hazards in workplaces
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HAZARDS INWORKPLACE
Gordon Nyakiti
Kenya School of Agriculture
P.O. 190910100
Nyeri
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INTRODUCTION
Occupationalanything connected with a personsjob or profession
Healthstate of being physically and mentally fit
Safetystate of being safe and protected form
danger or harm
Occupational health and safety - is health and
safety that is connected with a persons job or
profession.
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WORKPLACE HAZARDS
DefinitionHazard - is any condition or situation that has
potential for causing harm or damage to
exposed persons or property.
Risk- the probability/likelihood of
occurrence of an adverse effect from a
substance on pple or environment combined
with the magnitude of the consequence ofthat adverse effect.
Dangeroussituation or condition whose
risk is high.
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EFFECTS OF
OCCUPATIONAL/WORKPLACE
HAZARDS
Occupational accidents which result
into personal injury, death and damageto properties.
Occupational diseases and other workrelated diseases
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RECOGNISING HAZARDSHazards may be easily recognized in 3ways
Five common senses
Using modern work environmentmonitoring tools.
Experience
Hazards not recognized cannot be evaluated
and controlled
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1. Five Senses
Sense ofsmell alerts a person to thepresence of a wide range of chemicals and
other substances.
Sense ofhearing alerts one to the presence
of high levels of noise or defect in machinery
Heat and cold can be recognized through
feeling
Eyesight is a very important in identifyinghazards through observation.
Taste can enable one to recognize a
problem in what is being taken orally.
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TYPES OF HAZARDS
Hazards are often grouped into six types asfollows.
Mechanical hazards
Physical hazards
Chemical hazards
Biological hazards Physiological/ergonomics hazards
Psychological/ social factors
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Mechanical hazards Machines that are unguarded, poorly
designed, or manufactured, or
maintained.
Mobile machines-traffic accidents
Poorly designed Tools and Equipments
Condition of floors and gangwaysUnprotected workstations at a height
Poor house keeping
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Mechanical hazards.The direct causes of the accidents include
the following;
contact with dangerous rotating parts of
machines,
trappings by in running nips of
machinery,
entanglement,
explosions,
ejections,
falls of persons and hit by falling objects
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PHYSICAL HAZARDS.
These are forms of energies;
Noise-noise induced hearing loss and ear
irritation Vibration- vibration white fingers (dead hand) Ionizing Radiation- x-rays, gamma rays-
leading to mutation and cancers
Non-ionizing Radiation - UV
eye arc-cataracts
Light- glare- eye strain
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PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Extreme hot temperatures- heat stress, heatexhaustion
Extreme cold temperatures- frost bite
High Pressures and low Pressures
decompression sickness.
Electrical energies- electrocution, electric fog
and electric shock
Adverse health effects may occur as a result ofexcessive exposure to the above forms of
energies.
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Chemical hazardsChemical substances can be found in
the work environment in the following
states; solids, dust, liquids, gases,
vapours, mists, fumes etc.
Examples of chemicals used at work
are; pesticides, insecticides solvents,
fertilizers, metals, acids, alkalis etc
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Routes of access to bodySkin absorption.
Ingestion
Inhalation
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Effects of exposure.
Local effects such as burns or irritation
at the point of contact.
It can also be transported to other partsof the body and affect the body system.
The body response may be immediate ortake a long time.
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Effects to health Irritation
Asphyxiation (oxygen starvation)
Systemic poisons eg lead
Nervous system in various ways.Cancers eg benzene cause leukaemia
and asbestos causes cancer of the
lungs (Mesothelioma).Allergic reaction
Possible damage the reproductive
system and non-heritable birth defects
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Other effects
Explosions e.g. solvents, cooking gas,
petrol may cause fire
Environmental damage. Harm livingorganisms such as plants, animals,
insects, fish etc
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Biological hazards
Bacteria Viruses
Moulds- found on hay and baggase
Animals bites and kicks Animal products-
Plants- such as pollen
Insect bites- eg bee and wasp
Vegetable dust- cotton dust and sisal
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Physiological/ergonomics
hazards
Work station design Badly positioned switches Work organization-shift work etc
Heavy weights- strength to task
Wrong lifting postures
Monotonous work
Underage-child labour
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Psychological/ social
factors Ignorance
Over/under supervision
Poor human relations
Long working hours Inadequate training and instruction
Terms and conditions of employment
Sexual harassment
Violence
Drug abuse
Stress
Personalizing issues
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END
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