hiv vaccine

60 million people, infected since 198139.5 million people are living with HIV 4.3 million new infections in 2006 Over 28 million have died since 1981 Ten new infections occur every minute

FactsSpecial Features of HIVHuman Immune System ResponseIdeal HIV VaccineCurrent AchievementsProspective

FactsFacts

AIDS kills more people than any other infectious disease Impact on economics Unreliable pharmacotherapy HIV is the best studied pathogen Yet we don’t have any vaccine for it

FactsSpecial Features of HIVHuman Immune System ResponseIdeal HIV VaccineCurrent AchievementsProspective

Special Features of HIV

HIV is highly mutable Genetically diverse

population of viruses Too variable epitopes

of the viral envelope Masking of gp120 High levels of viral replication Long latent period of infection

Special Features of HIV

GP 120

Slide 7.37

FactsSpecial Features of HIVHuman Immune System ResponseCurrent AchievementsAn Ideal HIV VaccineProspective

Human Immune System Response

Humeral immunity

Human Immune System Response

Cell-mediated immunity

FactsSpecial Features of HIVHuman Immune System ResponseCurrent AchievementsAn Ideal HIV VaccineProspective

Current Achievements

Since 2000

30 vaccine versions have been tried Many clinical trials are ongoing in

developing countries Large scale AIDS vaccine

trials could be conducted

Current Achievements

Live Attenuated

Whole Killed

Live Vector

Re-combinant Proteins

DNA Vaccines

Pseudovirion

Vaccine Types

Current Achievements

Whole, Killed HIV

Not under study in primates

No useful immunity

Difficult to maintain viral configuration

Difficult to make large quantities

Live, Attenuated HIV

Studied in non-human primates

Has pathogenic potentiality

Live Vector Vaccines

Phase I and II trials

Inserting HIV or SIV genes into viruses or bacteria

Effective humoral and cellular immune responses

Recombinant Viral Protein Vaccines

Phase III

Uses viral surface

antigens as

immunogens

Uses genetically

engineered bacteria,

yeasts, insects or cell

cultures

Naked DNA Vaccines

Stages I , I/II and II

Synthesizing antigens using

host-cell’s machinery

Presented on the cell

surface with host MHC class

I and class II molecules

Pseudovirions

Pre-clinical trialsVirus-like particlesSelf-assembling,

non- replicating, virus-sized structures

FactsSpecial Features of HIVHuman Immune System ResponseCurrent AchievementsAn Ideal HIV VaccineProspective

An Ideal HIV VaccineAn Ideal HIV Vaccine

SterilizingLong-term controlled infection

Transient Infection

Altruistic vaccine

Epidemiological Aspect

Individual Aspect

An Ideal HIV VaccineAn Ideal HIV Vaccine

Efficacy

Protection from infection

Sterilizing immunity Protection from

disease

Reduction in set point viral loads

Time after infection

Vir

al lo

adIdeal vaccine

Peak

Set point

Sub optimal vaccine

FactsSpecial Features of HIVHuman Immune System ResponseCurrent StandAn Ideal HIV VaccineProspective

Total New Infections Averted By An AIDS VaccineN

ew in

fect

ions

in m

illi

on

Vaccine introduction

Base

Low scenario

Medium scenario

High scenario

Total new infections averted by an AIDS vaccine between 2015-2030

30% efficacy

20% coverage

50% efficacy

30% coverage

70% efficacy

40% coverage

5.5 million

28 million

17 million

28 million

Is an AIDS vaccine really Preparable?

Is an AIDS vaccine really Preparable?

In 1984 researchers predicted that a

vaccine was right around the corner…

INTERNATIONAL HEALTH SECURITY 2007

…..HIV/AIDS threatens the stability of entire

regions and nations…. While there are major

efforts under way to find

a vaccine and to expand access to

affordable treatments, much more still needs to

be done…

What To Do Now?

Conclusions The scale of HIV problem is huge Humanity needs an effective vaccine to end the

pandemic Developing an HIV vaccine is a laborious task HIV vaccines on different stages of trials are

only partially effective The best primary prevention up till now is :

- Health education

- Personal protection

Acknowledgments

Dr. Seyed Mohsen Mahmoodi Dr. Abdel Hamid Elhawary Mr. Mohammad Reza Rahimi Dr. Rizwana Sheikh

THANK THANK YOU!!!YOU!!!

You Can Visit My Website: www.mahmoodi.org