heribert picht, jennifer draskau term introduction

E p i s o d e T h r e e 1 9 6 7

E p i s o d e F o u r 1 9 7 1

E p i s o d e F i v e 1971-2

E p i s o d e S i x 1 9 7 2

E p i s o d e S e v e n 1 9 7 4

E p i s o d e E i g h t 1 9 7 6

E p i s o d e N i n e 1 9 7 8

E p i s o d e Ten 1 9 7 8

E p i s o d e E l e v e n 1 97 9 E p i s o d e T w e l v e 1 9 8 0

E p i s o d e T h i r t e e n 1 9 8 0

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R e t r o s p e c t S w a l e s P r o s p e c t S w a l e s I n d e x

J o h n J. H i g g i n s , " H a r d F a c t s ( N o t e s o n T e a c h i n g E n g l i s h t o S c i e n c e S t u d e n t s ) " J o h n S w a l e s , W r i t i n g S c i e n t i f i c Enq- - l i s h J. R. Ewer a n d E. H u g h e s - D a v i e s , " F u r - t h e r Notes o n D e v e l o p i n g a n E n g l i s h Programme f o r S t u d e n t s of S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y " J o h n E. L a c k s t r o m , L a r r y S e l i n k e r a n d L o u i s P . T r i m b l e , "Grammar a n d T e c h n i - c a l E n g l i s h " J. P. B . A l l e n a n d H. G. Widdowson, " T e a c h i n g t h e C o m m u n i c a t i v e U s e o f E n g l i s h " M a r t i n B a t e s a n d Tony D u d l e y - E v a n s , N u c l e u s G e n e r a l S c i e n c e M . K . P h i l l i p s a n d C. C. S h e t t l e s - w o r t h , "How to Arm Your S t u d e n t s : A C o n s i d e r a t i o n o f Two A p p r o a c h e s t o P r o v i d i n g Materials f o r ESP" Karl D r o b n i c , James H e r b o l i c h , P a u l F a n n i n g a n d P h i 1 S k e l d o n , " T e a c h i n g a n d L e a r n i n g Materials" James B . H e r b o l i c h , "Box Kites" T. F . J o h n s a n d A. D u d l e y - E v a n s , "An E x p e r i m e n t i n T e a m - t e a c h i n g o f O v e r - s e a s P o s t g r a d u a t e S t u d e n t s o f T r a n s - p o r t a t i o n a n d P l a n t B i o l o g y " J o h n Moore e t a l . R e a d i n g a n d T h i n k i n g i n E n g l i s h - D i s c o u r s e i n A c t i o n Tom H u t c h i n s o n a n d A l a n W a t e r s , "ESP a t t h e C r o s s r o a d s " E l a i n e T a r o n e , S h a r o n Dwyer, S u s a n G i l l e t t e a n d V i n c e n t I c k e , "On t h e Use o f t h e P a s s i v e i n Two A s t r o p h y s i c s J o u r n a l P a p e r s "

JENNIFER DRASKAU

HERIBERT PICHT AND JENNIFER DRASKAU: TERMINOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION

T h i s i n t r o d u c t o r y c o u r s e i n t e r m i n o l o g y h a s f i n a l l y come o u t . T h e r e h a s b e e n a d e f i n i t e g a p i n t h e E n g l i s h t e r m i n o l o g y l i t e r a - t u r e f o r a h a n d b o o k / c o u r s e b o o k w h i c h t h e p r e s e n t work w i l l v e r y a p t l y f i l l . I t owes i t s o r i g i n t o a number o f r e s i d e n t i a l c o u r s e s h e l d o v e r t h e y e a r s i n Denmark, V e n e z u e l a a n d E n g l a n d f o r v a r i o u s i n t e r n a t i o n a l t a r g e t g r o u p s . T h e c o u r s e h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d i n r e v i s e d w r i t t e n f o r m b y The U n i v e r s i t y o f S u r r e y , w h e r e a s e m i n a r w a s h e l d by t h e two a u t h o r s i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 9 8 5 . T h e s u g g e s t e d t a r g e t g r o u p s a r e s t u d e n t s a i m i n g a t a p p l i e d l a n g u a g e d e g r e e s a n d d i p l o m a s i n t r a n s l a t i o n .

