : Main contractor
49
Country Type Net output Construction Operation Contract Type
Argentina PHWR (FRG) 345 MW 1968 1974 Turnkey
Brazil PWR (USA) 626 MW 1971 1980 Turnkey
Germany BWR (USA) 16 MW 1958 1961 Turnkey
India BWR (USA) 2×200 MW 1964 1969 Turnkey
Korea PWR (USA) 595 MW 1970 1978 Turnkey
Spain PWR (USA) 160 MW 1965 1969 Turnkey
The first nuclear power plant in the world
* IAEA TRS 200
Utility’s Major Work Scope
• Planning the country’s electric power generation programs.
• Design transmission line and Distribution systems.
• Site Preparation (Feasibility and Environ. Impact Assessment)
• Determination of Contract Type.
• Apply for Plant Licensing.
• Operation and Maintenance of NPP.
Main Contractor’s Work Scope (Turnkey)
• Overall Project Management.
• System Design and Procurement plant components.
• Install and commissioning components and system.
• Development of PSAR and FSAR.
• Fulfill warranty condition on the Plant.
• Additional works depend on contracts type and work scope.
Recommended Schedule for the First NPPRecommended Schedule for the First NPP
52
Roles of Organization for HRDRoles of Organization for HRD
53
Organization Subject persons Roles
Government
Government employee Establish and determine the nuclear power policy
Regulation Enactment of the Atomic Energy Act anddevelopment of regulatory requirements
Utility
Construction Undertaking the NPP construction and PM
Operation Commissioning and operation of power plant
Maintenance Maintenance management
Architect Architecture Design/design management of NPP
Construction company Construction Site work for NPP construction (civil work/architecture/ machinery/ electricity and others)
Manufacturing company Manufacturing Main equipment, nuclear fuel, auxiliary
components design and manufacturing
Research institute Research R&D on reactor physics, nuclear fuel and others
Recommendations for HRD (Government)Recommendations for HRD (Government)
54
1. Establish a long-term HRD plan.1. Establish a long-term HRD plan.
(1) Formulate the strategic goal.(2) Review the current human resources.(3) Forecast future human resources demand.(4) Develop organizational structure. (5) Implement the performance plan.
2. Establish the infrastructures for education and training.2. Establish the infrastructures for education and training.
3. Opening of nuclear related department for universities. 3. Opening of nuclear related department for universities.
4. Attract the domestic scientists and high-level engineers from overseas. 4. Attract the domestic scientists and high-level engineers from overseas.
5. Establish the national technical qualification system.5. Establish the national technical qualification system.
6. Develop governmental institutions for special professional technologies.6. Develop governmental institutions for special professional technologies.
55
Recommendations for HRD (Utility)Recommendations for HRD (Utility)
1. Secure the necessary HR for each field.
2. Set educational and training target for sufficient HR of each field.
3. Establish the in-house organization for training and set up the
training system.
4. For a self-reliance development, establish the middle & long-term training plan.
5. Acquire the training materials in advance for overseas training program.
6. Educate or train special field of technology using research institutions.
8. Utilize the overseas trained staff as instructors as much as possible.
9. Provide with preferential treatments for qualified and licensed staffs.
Technology transfer and localization
Continuous Improvement & Feedback
Self reliance & StandardizationAccumulated Experience &
Knowledge
Integrated Structure forNuclear Project
Let’s together cooperate, run and gallop for the success of nuclear energy and new challenging coming next 30 years.
Thank you very much for your attention !