hvacr116 – trade skills fundamentals of electricity

HVACR116 – Trade Skills

Fundamentals of Electricity

ATOMS ARE MADE UP OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS AND

ELECTRONS

P N

ELECTRON

PROTONS POSITIVE +NEUTRONS NEUTRAL 0ELECTRONS NEGATIVE -

P

ELECTRON

+

N

0

-

ELECTRONS• ORBIT AROUND THE PROTON

AND NEUTRON• NEGATIVE in CHARGE

P

ELECTRON

+ 0

-

N

THE ELECTRON IS IN CONSTANT ORBIT AROUND

THE PROTON AND NEUTRON

P N

A GREATER ENERGY FORCE EXISTS ON ONE SIDE OF THE ELECTRON THAN THE OTHER

CAUSING MOVEMENT

P N

ACTION FORCE

THE ELECTRON PROVIDES THE ENERGY FOR

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

P N

HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES CAN BE USED TO UNDERSTAND ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES

P1 P2

U-TUBE MANOMETER

PRESSURE DIFFERENCE = FLOW

P1 P2

U-TUBE MANOMETER

VOLTAGE = ELECTRICAL PRESSURE

P1 P2

U-TUBE MANOMETER

P1 > P2 = RIGHTWARD FLOW

P1 P2

FLOW

P2 > P1 = LEFTWARD FLOW

P1 P2

FLOW

PRESSURE DIFFERENCE DETERMINES FLOW RATE

P1 P2

U-TUBE MANOMETER

THE GREATER THE PRESSURE DIFFERENCE, THE GREATER

THE FLOW RATE

P1 P2

FLOW

120 PSI 0 PSI

THE SMALLER THE PRESSURE DIFFERENCE, THE LOWER THE

FLOW RATE

P1 P2

FLOW

120 PSI 24 PSI

THE SMALLER THE PRESSURE DIFFERENCE, THE LOWER THE

FLOW RATE

P1 P2

FLOW

120 PSI 100 PSI

0 PRESSURE DIFFERENCE =

0 FLOW RATE

P1 P2

NO FLOW

120 PSI 120 PSI

VOLTAGE RESULTS WHEN THERE IS AN ABUNDANCE OF ELECTRONS

APPEARING ON ONE SIDE OF AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT COMPARED TO

THE OTHER

+ - - + - - - + + - + - + +

MORE ELECTRONS HERE THAN

HERE

ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE (PRESSURE) IS GREATER ON THE LEFT SIDE THAN ON THE RIGHT

+ - - + - - - + + - + - + +

MORE ELECTRONS HERE THAN

HERE

BECAUSE OF VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL, ELECTRONS WILL

MOVE FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

+ - - + - - - + + - + - + +

MORE ELECTRONS HERE THAN

HERE

FLOW

BECAUSE OF VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL, ELECTRONS WILL

MOVE FROM RIGHT TO LEFT

+ - - + + + - - + - - -

P2 IS AT GREATER

PRESSURE THAN P1

P1 P2

FLOW

BECAUSE OF VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL BEING ZERO (NO PRESSURE DIFFERENCE) THERE

WILL BE NO FLOW OF ELECTRONS

+ - - + - + + - - + - +P1 P2

P1 HAS THE SAME

ELECTRONS AS P2

VOLTAGE: THE FORCE THAT MOVES ELECTRONS THROUGH AN

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

- - - - + - + + + + - +

-

ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE IS THE FORCE THAT MOVES ELECTRONS

THROUGH AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

+ + + + + + - - - - - -

-

VOLTAGEELECTRICAL PRESSURE

• EMF (electro-motive force)

P N P N P N P N

THE ELECTRON PROVIDES THE ENERGY FOR

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

P N P N P N P N

FORCE IS APPLIED TO ONE ELECTRON

P N P N P N P N

ELECTRON IS KNOCKED OUT OF ORBIT AND INTO THE NEXT

ELECTRON

P N P N P N P N

WHICH IS KNOCKED OUT OF IT’S ORBIT INTO THE NEXT

ELECTRON

P N P N P N P N

WHICH IS KNOCKED OUT OF IT’S ORBIT INTO THE NEXT

ELECTRON

P N P N P N P N

WHICH IS KNOCKED OUT OF IT’S ORBIT INTO THE NEXT

ELECTRON

P N P N P N P N

ELECTRICAL CURRENT• FLOW OF ELECTRONS

P N P N P N P N

ELECTRICAL CURRENTFLOW OF ELECTRONS

P N P N P N P N

AMPERAGEELECTRICAL CURRENT

ELECTRICAL VALUES & SYMBOLS

0.0000010.0011.01,0001,000,000

1 millionth1 thousandth1.01 Thousand1 Million

micromilli1.0KiloMega

m1.0KM

SI UNITS

SI UNITS

1K = 1,0000.5K = 5005K = 5000100K = 100,000

1M = 1,000,0000.5M = 500,0005M = 5,000,000100M - 100,000,000

THOUSAND MILLION

SI UNITS

1m = 0.0010.5m = 0.00055m = 0.005100m = 0.100

1 = 0.00000010.5 = 0.000000055 = 0.0000005100 = 0.000100

THOUSANDTH MILLIONTH

E = VOLTAGEI = CURRENTR = RESISTANCE

OHM’s LAW FORMULA

E = VOLTAGE = PRESSUREI = CURRENT = FLOWR = RESISTANCE = RESISTANCE

OHM’s LAW FORMULA

E = CURRENT X RESISTANCEI = VOLTAGE / RESISTANCER = VOLTAGE / CURRENT

OHM’s LAW FORMULA

E

RI

E = VOLTAGEI = CURRENTR = RESISTANCE

E

RI

VOLTS = CURRENT X RESISTANCE

E = VOLTAGEI = CURRENTR = RESISTANCE

E

RI

CURRENT = VOLTS / RESISTANCE

E = VOLTAGEI = CURRENTR = RESISTANCE

E

RI

RESISTANCE = VOLTS / CURRENT

E = VOLTAGEI = CURRENTR = RESISTANCE

E = CURRENT X RESISTANCEI = VOLTAGE / RESISTANCER = VOLTAGE / CURRENT

OHM’s LAW FORMULA

E = VOLTAGEI = CURRENTR = RESISTANCEP = POWER

WATTAGE FORMULA

E = VOLTAGE = PRESSUREI = CURRENT = FLOWR = RESISTANCE = RESISTANCEP = POWER

WATTAGE FORMULA

WATTAGE FORMULA

P = VOLTS X CURRENTP = VOLTSP = CURRENT

2 / RESISTANCE2

X RESISTANCE