To g i v e you a n i d e a o f t h e s c o p e o f t h i s 265-page b o o k i n A 4 - f o r - mat I s h a l l d e s c r i b e a n d d i s c u s s t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e m a i n c h a p - ters i n o r d e r o f a p p e a r a n c e .

I LANGUAGE FOR GENERAL PURPOSES (LGP) - LANGUAGE FOR SPECIAL PUR- POSES (LSP) T h i s i n t r o d u c t o r y c h a p t e r d raws t h e l i n e be tween LGP and LSP f rom a f u n c t i o n a l and communica t ive - a n g l e . I t l o o k s a t t h e s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f SLs by means o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l l i n g u i s t i c l e v e l s and then d e s c r i b e s q u a l i t i e s o f t h i s k i n d f rom a f u n c t i o - n a l p o i n t o f v i e w , i . e . a n s w e r s t h e q u e s t i o n w h a t SLs a r e needed and u s e d f o r . The a u t h o r s a l s o t a k e up a few s p e c i a l p o i n t s such a s s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n and l a n g u a g e p l a n n i n g and a r g u e p e r s u a s i v e l y f o r t h e i r j u s t i f i c a t i o n i n an LSP c o n t e x t . The d i d a c t i c d i f f e r e n - c e s be tween LSP and LGP t e a c h i n g a r e a l s o c l e a r l y i l l u s t r a t e d . The f i n a l a i m o f t h i s c h a p t e r i s t o a n c h o r t e r m i n o l o g y f i r m l y i n t h e framework of LSP and show i t s i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y n a t u r e .

I1 DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATE-OF-THE-ART OF TERMINOLOGY I N RESPECT OF THEORY, RESEARCH AND PRACTICAL WORK g o e s smoothly on t o t h e h i s t o r i c a l background o f t e r m i n o l o g y , i t s n o n - l i n g u i s t i c o r i g i n s and i t s p r a g m a t i c a ims . The no-nonsense m o t i v a t i o n of t e r m i n o l o g i c a l work i s c l e a r l y m a n i f e s t e d a s w e l l a s t h e f a c t t h a t t e r m i n o l o g i e s a r e i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o o l s f o r a s p e c i a l s u b j e c t a r e a . The a u t h o r s s tress Wiis ter ' s supreme i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e p r e s e n t s t a g e o f t e r m i n o l o g y and g i v e a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e main compo- n e n t s o f t h e g e n e r a l t h e o r y of t e r m i n o l o g y ( s e m a n t i c s , l e x i c o l o - g y , l e x i c o g r a p h y , l o g i c , i n f o r m a t i o n & d o c u m e n t a t i o n , s t a n d a r d i - z a t i o n and t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of new d i s c i p l i n e s and t h e i r a p p l i c a - t i o n s ) . The main s c h o o l s o f t e r m i n o l o g i c a l t h o u g h t a r e commented on ( t o o ) b r i e f l y , t h e a u t h o r s t a k i n g t h e s t a n d t h a t wha t i s com- monly a g r e e d upon i s f a r more i m p o r t a n t t o p r a c t i c a l work than wha t i s d i s a g r e e d a b o u t . An e v a l u a t i o n i s g i v e n o f t h e i m p a c t o f t e r m i n o l o g i c a l t h i n k i n g and t h e new t e c h n o l o g y on t h e q u a l i t y o f l e x i c o g r a p h i c a l work. The c h a p t e r r o u n d s o f f by p r e s e n t i n g an e x h a u s t i v e l i s t o f a s s i g n m e n t s f o r b o t h t h e o r e t i c a l and p r a c t i c a l t e r m i n o l o g y work.

