harbor communities monitoring study bart croes, p.e. chief, research division california air...
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Harbor Communities Monitoring Study
Bart Croes, P.E.Chief, Research Division
California Air Resources Board
September 19, 2007
Air Pollution and Premature DeathCalifornia estimates for 2005
Pollutant Annual Deaths*
PM2.5 13,000 to 22,000
PM10 1000 to 2000
Ozone 800
Toxic AirContaminants
400
* At least a factor of two uncertainty.
California’s Disproportionate Air Pollution Exposure
California41%
Rest of Nation59%
8-Hour Ozone(U.S. standard = 80 ppb)
California63%
Rest of Nation37%
Annual PM2.5(U.S. standard = 15 µg/m3)
Population-weighted and minus National Ambient Air Quality standard (NAAQS), based on 2000-2002 data.
Declining PM2.5 Levels
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
PM
2.5
ma
ss (
µg
/m3 )
South Coast San Joaquin Valley
State Standard National Standard
Regional PM2.5 Hot SpotsBased on South Coast AQMD measurements
Courtesy of Dr. Michael Jerrett, UC Berkeley
Stationary and mobile sourcesStationary sources only
Local Diesel PM Hot SpotsBased on air quality modeling
Preliminary results from ARB Planning and Technical Support Division
Harbor Communities Monitoring Study - Goals
Assess community exposure
• Measure local pollution “hot spots”• Test low-cost easy-to-use monitors• Determine impacts of local versus
regional sources• Establish baseline for Goods Movement
Emission Reduction Plan effectiveness
Study Design
• Harbor Communities– Wide range of pollution sources– Residential neighborhoods impacted
• Complementary monitoring tools– East-to-use “passive” monitors– Particle counters– Mobile monitoring platform
• Measure each season– PM2.5 health effects driven by annual average– Air toxic cancer risk based on long-term exposure– Meteorology varies by season
Objective: Test whether affordable, non-pump driven “passive” samplers are sensitive and accurate enough for community use
• Can they detect gradients?
• Can they accurately predict yearly averages from four months of one-week samples?
“Passive” Sampler Network(Prof. Eric Fujita, Desert Research Institute)
Ogawa passive samplers for NOX, NO2, and SO2
(thumb size in cup shield)
Radiello passive samplers for H2S, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, BTEX, and 1,3-butadiene
(size of a roll of pennies)
AirMetric Minivol PM2.5 Sampler(20” long by 7” in diameter)
Seven-day Time-integrated Samplers
Particle Counter Network(Dr. Katharine Moore and
Prof. Constantinos Sioutas, USC)
• Objective
– Determine local versus regional sources,
weather and seasonal impacts, etc.
• Network of 13 particle counters
– Particle number dominated by “ultrafine”
particles (<0.1µm)
– Ultrafine particles good indicator of combustion
– February through November, 2007
USC Equipment
Particle counter
Free-standing weather-proof shelter with tripod on top (for weather station)
SLB
NLB
DRI Core
DRI Core + continuous
SCAQMD
DRI Passive only
Port of Los Angeles
Port of Long Beach
WBC
R_1
OCN
HUD
BFL
W710E710
SE
R_4
R_2
R_3
R_5
R_6
FS49SWIL
R_11
R_9
E110
R_10
B47
R_8
LBPWR_7
TITPLHP
LBOH
LBIHSLB
NLB
DAES
WILM
SPPS
USC
Mobile Monitoring Platform(Kathleen Kozawa, Air Resources Board
Professor Arthur Winer, UCLA)
Objective: Find air pollution “hot spots” using Toyota RAV4 Electric Vehicle instrumented with real-time monitors
• Are they consistent throughout the day, week, and year?
• Can the sources by identified?
