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Physics

Flux Angular flux density Flux density Flux density

Physics

Flux Angular flux density Flux density Flux density

Radiometry

Radiant energy Radiant power Radiance Irradiance Radiosity Radiant intensity

Photometry

Luminous energy Luminous power Luminance Illuminance Luminosity Luminous intensity

Radiometric Units

joules [J = kg m2 /s2] watts [W = joules/s] [W/m2 sr] [W/m21 [W/m 2] [W/sr]

Photometric Units

talbot lumens [talbots/second] Nit [umens/m2 sr] Lux [lumens/m2sri Lux [lumens/m2 sr Candela [lumens/sr]

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60 rrolJ ~s~·bpaC-

ST; T ET r AT

I · I te eoxt L to , AET Unnv C> fwZ, L,

,A Z (SeL -" I ~ nU,

q'LJ (f)

L*h;T - LrCe4, c,4~r ztln4i~L (7 w -Ps

E~~~ sa o-~A--, ~~Lyn

-It'ird.; dg~~eI, 41. eOL/sforgcrelA kXc 41,

fo 4 E g, dre mn E,aE-vr C

" 4rn Lfarjcus Or p 5.

108(10,000) 7- 7- r-

.99=== :2!!!W-

96.8(9000) H 86.0(8000) E,

f

7 - : _J Ve-- ig 75.3(7000) OIC --- ­W 64.5(6000) -ir rv

Z, f53.8(5000) -rq

r I . 43.0(4000) Lai 32.3(3000)

A h"

21.5(2000) --- Wv O-- --- l ; V75--I ~smsm~imn._

10.8(1000) K' ,-11 _ __e --­

Y := = := = _ Nn

u 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Solar Altitude, Degrees

Figure 9.4 Solar illuminance. (Source: IES Daylighting Committee, Recommended

Practice of Daylighting, IES, New York, 1979, fig. 37-A, with permission.)

EVo' W'44(, IvICLnce FPWK tIAeII 1-r a

& \)a al Sorc (, lt ! or cr Orrl is s cL tP.ij-SIUJ' oJrn

.0C)

-19 ­

S abO~ll t\&sky - ovrcoJ or JeL ?

Almospherl scic4isL kVs nkcZsorezci sIy Ivunrcnancek

rca 4 d .̂ j{L.cwctdj )a uhIvalce rl wlV jIAa- ai v

(ae cise,alzz -ei nltR).

L - 2S- 3. 0 L Morl 4e

LurcAnce, (A reclveleJ Ca "n+e en.Vt&.±aelI lumlhamc~e. LLa r(A -S. ' U,,Se d- Si le-\jcJL.4-e, c(

I-f cvS<t Ikle U S. uw srz JL {IPf cAfcO2

I s ,cG|d l(\~ictce1VAAty Fur o, Ven4Ur-/ cale. aJ 4 ) nt equLvaleA sky lurAIAtACZ

rzaA 15I CS piy kor-6 lialmtceA aE Lte_ It QC4ImI3IsprD

,,,,,~dIry me /ecI~k~ 5b-Lg h a ~L

tker L (S Qa I-/ - 51 klne VCAIe4qulJa l

FIjyalI aIlxLtct(cQ C Lc t cy

F-jloa1 s Ah0ft C r a a Funjo-4- 6 S610r 44wetcl~, k

I-'

h

gh&T ab a ear sh/ ?

iw, Jt, as Lvio Icss ll O clk e.

(WLIct 3018 ?1% d IMtA4 1,f- Sy VlUnlAnAe N)QI'lS 11J4told ftar A

nJ Ike Lvoril-?¢S .e jvMYnanCe Aear Ike iorna a

A-8le l2 ,er +641< e xIet I IAaCt c ar_

,"" IX A4nNCr anll j; Ikec A 14 isIv hLo be dc l 6>&lce

Ceu ~,CC-p6ss J'ez,6,A d]O, M k^ . [.luall

4Y lnilfahl cea LM i laCj 424 gncL 'CK P sblr 6jae

# IV c44cltg. -- he curvc-- 'CiC M e-&1ll JaM Scar.

IIi

d

IE 10 0 4;

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Solar Altitude, Degrees

Figure 9.6 Equivalent sky luminance-clear sky (no direct sun).