I11 THE CONCEPT I N THE THEORY OF TERMINOLOGY I n t h i s c h a p t e r we e n t e r t h e f u n d a m e n t a l c o n c e p t u a l ne twork o f t h e t h e o r y o f t e r m i n o l o g y . The q u e s t i o n "wha t i s t h e c o n c e p t " i s t r e a t e d t h o r o u g h l y . I n d i v i d u a l c o n c e p t s a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d from g e n e r a l c o n c e p t s . I n t e n s i o n and e x t e n s i o n a r e d i s c u s s e d by means o f i l l u s t r a t i v e examples a s . w e l l a s t h e emergence o f new c o n c e p t s t h r o u g h t h e c o m b i n a t i o n of e x i s t i n g c o n c e p t s . A b a l a n c e d ove rv iew is g i v e n o f p o s s i b l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f c o n c e p t u a l c h a r a c t e r i - s t i c s and t h i s i s f o l l o w e d up w i t h an e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e p r a g m a t i c i m p o r t a n c e of t h e c h o i c e o f c o n c e p t u a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . D e f i n i t i o n s a r e f i r s t d i s c u s s e d from a t h e o r e t i c a l a n g l e . The v a r i o u s t y p e s a r e e x e m p l i f i e d and t h e i r i n h e r e n t a s s e t s and draw- b a c k s a s s e s s e d . Good e x a m p l e s g i v e a c l e a r i d e a of f a u l t y d e f i n i - t i o n s and a l s o o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f w r i t i n g a p p r o p r i a t e o n e s . I t i s made c l e a r t h a t c o n c e p t s and d e f i n i t i o n s a r e n o t s t a t i c pheno- mena b u t open t o u p d a t i n g and r e v i s i o n . I t a l s o becomes a p p a r e n t t h a t d e f i n i t i o n s s h o u l d n o t be s t u d i e d i n i s o l a t i o n b u t a s p a r t s o f a sys t em of d e f i n i t i o n s w i t h i n a c o n c e p t u a l ne twork .

I V TYPES OF RELATIONS BETWEEN CONCEPTS, SYSTEMS OF CONCEPTS AND THEIR REPRESENTATION The c e n t r a l n o t i o n o f t e r m i n o l o g y , t h e sys t em o f c o n c e p t s , i s e l a b o r a t e d on i n t h i s c h a p t e r . The c o n s t r u c t i o n oE a c o n c e p t sy - s t e m is t r e a t e d f rom t h e a n g l e o f c l a s s i f y i n g c r i t e r i a and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s . The t y p e s o f r e l a t i o n s ( l o g i c a l , o n t o l o g i c a l and

o t h e r s ) a r e d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l and t h e i r u s e i n b o t h mono- and p o l y h i e r a r c h i c and mixed s y s t e m s i s w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h exam- p l e s f rom s e v e r a l l a n g u a g e s . We a l s o o b t a i n a good i d e a of how v a r i o u s f o r m s o f g r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n c a n be u s e d t o s u p p o r t a v e r b a l d e s c r i p t i o n . The c o n c l u s i v e r e m a r k s summarize t h e main p o i n t s o f t h e c h a p t e r and s t r e s s t h e c o n c r e t e b e n e f i t s o f t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f c o n c e p t s y s t e m s .

V THE TERM Here we move t o t h e s u r f a c e l e v e l o f t e r m i n o l o g y , t h e a c t u a l l i n - g u i s t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f c o n c e p t s . The r e l a t i o n s h i p be tween c o n c e p t and term i s expanded on f rom d i f f e r e n t t h e o r e t i c a l ang- les . Terms a r e s t u d i e d i n t h e ne twork o f c o n v e n t i o n a l i z e d s i g n s and as e l e m e n t s i n a s y s t e m o f t e r m s - t h e t e r m i n o l o g y o f a p a r - t i c u l a r s u b j e c t f i e l d . Monosemy, polysemy, synonymy, e q u i v a l e n c e and homonymy a r e d i s c u s s e d a s t y p e s o f t e rm-concep t r e l a t i o n s and t e r m i n o l o g i z a t i o n , compounding, d e r i v a t i o n , c o n v e r s i o n , l o a n w o r d s a n d a b b r e v i a t i o n s a s means o f t e rm- fo rmat ion .

T h e s e t e c h n i c a l a s p e c t s a r e f o l l o w e d by recommenda t i o n s o f w h a t s h o u l d be k e p t i n mind when new terms a r e formed. The recommenda- t i o n s a r e b a s e d on p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e and i n c l u d e s u c h r u l e s o f thumb a s t h a t t h e terms m u s t b e w e l l - m o t i v a t e d , s y s t e m a t i c , g r a m m a t i c a l l y c o r r e c t , p o t e n t i a l l y p r o d u c t i v e , s h o r t , and n o t h a v e c o n f u s i n g synonyms - a l l t h i s w i t h o u t f o r g e t t i n g t h e s o c i o - l i n g u i s t i c s i d e o f t h e m a t t e r ( u s e r a t t i t u d e s and i n t e r n a t i o n a l a s p e c t s ) .