Measurement Parameters• Particles
– PM2.5 mass– black carbon (BC)– particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons– number and size distribution
• Gases– carbon dioxide (CO2)– carbon monoxide (CO)– nitrogen oxides (NOX, NO, NO2)– total volatile organic compounds (VOC)
• Meteorology– Wind speed and direction, T, RH
• Traffic documentation and location
Basis for Route Selection
• Sources– Ports– Freeways– Refineries– Rail yards– Heavy-duty diesel
truck traffic on surface streets
• Route Development– Source locations,
prevailing winds – Community input – Low-income
neighborhoods– Traffic counts– Dispersion modeling– Electric vehicle
range, road access
Residential Route:Identifying Pollution “Hot Spots”
Carson Residential
Near ICTF
Santa Fe West
Santa Fe EastWilmington NW
Wilmington NE
Wilmington SE
Wilmington SW
= Low Income Areas = Petroleum Refinery
Effect of Location on “Hot Spots”Sample Day 1 – Fall 2006 pilot study
0
1
2
3
4
5
Near I
CTF
Carso
n Res
ident
ial
Santa
Fe
East
Santa
Fe
Wes
t
Wilm
ingto
n NE
Wilm
ingto
n SW
Wilm
ingto
n NW
Wilm
ingto
n SE
San P
edro
Eas
t
Bla
ck C
arbo
n (u
g/m
3)
AM PM
Effect of Location on “Hot Spots” Sample Day 2 – Fall 2006 pilot study
0
1
2
3
4
5
Near I
CTF
Carso
n Res
ident
ial
Santa
Fe
E
Santa
Fe
W
Wilm
ingto
n NE
Wilm
ingto
n SW
Wilm
ingto
n NW
Wilm
ingto
n SE
San P
edro
Eas
t
Bla
ck C
arbo
n (u
g/m
3)
AM PM
Effect of Road Type and Time of Day Single sample day – Fall 2006 pilot study
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Freeway Surface Streets Residential
Bla
ck C
arb
on
(u
g/m
3)
am pm
Preliminary Results(Fall 2006 pilot study and Winter 2007)
• Monitoring Tools– Easy-to-use monitors less expensive/good accuracy
compared to standard methods (for 1-week averages)– Hold promise as community screening tool
• Pollution Exposure– Increased pollutant levels in AM relative to PM– Large day-to-day, week-to-week, seasonal variability– Higher week-to-week than location-to-location
variability in levels of most pollutants– Data from remaining three seasons needed for more
health relevance and definitive conclusions
Preliminary Results(Fall 2006 pilot study and Winter 2007)
• Sources of Pollution– Higher PM2.5 occurred when regional
contributions were apparently significant– Higher pollutant levels closer to roadways,
especially for diesel-related emissions– Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide highest
downwind of Conoco Refinery, but no corresponding increase in air toxics
Study Status
• Completed monitoring– February-March, May-June, August 2007
• Upcoming monitoring– November 2007
• Complete study results available in 2008– Focus on health relevance and sources
• New studies– Community deployment of easy-to-use monitors in
West Oakland (Prof. Manual Pastor, USC)– Develop low-cost PM2.5 monitor based on smoke
alarm technology (Prof. Kirk Smith, UC Berkeley)
Acknowledgments– Air Resources Board: Steve Church, Pablo Cicero-Fernandez,
Kevin Cleary, Mike FitzGibbon, Ying-Kuang Hsu, Chris Jakober, Whitney Leeman, Steve Mara
– Desert Research Institute: Barbara Zielinska, Brooks Mason, Anna Cunningham, Judith Chow, Steven Kohl, Barbara Hinsvark, Brenda Cristani
– Port of Long Beach– Port of Los Angeles– South Coast Air Quality Management District: Phil Fine, Chung
Liu, Jean Ospital– Toyota Motor Corporation– University of Nevada, Reno: Pat Arnott– University of Southern California: Scott Fruin, Meg Krudysz,
Payam Pakbin, Neelakshi Hudda, Andrea Hricko– Community Monitoring Location Hosts: Balthasar Alvarez, Dan
Berns and the Berns Company, City of Los Angeles, City of Long Beach, John Cross, Los Angeles Fire Department Battalion 6, Jesse Marquez, Orange County Nursery, Southern California Edison, Superior Electrical Advertising, Inc., Westside Baptist Church, other community volunteers
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Further Information
www.arb.ca.gov/research/mobile/hcm/hcm.htm
Leon Dolislager at (916) 323-1533 or ldolisla@arb.ca.gov
Bart Croes at (916) 323-4519 or bcroes@arb.ca.gov
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