PAl*. 1 efkcr-..

Tke, horwzmALl 1JtIAct fu.r 1A iSn a dax k a 4 16Lr SOW Co*L padlJ a4C L 6 L

j4ii ,.

... ... Iw r -Ii I 5t I,UIUJ

le Iu sunaJ U I Ut I UUUU) 0 x

=96.8(9000) ------- Z;/ C ear Sky Dlus I, _110--_

. ..86.0(8000) C r _irect Su 7; irect Sun

I 75.3(7000)*C IJ.:a 64.5(6000) 7Z

53.8(5000) /La 43.0(4000)

0 32.3(3000) l I x0 21.5(2000) -Clear Sky_ ;0

N

10.8(1000) 5 = :m l

.... f

P - l. ,.n _

_ ._ _U.

-0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 I80 Solar Altitude, Degrees

Figure 9.7 Horizontal luminance-clear sky plus direct sun.

- 1'9F-

C. LumQn meTJOA or slkyllKDs , NJ oors)

( o p~n 1AJ

ihk ckpprLs fs I I -; I

Cnr er y) iec ,t1l l 1t{

E Wobr~oi z A on sareAATWpe

x Kk lVm

KLA, Jilizalimv coe-Fic;en\

1I f- lss FcLCLr

IS" 4 l<y E Esp) SlkyIII4%C

An CLS tL : CO L\n IkQ adboe ido) eqc rgCl

E worLplne

Esun t E sl

A skyIlm-t A vorkpla/Je

x IACL Km

- 20­

Sa e ace \s6 1OU 4AJ cot \ow aLt IUx

A hSbOI "Y ,tJkLJe

oaL cvr sk\~ ,' k/

E ELAL SLIOD :- 0. 01 S-o"6

Eso Eshly

Sb1,3 s nZ4~ nor needl0~' I~m al-l oo

Db ebit Ka* J<lVL,

or os9Iln 4a am eeuV,

K Lt CA,x I e

I< >I RsC-U X( I

lbo%.Rl -luzv remhy coeWcicl of U 1 4

rne+ sleKav Taks9 &fr-Ft 1

[-Icto* ~too"Ao-c .

fKv1L x o, ~)4­

odc5A- Va e 60

10o7

Xprincs iy ia -21-4 i ( /0, -- I,

d. Lon-thq- YrcJIcJ 4'ewa31IZacJs (cS k IoFiA1 ) j

- ELmpirloc scuIWkxI| -IM ancAL IYAirce, pcirW

IY\ Ckt rZmvm­

- Aoor\E gzj a J Ltuhse l&

- Keuiret S p4rede e4J'calua" I+ t c_

&)JalM The -5u aaJ sy, a1J PIm tG

C~M~l

L FMYK At S)~y cankA zun 6o c,'vc, se J .1

bi rLC ( Frt s~n~ zL q rcin r g reS

u 5 Flsurezs

m-& insLnkfS X4

E_ :fr1 E�Sq

I I E, 4 M;'st6%

/ ­ I­

lf

E 2; A V

E sp: % C-3 , K l< r^

EY - -!t3C I<kK<

SQe Morcdo

JT-CAREUL ! s- K awJ C>- c,-z KT-

irAdls 16 1t . tvi os ~- c~ R1t runi

C uJillZ6110, Qj" 6~el d rmZ0, 6dk ovh 4-JjR

I ,LVI P 1a4 e'I &*- mzyx- ke l~u 4rij/-jiI< ac,

At SrCALIS a LA cdZurS

Cs' 1K¥ cAA j cc . K, CIX- SMALL

A TS c

_ _ v

Eve, ac (,)Im xi-)LLlCL

0.(01 - 0,02Cs

am I 0. - I

' K , pcl4, Jl F IcLYv(Af or3 c)

102,AL)cIo.CD4A t)IMkX

Oeb102, 8 saw

I W%61s, t)~, co­~~

L max (-Pt A\ ' 120 -F Esp 4- -6ZI -PC El''z lq

3 0

E[r.'%A (PtC> H 3 Z

Em.2 Cal zA­& ee rm L0 , 12 /

14 .