V 1 TERMINOGRAPHY The LSP v a r i a n t 9 f l e x i c o g r a p h y i s d i s c u s s e d f rom a c o n t r a s t i v e a n g l e . The m e r i t s o f a s y s t e m a t i c o r d e r i n g o v e r a n a l p h a b e t i c o r d e r i n g o f LSP a r e b r o u g h t f o r w a r d . The d a n g e r s o f b a d l y p l a n n e d mu1 t i - l i n g u a l d i c t i o n a r i e s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d a n d p r o p e r work ing m e t h o d s i n t r o d u c e d . The p r o b l e m s o f c o n c e p t u a l n o n - e q u i v a l e n c e o r p a r t i a l e q u i v a l e n c e be tween l a n g u a g e s a c e d e s c r i b e d a s w e l l a s t h e e x i s t e n c e o f " f a l s e f r i e n d s " i n m u l t i l i n g u a l t e r m i n o l o g i e s . V i s i o n s o f t e r m i n o g r a p h i c a l p r o d u c t s i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e a r e o u t - l i n e d a t t h e end o f t h e c h a p t e r .

V 1 1 TERMINOLOGICAL DATA BANKS i s t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e p r a c t i c a l " h a n d s o n " p a r t o f t h e book - p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l - s u i t e d f o r t h o s e who a r e engaged i n a c t u a l t e r m i n o l o g y work. Here a s h o r t h i s t o r y i s g i v e n o f t h e o r i g i n of d a t a b a n k s . The main p r o b l e m s o f d a t a b a n k s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d - t h e i r s i z e , ne twork ing c a p a b i l i t y , m u t u a l c o m p a t i b i l i t y , q u a l i t y i s s u e s e t c . DANTERM - t h e D a n i s h t e r m bank- - i s d i s c u s s e d a s a c a s e s t u d y .

V 1 1 1 MODELS AND METHODS OF PRACTICAL TERMINOLOGY WORK The p r a c t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t i n u e s . I t i s g i v e n s y s t e m a t i c a l l y a n d c o n c e r n s h e r e t e r m i n o l o g i s t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t p r o f e s s i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d s , work ing methods and t e c h n i q u e s , economic a s p e c t s and mode l s f o r CO-ope,ra t i o n .

I X STANDARDIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY Here t h e a im i s t o c l e a r up some g e n e r a l m i s c o n c e p t i o n s a b o u t s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n and t h e n d e s c r i b e how i t i s d o n e , f o r w h a t pu rpo- se and where , and w h a t t h e l e g a l s t a t u s of s t a n d a r d s is. The t y - p e s oE s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n a r e l i s t e d a n d , i n p a r t i c u l a r , s t a n d a r d s r e l a t i n g t o p r i n c i p l e s and me thods a r e d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l . The o r g a n i z a t i o n of I S 0 ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r S t a n d a r d i z a - t i o n ) is e x p l a i n e d f rom t h e p o i n t o f view o f i t s working methods.

X TERMINOLOGY AND INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION ( I & D ) T h i s c h a p t e r l o o k s a t t h e i n t e r f a c e s between t e r m i n o l o g y and I & D , a t t e r m i n o l o g y a s t h e t o o l of communica t ion i n I & D and a t I & D a s t h e t o o l o f t e r m i n o l o g y .

Again t h e a p p r o a c h is v e r y p r a g m a t i c . T e r m i n o l o g i c a l documents a r e d e s c r i b e d and t h e t y p e s of d o c u m e n t a t i o n e l a b o r a t e d on. The d i f f e r e n t p h a s e s of t h e work a r e e x e m p l i f i e d a n d t h e i n s t i t u t i o - n a l framework f o r t e r m i n o l o g y d o c u m e n t a t i o n i s e x p l a i n e d . Authen- t i c documents s u p p l y f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n .

