i. introduction a. background classification biology 1. why classify organisms? 2. how do you...

I. Introduction

A. Background

Classification Biology

1. Why classify organisms?2. How do you classify?

B. Organization

K, P, C, O, F, G, & S

II. VirusesA.

Structure

The parts == protein (capsid , landing gear, and injector) surrounding a nucleic acid (genome = can be DNA or RNA)

Figure 10.24 & 25

B. Life Style

1. Lytic = inject, insert, take over, direct, and destroy

Figure 10.26

2. Lysogenic = same except hide for a time then lytic

Figure 10.26

C. Uses1.

Vaccines2. Gene Vectors

III. Kingdom MoneranA.

Structure

Monerans = prokaryotes

Can be spherical , rod, or helical

Figure 15.11

B. Metabolism

Monerans == autotrophic (chemo. or photosynthetic) or heterotrophic (photo. or chemo.)

Table 15.1

Strategies == saprophytic, parasitic, nitrogen fixers or symbionts

Classed as obligate aerobic, facultative anaerobic, or obligate anaerobic

C. Sensory

Monerans by flagella (either by chemo-taxis or photo-taxis)

Figure 15.12

D. Reproduction

Binary Fission

Endospore Formation

Figure 15.13

E. Taxa

1. Bacteria == beneficial to pathogenic

Figure 15.11b Figure 15.15

2. Archae == oldest

Methanogens

Thermoacidophiles

Figure 15.9

F. Uses

IV. Kingdom ProtistanA. General

Characteristics

Protisitans single celled to multi-celled divided intoprotoz

oaand algae.

B. Major Taxa1.

Protozoa

Protozoa = heterotrophs, movement, asexual, and food

2. Algae

a. Single celled algae == autotrophic, pigments & store glucosei. Euglenophyta == chlorophyll &

paramylum

ii. Chrysophyta = golden algae silica shell flagellated, fucoxathin, & oil

Diatoms

iii. Pyrrophyta = red algae B-carotene and xanthophylls, celluloseDinoflagella

tes

b. Multi-celled algae autotrophs seaweeds. i. Chlorophyta chlorophyll, starch,

mutualistic

ii. Phaeophyta brown algae with chlorophylls and xanthophylls, oil, parts (holdfast, stipe, and blades), and alteration of generation

iii. Rhodophyta red algae with chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilin, plus jelly-like agar

iv. Gymnomycota slime molds with phagocytic spores

C. Uses1.

Protozoa2. Algae

V. Kingdom FungiA. General

Characteristics

Fungi == hyphae & mycelium

Septate

Non-septate

Mycelium in nature

Fungi have chitin cell walls -- heterotrophic scavengersSome can be

predatory

or mutualistic.

B. Reproductive Strategies

Asexually via spores, budding, or fragmentation

Sexually via fusion of gametes

C. Major Taxa

1. Phylum Chytridiomycota water molds with flagellated spores, clear sex gametes, chitin cell walls

2. Phylum Zygomycota terrestrial molds, saprobes asexual or sexual, chitin, Food destroyers!

3. Phylum Ascomycota sac-like fungi, asexual or sexual spores and dikaryonic

4. Phylum Basidiomycota. “True shrooms” or club fungi sexual basidiocarp (What you eat!) Dikaryonic

5. Deuteromycota. Odd collection parasitic and fragmenters

D. Uses & Problems

VI. Kingdom PlantaeA. General

Characteristics

Plants == terrestrial autotrophs (aquatic, parasitic, or carnivorous) from Chlorophyta? chlorophyll a and b, starch, cellulose cell walls

B. Reproduction

Plants alternation of generation == gametophyte followed by sporophyte

Which is the dominate expression?

Sporophyte

C. Transition to Land

1. Advantages

2. Disadvantages

1. Increased light2. Increased CO23. Increased minerals

1. Decreased H2O2. Loss of buoyancy3. Seed dispersal

3. Terrestrial Strategies or AdaptationsCuticle,

Stomata,

Root System,

Cell Walls,

and protective seed coverings

D. Major Taxa

Plants == water vs. terrestrial, non-vascular vs. vascular, and non-seedless vs. seedless

1. Bryophyta three phyla = Hepatophyta (liverworts), Anthocerophyta (hornworts), and Bryophyta (mosses). All rootless, leaflets, no conducting cells, horizontal filaments, and dominant gametophyte

a. Pteridophytes == Lycophyta and Pterophyta feathery leaves or pinnae, tracheids, starch in roots, sori, sporophyte

b. Gymnosperms = naked seed Ginkophyta (ginkgos), Cycadophyta (cycads), Gnetophyta (gnetae), and the Coniferophyta (conifers) cone development, cotyledons, tap roots, megaphyll or microphyll leaves, xylem and phloem, and dominant sporophyteGinkophyta

Cycadophyta

Gnetophyta

Coniferophyta

Male Pine cone

Female Pine cone

c. Anthophyta or flowering plants (angiosperms) == monocots (parallel leaf veins and one seed leaf) like lilies, orchids, palms, grasses and grain crops and dicots (netlike leaf veins and two seed leaves) like roses, peas, oaks, and maples. vascular tissue, flowers, and the mature ovary or fruit (simple like a cherry, aggregate like a berry, or multiple like a pineapple)

VII. Kingdom AnimaliaA. General

Characteristics

Animals heterotrophic, glycogen or fat, contractile proteins, sexual, sensory and motility, fixed adult size, developmental patterns, and 35 phyla

The phyla divided by tissue organization, body symmetry, body cavity, and developmental pattern

B. Reproductive Strategies

C. Major Trends

1. Porifera (sponges) sessile with porous bodies, and choanocyte

2. Platyhelminthes (flat worms) rudimentary organ systems and muscle tissue

3. Nemertea (ribbon or proboscis worms) one-way digestive system and a closed circulatory system develops

4. Molluska == polyplacophora (chitons), bivalves (clams and kin), gastropods (snails and slugs), and the cephalopods (octopus and the like) muscular foot, visceral mass, and a mantle True brain!

5. Arthropoda == Arachnida (spiders and kin), Diplopoda (millipedes), Chilopoda (centipedes), Insecta (insects), and the Crustacea (crabs, lobster, etc.). exoskeleton, book lungs, segmented bodies, metamorphic stages, and ability to fly.

Echinodermata (sea stars and their kin) slow moving or sessile creatures have a water vascular system, tube feet, and radial symmetry

6. Chordata phyla. clades groupings (fish, amphibia, reptiles, birds, and mammals)

Chondrichthyes cartilaginous skeleton sharks, skates and rays

Osteichthyes bony fishes

Amphibia (metamorphosis, moist skin)

Reptilia (scaled skin, amniotic eggs)

Aves (feathers, hollow bones & amniotic eggs)

Mammalia (monotremes, marsupials, and placentals)

Biology a voyage worth taking.