AIf &),cAmt r1mv / A. T ars,C -oc-e

elua( fke,&e E-,U t ""'A- IkIrwfbLAf:e-7

Ja,-Co-7e fI ' q, i: pOb , tI

96o,aCD :' "'- -- 0. 77, Jr c

I aikV .r, XI, LE9,L 4 0,77

( 3rlt 1

En ; En I Cy

( CS CK'S - EJ ce K>-AI Km

5IeA.s C3 R

IK w 2

c b i1-OLeggyV~f4i

- anAJ yl/c, nol enmpi ric4 I Lo Cpl ClL

Du 6kYNL\/ fof LbdlLs5k (53mpea4tS yA -

E poJn obkc hemsspkczrr

E em..^ smm v u ao 52t heintsp en

ppC4, IIA-CNthls cJlo s JL-Jtvo- cmJ

rhzre cpn&xAMe bF ha,

rl -J-- -,e

SC - ERC IR¢CT3F

Sc epi s £4) al

t-

- I

I ReL4 ) im aJf 7 rc4

1" ,2-

L ---- --- -. 19 Is t Lt Src ptcrohuoL

to e lawer IcZ,cr'r

Z)fl f,L Wird&B

rv,, 0, 1 fD 1S %

Asb 5T~Sc dc C Ls5sh6Ml.

baA XtclnFpc tssel c lt)ht4lC( 6 AC 45A

lb - 2z 1jf heSFkI

~zC ,, A,,Zgdc &Llf Is , JIRCLA 1L ha IF o sc

cf> ,f ty FtCafLcj I

K Icre

le csts are CCWAs a"iOtatce, Jl/f

pVlerm4,,tczatij /r cdecr s I,L VIS ,I, 0hiJ VIl -Mur

ssu. s

F /ra C, . /),, prec- VISOVl pofs~S

b IsCert

,. tOAntcolotr alo

a* dlraclt fOF ti ½ rJlalJers

t prlj ent 0ens4

"onk occurs &hen pupi) diceler > 3nhtr

a

r nrnLQ0. 14.- %

Iris

r V\.tmm 2 - 8 Fu,,i amq4(zr

F2A.

C] I M I taketwat8

4'1eU l0*IAtcvCZ-a 'ar"a 4 ]ADOt IU aC

j 1l M t-If '-C '[ - ­

a. JIM In 11-4 1nle ri 6f Io CM z I

2. C Ilihr coron­

1 t& In 4 b lensISca)efk fCr of. i

a 1, I 4 anroarLnce isbI 11 Ajij sQky~m /J IOm)anVcc IQ./&Z

- ore prorouJczj fr small sorces

2a

3. Sj6Ort.

Scakerm, df 1)SP (iforrz, IQAS, and Accn.

- also kInown di4lls1i/dce xj ve-l lA IV1n IAd~te

* Scarecd t aJJs IvMInCce OPLsz aSl

bacgmvvd., decrcaslg ckdmst

-~ lbg S ,TI 1II a J ax, pvtJ

re ClK lt r cCLLse ofteTcLLcJ csz

2. rzc Iclare nl4eJ aLbvOe

Trats I \ 4 CLJet Lkeys

D Ls com rcrr

1. -ecc L - ce Will n cO7-slar

z. bl'rect

\V/ L&u Co or arj b Ire IJ / r.lI C;

Set m4rJ-ocJ ckcpker 8·

Fel Iur inan cjed

ch hgre zercCszIurli ar\ cc aCgas c.AI 3cstrGave vieteL-\ileed

I- L.~WH i L j-- c : 1Z LscosLck1

5

cjal

- A c~

t - celling

, - s oufrCes

-5 r6alc aA/ - ok FellI dorvl 1o, o-6e o -f 78

Pt I I I I , I/ rtUOr a sA 77ve iU^8Ce at Ilre ppOs I

-I­

--V Sua I

lze 4It ac garc sourceIThe

ApsI] '?