X I ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK AND CO-OPERATION I N THE FIELD OF TER- MINOLOGY The n e c e s s i t y f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o - o p e r a t i o n comes o u t c l e a r l y i n t h i s c h a p t e r t h a t s e t s o u t to i l l u s t r a t e t h e v a r i o u s f o r m s of co - o p e r a t i o n t h a t e x i s t a t t h e moment. E v a l u a t i v e a n d somewhat sub- j e c t i v e comments a r e i n c l u d e d a b o u t t h e e f f i c i e n c y and f u t u r e p r o s p e c t s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n v a r i o u s t e r m i n o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t i e s . I n f o r m a t i o n o f t h i s k i n d c a n n a t u r a l l y soon became ou tda t e d .

The Nord ic c o u n t r i e s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d as a c a s e - s t u d y model o f f u n c t i o n i n g c o - o p e r a t i o n and o f s y s t e m a t i c t e r m i n o l o g y work i n d i f f e r e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s .

X I 1 THE TRAINING OF TERMINOLOGISTS T h i s f i n a l c h a p t e r i n c l u d e s s u g g e s t i o n s f o r t a r g e t g r o u p s o f ter- minology t r a i n i n g and t h e p o s s i b l e c o n t e n t s o f t r a i n i n g . c o u r s e s and t h e i r i n t e g r a t i o n i n s t u d y programmes.

I t s h o u l d become c l e a r f rom t h e above t h a t TERMINOLOGY: AN INTRO- DUCTION p r o v i d e s a w e a l t h of i n f o r m a t i o n f o r anybody who w a n t s t o know a b o u t t h e w o r k i n g s of t e r m i n o l o g y . I t c a n b e used b o t h a s a t e x t b o o k and a handbook. The c e n t r a l i s s u e s o f t e r m i n o l o g i c a l t h e o r y a r e t h o r o u g h l y t r e a t e d and w e l l e x e m p l i f i e d . A r e a s t h a t have been c o n s i d e r e d more p e r i p h e r a l f rom t h e p r a g m a t i c a n g l e o c c a s i o n a l l y g e t a f a i r l y c u r s o r y t r e a t m e n t w h i c h l e a v e s t h e r e a - d e r w i t h t h e f e e l i n g of n o t g e t t i n g an a n s w e r t o a l l t h e q u e s - t i o n s p rovoked by t h e t e x t .

The l e c t u r e c o u r s e o r i g i n o f t h e book i s a g r e a t a s s e t and makes t h e book w e l l - p l a n n e d , s y s t e m a t i c and p l e a s a n t to r e a d . F u r t h e r e d i t i n g c o u l d have g i v e n a more p o l i s h e d and s t r e a m l i n e d f i n i s h , b o t h a s r e g a r d s t h e t e x t and t h e l a y - o u t o f t h e examples . The r e a d e r c o u l d a l s o b e n e f i t more f rom t h e handbook c h a r a c t e r i f t h e work had been s u p p l i e d w i t h a s u b j e c t i n d e x , f u l l c r o s s - r e f e r e n - c e s and some " s u g g e s t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r r e a d i n g " . The l e v e l ( f rom t h e t e x t b o o k a n g l e ) i s p i t c h e d s o t h a t some knowledge o f b a s i c l i n g u i s t i c c o n c e p t s i s r e q u i r e d b u t , on t h e o t h e r hand, t h e o v e r - a l l p r a g m a t i c touch e n s u r e s t h a t t h e work i s c o m p r e h e n s i b l e f o r a t e r m i n o l o g i c a l l y o r i e n t a t e d n o n - l i n g u i s t a s w e l l .

TERMINOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION i s an i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e f i e l d and i t s h o u l d b e o f v a l u e t o anyone c o n c e r n e d w i t h t e rmino- l o g i c a l a c t i v i t i e s w h e t h e r o f t h e o r e t i c a l o r p r a c t i c a l n a t u r e .

The book i s o b t a i n a b l e .from t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S u r r e y , Depar tmen t o f L i n g u i s t i c and I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t u d i e s , GUILDFORD, SURREY, GU2

5XH, ENGLAND a t t h e cos t o f P o u n d s 15 p e r c o p y + p o s t a g e ( b u l k o r d e r s o f o v e r 6 c o p i e s a t P o u n d s l 2 e a c h ) . I S B N 0 9510943 1 9

KRISTA VARANTOLA

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED:

ARBEJDSPAPIRER 4 u d s e n d t a £ I n s t i t u t f o r L i n g v i s t i k , Kmbenhavns U n i v e r s i t e t . December 1 9 8 4 , ISSN 0109-2537. R e d a k t i o n : J e n s Elme- g & r d R a s m u s s e n ( a r t i c l e s i n E n g l i s h a n d D a n i s h o n l i n g u i s t i c t o p i c s ) .

