higher plant diversitystaff.unila.ac.id/.../vascular-seedless-plant-diversity.pdf · ·...
Post on 14-Apr-2018
220 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Vascular
Plant
Diversity
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
Cladogram of Plant
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
Non-vascular plants
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
Vascular Seedless Plants
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
Vascular Seed Plants
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
Vascular Plant
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
Vascular Seedless Plants
Cormophyta
Fase sporofit lebih dominan, umumnya
menghasilkan 2 macam sporangia
Memiliki strobila (strobilus, jamak)
sebagai organ reproduksi
Daun dapat dibedakan menjadi sporofil
dan tropofil
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
Vascular Seedless Plants
1. Rhyniophytes (†)
2. Lycophytes
3. Equisetales
4. Marrattiales
5. Ophioglossales
6. Psilotales
7. Polypodiales
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
1. Rhyniophytes
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
2. Lycophytes
Memiliki struktur endarch protoxylem pada akar
Memiliki struktur exarch protoxylem pada batang
Memiliki daun sporofit yang disebut lycophyll
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
2. Lycophytes
Homospor dan sebagian heterospor
Terbagi atas:
Lycopodiacceae (±300 spesies)
Selaginellacceae (±700 spesies)
Isoetacceae (±150 spesies)
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
Lycopodiophyta homosporic taxa
A.
Huperzia lucidula, a species with unspecialized reproductive organs.
B.
Lycopodium clavatum, a species with strobili.
C.
Huperzia lucidula, showing sporangia in axils of leaves, with no specialized cones.
D.
Lycopodium annotinum, strobilus close-up, showing sporophylls.
E.
Lycopodium clavatum, sporophylls removed from strobilus, showing sporangia having lateral dehiscence, adaxial view (left) and abaxial view (right).
F–G.
Lycopodium squarrosum, a large epiphytic lycopod with pendant branches and specialized strobili (at G ).
H.
Phylloglossum drummondii, a small, cormose lycopod.
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
Lycopodiophyta heterosporic taxa
A.
Selaginella bigelovii, with isomorphic leaves. B.
Selaginella apoda, with dimorphic leaves.
C,D.
Selaginella sp.
C
Close-up of dimorphic leaves.
D.
Close-up of ligule, adaxial side of leaf base.
E–G.
Selaginella sp., reproductive.
E.
Strobilus longitudinal section, showing sporophylls,
megasporangia, and microsporangia.
F.
Close-up of microsporangium,
containing microspores.
G.
Close-up of megasporangium, containing megaspores.
H,I.
Isoetes howellii.
H.
Plants growing in vernal pool.
I.
Close-up of male and female sporangia, containing
microspores and megaspores, respectively.
J.
Isoetes orcutii, showing sporophylls with
basal microsporangia or megasporangia.
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
3. Equisetales
ribbed stems these often associated with internal
hollow canals
reduced, whorled leaves that are usually marginally
fused
sporangiophores, each of which consists of a peltate
axis bearing pendant longitudinally dehiscent
sporangia
photosynthetic spores with elaters
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
A,B.
Equisetum hyemale.
A.
Vegetative stem. Note ridged stem and whorled microphylls.
B.
Stem longitudinal section, showing central hollow pith and septum at nodes.
C.
Stem crosssection of Equisetum sp., showing central, hollow pith and peripheral, vallecular
canals.
D,E.
Equisetum laevigatum, a scouring rush, aving photosynthetic, generally unbranched aerial stems.
F.
Sporangiophore, with several pendant sporangia.
G,H.
Spores, each with four
elaters.
G.
Elaters coiled.
H.
Elaters uncoiled
I–L.
Equisetum arvense, a horsetail, with dimorphic aerial stems.
I,J.
Sterile, photosynthetic stems with whorls of lateral branches.
K.
Reproductive, nonphotosynthetic aerial stem, lacking whorls of branches and terminating
in a strobilus.
L.
Strobilus close-up, showing
sporangiophore
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
4. Marrattiales
Mirip dengan Polypodiales
Terdiri atas 6 genus
Mempunyai daun pinnate yang lebar atau memiliki
daun bipinnate
Sporangia terletak di permukaan abaxial
Tipe sporangia: eusporangiate, yang berfusi menjadi
struktur yang disebut synangium
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
5. Ophioglossales
Also known as Ophioglossidae, or ophioglossoid ferns,
consist of a few genera of fernlike plants.
Unique in that each leaf (or frond ) consists of a
sterile segment, which contains the photosynthetic
blade or lamina, and a fertile segment.
Unbranched roots that lack root hairs
The most common genera of the Ophioglossales are
Botrychium, commonly called grape fern or moonwort,
and Ophioglossum, commonly called adder s tongue
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
6. Psilotales
Also known as psilophytes, whisk fern
Plants are often epiphytic, having mycorrhizal
symbiotic associations. All psilophytes lack true roots.
The leaves of psilophytes are very reduced and peglike
and may lack a vascular strand, in which case they are
termed enations.
The sporangia (which, like the Ophioglossales, could
be termed eusporangia) are two- or three-lobed, which
is interpreted as a synangium, a fusion product of two
or three sporangia
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
7. Polypodiales
also known as Filicales or Pteridales or leptosporangiate
ferns
have a horizontal stem which is usually underground but
may sprawl at ground level
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
Vascular seedless plants based on spore
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
Equisetum debile Marsilea crenata Lycopodium sp.
Paku homospora Paku peralihan Paku heterospora
Referensi
Biggs, A., Hagins, W.C., Holliday, W.G., Kapicka, C.L., Lundgren, L., MacKenzie, A.N., Rogers, W.D., Sewer, M.B., Zike, D. 2008. Biology Glencoe Science. Columbus: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V., Jackson, R.B. 2009. Biologi Ninth Edition. Boston: Benjamin Cummings.
Simpson, Michael George. 2006. Plant Systematics. Canada: Elsevier Academic Press Publications.
Singh, Gurcharan. 2010. Plants Systematics. India: Science Publisher.
Solomon, E.P., Berg, L.R., Martin, D.W. 2008. Biology 8th Edition. Belmont: Thomson Brooks.
priyambodo@fmipa.unila.ac.id staff.unila.ac.id/priyambodo
top related