I2 t /2 8

A o-&6 A l )<2tX,2\/

t /

c -vJEmp-r IiaI 1 , tkt glara, rr, -L· Q s re

1Ih solLcJd &ale Cc ao-ykpllcdJpei cJaxC

7 5­0I zoAq cJ 1 1.2 61) 0. 2 - 0.

Q

o (steradians)

-3­

S ov-rcz lu ' rIAtOncC w

/Averccz lumrinaAc of tke Ilare soupc CA 4e,

ke d rert.alrctda. fse

e(ASR [/L beIf I is i-e ImrIeAirz L czrJela i-a

AAlraclm 6v dbtcrveron&J Ap +C }DroJ

4 Aee 10miaf-C IA- t j I re J, Mt

L- Arp

source lore .~r IO f;T a, ¢CQqI~f ~_ q _F c,.& l ieTE

VA o.s LQ pFo-44

ca rc 5 CASLLII #')4('Aqic 1',4

'JIM2LaJ t CarQ 1A

-4­

4anli ALj clcrz preeasure : val oF1ourcf 1ilvWha^GMC

jJA pr es - SoSJt s1 , badAc 2 I---

4Or 6J aura,6e obScrv/rcnrat aL diSJcct

13rJle" co4Amf - c:zat Luiv nc C

( VCC)

I 1

a A

0I

w (steradians) gure 8.22 BCD luminance versus source solid angle.

Solid angle (steradians) Cone angle (degrees)

5.0 78.2 3.0 58.5 2.0 47.0 1.0 32.7 0.5 23.0 0.2 14.5 0.1 10.2 0.05 7.2 0.02 4.6 0.01 3.2 0.005 2.3 0.002 1.4 0.001 1.0 0.0001 0.3

Mluliple soarces

Experleet ncec de IVn -l,/,4ar re/lwt,?54jp ,een glare sansoacra SOVUrC Se aJ.

CdJ 48 1 l4A cCIofrl 1 s0-Stdy wig 2 10 observere an

M 6 M M .. t M,

Bi~,4C 3)Ctr r9au lb( R Z,(t\-,l 4 ) 0­v

- .0914 n

aIlJ-1Jrt/, tI s lJ,e r( ra\e nto J 15cO/Vfo4 glare eva

op tbFobserrs

Fr+ r~cb6 1I 1 (\I p )rvA Lb1A-ik ClCe)3s44 1Pr0

107 obseva In 3S iyAfg11 conJiit

K e. k/100 JlkVCP: t,,

K : 6. 374 1.32.27 .D6 ¢

21ES Fg IL r cr,I rm : mce Thke 74 IIC'j Al

'Hi'm, coriJ JCl0jA

1. VCP > 70

o of al/vrtu { -A, uolote IuIA i^a/ r c2 . RkCLA

lrmalamnce < S c als o& 4J-r6

c/ S ' fimie lv/rA,5, ° 6,° 75°d

For bo lcnykwl5e ond crossats5e. va ir

. IM ax/ rylory IL)M I a I M I unI laf CQ'S leCAe sCIc-6n ihAR-tzlsszI

cdAJ crosscs Jo no xce Ae 11a')Iy

\J&1s

lcrkcl I lctsmuvnt L CCJ/Y zA nle Fo b

-4\ 771 C0

3840 73g 2570 8 S- 16 9

lIES 0 Ala or Jal!1 JI fl( .rQ

(; u lk (A rmciUJ)

o, LQ 6g cLre SSCLjozt 7 . 4 4 P F o

IES

IK PL c1 0-o

#6r csnr+

aFstV F

q-l,F,~P (lCA I . 0Iol,o 310-ra lajay

Vk l/Mvrcocl Is &h tLAO4C;I leclsLC

\VCP uueftc I

Iracor rproa, n ITariainc.