FINLANCE, The F i n n i s h J o u r n a l o f L a n g u a g e L e a r n i n g a n d L a n g u a g e T e a c h i n g , v o l . 111. 1984 . E d i t e d b y L i i s a K o r p i m i e s , L a n g u a g e C e n t r e f o r F i n n i s h U n i v e r s i t i e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f J y v E s k l B ' , F i n l a n d (Theme o f v o l . 111: L a n g u a g e T e s t i n g ) .

GERMANISTISCHE LINGUISTIK 3-6/84. Olms V e r l a g h e r a u s g . H e r b e r t E r n s t W i e q a n d . S t u d i e n z u r N e u h o c h d e u t s c h e n L e x i k o q r a p h i e V: H a n s - . P e d e r ~ r o i a n n / ~ h e i s R i i b e r / P o u l R o s b a c h . U b e r l e g e g u n g z u Grund- f r a g e n d e r z w e i s p r a c h i g e n L e x i k o g r a p h i e .

WALTHER VON HAHN - FACHKOMMUNIKATION, 1 9 8 3 , v o n Walter d e G r u y - ter. Entwicklung/Linguistische K o n z e p t e - B e t r i e b l i c h e B e i s p i e l e .

TOOLS FOR THE TRADE, T r a n s l a t o r s a n d t h e C o m p u t e r E d i t e d by Ve- r o n i c a Lawson. ISBN 0 / 8 5 l 4 Z - l 8 0 - 6 , 1 9 8 5 .

COMPUTERS, LANGUAGE LEARNING AND LANGUAGE TEACHING K h u r s h i d Ahmad, G r e v i l l e C o r b e t t , Marqare t R o q e r s a n d R o l a n d S u s s e x . N e w D i r e c t i o n s i n L a n g u a g e ~ e a c h i n ~ , c a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s : EdL tors: Howard B. Al t rnan a n d P e t e r S t r e v e n s .

WT~~SI:NSCIIAF'TLlCIIL SCHRIFTRElHE D E R TECHN[SCIIFN IIOCIISCHIJLE KARI- . - - . - - . - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - --p - - - -. - - - - - MARX-!iTAi)T-14/1984. . - . - - - - - - K e t h o d e n d c r F a c h s p r a c h l i c h e n F r e r n d s p r 2 c h e n a u s b i l d u n g . T e l l T E Ger .hard F j s c h e r .

SPRAK OG SPRAKUNDERVISNING-LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE TEACHING. LANDS- LAGET M.ODERNE SPRAK. Modern L a n g u a g e A s s o c i a t i o n o f Norway. N r . 2 / 3 1 985. TSSN 0038-8521. Temanurnmer: O v e r s e t t e l s e , Theme number : T r a n s l a t i o n ( a r t i c l e s i n E n g l i s h , N o r w e g i a n , German ) .

GERMANISTISCHE ARBEITSHEFTE: FACHSPRACHEN- E i n e E i n f i i h r u n g . D i e - - t e r MBhn/ R o l a n d P e l k a . N i e m e y e r , T i i b i n g e n 1 9 8 4 . ISBN 3-484- 25130-1.

ELC OCCASIONAL PAPERS Number 2 . P r e p a r e d by J a n e t McAlp in a n d J u d i t h W i l s o n Ed. P i e r s H o r e y . E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e C e n t r e , K i n g Ab- d u l a z a z U n i v e r s i t y , C o l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g , J e d d a h , S a u d i A r a b i a , 1 984.

ENGLISH TODAY. Ed. Tom M c A r t h u r , C o n s u l t i n g E d i t o r , D a v i d C r y s t a l ET 3 J u l y - S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 5 . I n c l u d e s a r t i c l e s o n t h e l a n g u a g e o f h i g h t e c h n o l o g y , g r a m m a r i n s c h o o l s ( D a v i d C r y s t a l ) a n d a n ABC o f W o r l d E n g l i s h .