honors biology chapter 5 review
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HONORS BIOLOGYCHAPTER 5 REVIEW
#1
• Why is fluid mosaic a good description of the plasma membrane?
• Structures shift in place • Watery hydrophilic heads and
hydrophobic (fatty tails)
#1
Why is the cell membrane called a phospholipid bilayer?
Two layers of phospho heads and fatty acid tails
#2
• Six functions of proteins in a plasma membrane: p.74
• Attach to ECM• Signal transduction• Transport • Intercellular junction• Cell-cell recognition• Enzymatic activity
#3
• Can easily enter• Hydrophobic
molecules (oil soluble):
• O2, N2
• Nonpolar: benzene• Very small uncharged
or small polar molecules: H2O, Urea, glycerol, CO2
• Can NOT easily enter• Large uncharged
Glucose,Sucrose• Polar molecules
sucrose (see OH groups)
• Hydrophilic• Ions (charged) H+ ,
Na+ , HCO3 , K+, Ca2+, Cl-, Mg2+
#4
• 3 types of passive transport• Diffusion-just passing of hi to low• Osmosis-passing of water thru a
selectively permeable memb.• Facilitated – Hi to low through a
protein channel
#5
• What does it mean to go “down the gradient?”
• Move from hi to low concentration• What does it mean to go “against
the gradient?• Move from low to high (with
energy)
#6
• What direction does the water flow if a cell of 4% solutes is placed in:
10% 4% 0%
#6
• What direction does the water flow if a cell of 4% solutes is placed in:
• REMEMBER: HYPO TO HYPER
10% 4% 0%
4%
#7
• What is tonicity?• Measure of osmotic pressure
gradient determined by the solute concentration that cannot cross the selectively permeable membrane
#7
• Note water flows from high water concentration to low (hypo to hyper)
#8 Animal Cells
#8 Plants
#9
How does the contractile vacuole control water in a paramecium?
Contractile vacuole youtube
Water squeezed out of vacuole
#10
• What is an aquaporin?• Integral membrane proteins
moving water• 3 billion more times than
just moving through a regular plasma membrane
#11• Exocytosis and endocytosis are both
active transport.
Protein channels span the membrane.
Endocytosis and exocytosis engulf the particle with the membrane.
#12
– Large liquid receptors
Particle drops specific
#13
• Ability to cause change or do work
• L. energy
• Thermal energy• O. heat
13
• Energy as a result of location or structure• I. potential
• Type of energy released or need in molecules
• N. chemical
#13
• Study of energy transformations• M thermodynamics
• Reaction that releases energy• E. exergonic
#13
• Makes products rich in potential energy
• G. Endergonic• Energy of motion• J. kinetic
#13
• Measure of disorder• B. Entropy
• Energy in the universe is constant• C.1st Law of Thermodynamics
#13
• Energy from exergonic to run endergonic
• K. Energy coupling
• Total of an organism’s chemical reactions
• F. metabolism
#13
• Series of chemical reactions.• A. Metabolic pathway
#13
• Energy conversions increase the entropy• D. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
• Cells use oxygen to release energy from molecules
• H. Cellular respiration
#14
• What does ATP stand for?• Adenosine triphosphate
#15
• What part of the ATP molecule is lost or gained?
• Phosphate
• Is ATP recyclable?
• YES
#16
• Is ATP made by phosphorylation?
• YES ADP + P = ATP
ADP is made by hydrolysis.
ATP = ADP + P
#17
• Is ATP made from exergonic reactions or endergonic?
• Endergonic
#18
• What is activation energy?• Amount of energy needed to get a
reaction going.• Why is this energy needed?• Reactants are stable and bonds
need to be broken or distorted.
#18
• How do enzymes affect the amount of activation energy needed?
• Reduces the activation energy needed
• Why?• Enzyme brings the reactants together.
#19• Why are enzymes called “Biological
catalysts?• They are proteins (biological) and speed
up reactions without changing themselves.
#20
• SKETCH HOW AN ENZYME WORKS:
#21• What is the purpose of the “induced fit” of
an enzyme-substrate complex?• The enzyme slightly changes the shape
of the active site to contort/break substrate bonds.
#22
• Why might too high temperatures make an enzyme not function properly?
• Denature (unravel) the enzyme and change the shape of the active site.
#23• What is the optimal
temperature for most human enzymes?
• 35-40o C
• What is the optimal pH for most enzymes?
• 6-8
#24
• What is the difference between cofactors and coenzymes?
• Cofactors are inorganic and coenzymes are organic.
#25• Sketch an enzyme with a competitive
inhibitor.
#26
• Sketch an enzyme and its substrate with a noncompetitive inhibitor.
#27
• What is an allosteric site?
• A site a substrate binds to other than the active site (an alters the shape of the protein’s active site)
#28
• What is it called if a cell produces more product than it needs and the product act as an inhibitor?
• Feedback inhibition (negative feedback)
#29 MATCH• Inhibits
prostanglandins (sensation of pain)
• Blocks bact. Cell walls
• Blood pressure meds
• Target HIV
Ibuprofen
Penicillin
Beta blockers
Protease inhibitors
#30
#31
• LABEL THE PLASMA MEMBRANE:• Phospho head A1• Cholesterol E• Lipid tail A2• Protein pump G• Carbohydrate chain D• Glycolipid F
#31
• Peripheral protein• Glycoprotein• Phospholipid• Receptor protein• Passive transport
protein
• H
• I• A
• B
• C
32.
• If given the concentrations in and out of dialysis tubing of sucrose solutions predict movement of distilled water.
• 1M• 0.8 M• 0.6 M• 0.4 M• 0.2 M• 0.0 M
32.movement of water
• If given the concentrations in and out of dialysis tubing of sucrose solutions predict movement of distilled water.
• 1M in tube• 0.8 M in tube• 0.6 M in tube• 0.4 M in tube• 0.2 M in tube• 0.0 M in/out
What is the molarity of the potato core? (where line crosses zero line) 0.3M
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