anC Luvns. m IcrO

14 S. IES form I 'CA- Iead's a 3 ICL re

Iyj ajqX .for 1, CT ,

Jue 6Ike sky sean7h_ dc'I rea ,OF JLs C.6m t lar d

JqXt,,,rvlh az te proJitzcL Frm. agl/re

Ka GJ,or, ke- (or n l I ]ars 5ourc z Ia re MIn&

K< oFt -0073os L

L, Rak slJ aryle J- +k sgFvrc-z, ptJilFeJ£ Cc,c r forJposOA &r ke heldd4 vlew

K 1 10- lol,o 6;

Ittj exyllak~41,Lre (b4)ba

2 (CzL 14) 47or 2 0)T- I 3

( )bserveA: reJer inlerance of 3g r Fr lv*sy,as

tJloz, a fhqj Fx. a- cohtpacarbleSaa 1Am)v3 sVkahm , prLmdeJd ke 1am ndexrCL C;oi ljkI Sl~ t

-5,s n-btg 0o­

a1is rsult arecs ith anoir, Wke-r a tie ccls/rr

fLc JwA 9he7v Cua , CA,,le TLaA dlata;

CacPC small a) s pacl 1 ,Mpaleem (F

1ixse, arJ S6Lcq f_ Ae. obeWr b ISclkccll,r c~p,,d; mt +e sly llr6,wLc-q.

TABLE VI - Comparison of Glare Indices for artificial light (IES GI) and daylight (DGI)

Glare Citerion IES GI DGI

Just imperceptible 10 1613 18

Just acceptable 16 2019 22

Just uncomfortable 22 2425 26

Just intolerable . 28 28

Consider a rw.

12 12 6 t

ra4 Cicac . or O. 4

. 6Ol4NO IS L Tu#X perpeAJ lx Lr

daStsce O• W1

Figure17- The relationshipbetween daylight-glareindex andwindow sizeforsky luminancesbetween 1600 and8900 cd/m2. The window is viewedfrom a

perpendiculardistanceof 6m in a room of dimensions 12m x 12m x 6m. Resultsforaverage

reflectance of 0.4 (17).

r)/II-"]: =2 fa L, 8.90 cj/ 2

I crScZ S F If lLuMac rs

31TsIO cdorier Sorro,4uAJg1 SgarnA

- OTaslaAMry-e cnLrLer Str4;bcS 101

I20SLS sf rcas anr SurronuAijs

Ms '~InrAUr (excqpt 1F1 ecoraike) 46:

A+iz,~lQ,toobec Fr MPssIs o

-13 ­

0

re. I F lo:1, ker s.1 S XLpro le ­

-- Vm JM/2}NL

- h

-

-ct Seo 1wc: ,Pz o.7 MJ1 $S I/ Z~ L -- Ion ej/mz

RatoO

t fee4 I\le IS aL pMUl- tta 5S 2.

V 3 6,1 M l,,-/a-,EC 06, CM ILw, P Fc1m- 6 - S NJ

L - 1I, OT J/K 2

SraIOa

b SerVA S :

as< _ tzL L4s / t zI ut czeA~ ale

9L4k\1"

k - %.Ae

hrR a Ilraxq, wb Ad At \iA

TplellyS eectd Jc Ii# iJ a ekcA1

44)I11 vK, r, spaeeZt RnpF 7Lwa~L Is I1a

IFLLLe rtnC a Ljfl 5ue 4efs ; aretkrm VJ

Lb 7

S[",JD s eear 1 pltrN I*" XK

P? VI4e 3 OwMJ

cavdV-5ta': IAl 15,46x-rveles I 6L" aC ILMA&WM

3~U~gI maize SC4ALN.