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Phylum HemichordataPhylum HemichordataHemichordata (hemi = half; chordata= cord)� acorn worm� entirely marine� adults show 3 of 4 basic characteristics:
1) pharyngial pouches2) dorsal tubular nerve chord3) tail
� evolutionary link between echinoderm and chordates � ciliated larvum resembles tornaria larvum of echinoderms
Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata� Subphylum Urochordata
(uro = tail; chordata= cord)
� Subphylum Cephalochordata(cephalo = head; chordata= cord)
� Subphylum Vertebrata(vertebrate = backbone)
Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
� All exhibit four chordata characteristics:– 1) dorsal tubular nerve cord– 2) notochord– 3) pharyngial pouches– 4) tail
� Deutrostomes – chordates & echinoderms
Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Urochordata• sea squirts or tunicates• notochord present only in free-swimming
larvum• notochord does not extend into head• larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding• adult is sessile filter feeder
Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Urochordata
• sea squirts or tunicate
• Campbell p 631
•Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence. Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.
Subphylum CephalochordataSubphylum Cephalochordata� “head” cord� lancelet or Amphioxus� notochord present throughout life –extends into head region� shallow marine waters� chordate characteristics developed and apparent in adult� tail has blocks of muscles called myotomes� adults resemble tunicate larvum
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
General Characteristics:General Characteristics:� chordates with a backbone� exhibit cephalization� closed circulatory system� neural crest (p. 633)
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Agnatha (without jaws)� lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/
rasping tongue� hagfish – mainly scavengers� no paired appendages� larvum resembles lancelet
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)� flexible endoskeletons of cartilage
strengthened by calcium granules� sharks (internal fertilization)
– oviparous – egg laying– ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch within the uterus
– viviparous – young develop in the uterus� suspension-feeders (plankton)
Phylum HemichordataPhylum HemichordataHemichordata (hemi = half; chordata= cord)� acorn worm� entirely marine� adults show 3 of 4 basic characteristics:
1) pharyngial pouches2) dorsal tubular nerve chord3) tail
� evolutionary link between echinoderm and chordates � ciliated larvum resembles tornaria larvum of echinoderms
Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata� Subphylum Urochordata
(uro = tail; chordata= cord)
� Subphylum Cephalochordata(cephalo = head; chordata= cord)
� Subphylum Vertebrata(vertebrate = backbone)
Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
� All exhibit four chordata characteristics:– 1) dorsal tubular nerve cord– 2) notochord– 3) pharyngial pouches– 4) tail
� Deutrostomes – chordates & echinoderms
Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Urochordata• sea squirts or tunicates• notochord present only in free-swimming
larvum• notochord does not extend into head• larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding• adult is sessile filter feeder
Subphylum UrochordataSubphylum Urochordata
• sea squirts or tunicate
• Campbell p 631
•Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence. Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.
Subphylum CephalochordataSubphylum Cephalochordata� “head” cord� lancelet or Amphioxus� notochord present throughout life –extends into head region� shallow marine waters� chordate characteristics developed and apparent in adult� tail has blocks of muscles called myotomes� adults resemble tunicate larvum
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
General Characteristics:General Characteristics:� chordates with a backbone� exhibit cephalization� closed circulatory system� neural crest (p. 633)
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Agnatha (without jaws)� lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/
rasping tongue� hagfish – mainly scavengers� no paired appendages� larvum resembles lancelet
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)� flexible endoskeletons of cartilage
strengthened by calcium granules� sharks (internal fertilization)
– oviparous – egg laying– ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch within the uterus
– viviparous – young develop in the uterus� suspension-feeders (plankton)
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Chondrichthyes(cartilaginous fishes)
� Rays & skates� Bottom feeders – mollusks &
crustaceans� Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs
(defense)
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Chondrichthyes(cartilaginous fishes)
� Rays & skates� Bottom feeders – mollusks &
crustaceans� Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs
(defense)
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Osteichthyes(bony fishes)
� Endoskeleton of hard calcium phosphate matrix� Operculum- protective flap� Swim bladder – controls buoyancy
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Amphibia(“two lives”)
� first tetrapods� transition to land – still tied to water for
respiration and reproduction� Gills � lungs (metamorphosis)� Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Reptilia (Campbell, p. 644)(to creep)
� lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila monsters, crocodiles, alligators� first true land animal� Scales, lungs, amniotic egg� no feathers� cold-blooded – ectotherms – (energy
conservation)
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum VertebrataFossil links…………� Evolutionary link ?? between reptiles and
birds: Archaeopteryx , a Jurassuc bird-reptile� Clawed forelimbs� Teeth� Long tail w/ vertebrae
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Aves (bird)
� feathered� few flightless: ostrich, kiwi,
emu� breastbone with keel – carina –
permitting flight� jays, sparrows, warblers, etc
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Mammalia (breast)� Hair or fur of keratin� Active metabolism = endothermic� Efficient respiration w/ diaphragm� Efficient circulation w/ 4-chambered
heart� Layer of fat� Mammary glands, tooth differentiation
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Mammalia (breast)
� Monotremes – egg-laying mammals (Platypuses & echidnas – spiny anteaters)� Placental mammals� Marsupial mammals – kangaroo, opossum