grid applications€¦ · o nissan leaf o nissan evalia o mitsubishi outlander o psa ion (1) o psa...

Demonstrating how electric vehicles can support our power system.

Grid Applications

Bjoern Eske Christensen, Nuvve Corp. 1

We Have A Problem: Air Pollution And Climate Change

November 27, 2018 Parker End Seminar - Grid Applications 2

China

83 million Chinese are expected to die of lung disease in the

next 25 years.

India

13 of the 20 most polluted cities in the world *

1.2 million deaths annually due to air pollution in India**

*World Health Organization (WHO)

**Greenpeace India Report

San Francisco (last week)

A town of 20,000 wiped out 11,000 structures destroyed 77 people dead; 700+ still missing

Paradise, California (Wildfire)

Solution: We Need Renewables And Electric Vehicles

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+

Renewable Is Now Cheaper Than Traditional Power

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Renewable Is Already Beating Natural Gas Generation

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Traditional Power

Renewables Need Storage To Replace Traditional Power Plants

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Renewables Storage

6% 94%

Renewables Traditional Power

IEA - Outlook 2017 – 2030 For EVs

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Car Manufactures And Countries Are Committed To EV’s

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… And Something Is Happening

Tesla Breaks Into America’s Top 10

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Uni-Directional And Bi-Directional Electric Vehicles

Charge

Charge Discharge

The EV can be used for more than transportation services (Energy Services)

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Telephone Telephone Text

Video E-mail Camera Money Vault …….

iPhone

Definition Of Grid Applications

Charge Discharge

Charge Discharge

Grid Applications Behind-the-Meter Applications

Charge

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Nikola Service Catalog 1.0

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Vehicle Grid Integration (VGI) Unidirectional and Bi-directional

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Parker Service Catalog 2.0 - (VGI) Unidirectional(V1G) and Bi-directional (V2G)

Aggregator

Grid Services

Energy to/from

Electric Grid

Parker Reference Configuration

OCPP based protocol

Bi-directional

Energy Flow

VSL VSL VSL

VSL Vehicle System Link Software – Software Defined Charging Station Control signals Bi-directional energy flow

Bi-directional energy flow

CHAdeMo 2.0

Standardized protocol

Distributed Energy

Storage VSL

Bi-directional energy flow

CHAdeMo 2.0

Standardized protocol

VSL

15

Services Tested In Parker

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Marginal CO2 Emission Factor

The service does not depend on V2G and does not have high

requirements to activation time (informally: smart charging)

A service that seek to support low-emission energy production by postponing

charging to hours with the lowest marginal emission (gCO2/kWh)

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https://www.electricitymap.org

Service – Marginal Emission Factor

Requested

and

provided

power

Absolute

difference

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Frequency Containment

May utilize V2G and requires a fast power response (150 sec down to 5 sec depending on the specific

product provided)

An ancillary service that support the system balance by providing a fast response to deviations in system

frequency according to a predefined droop function

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Cross-Brand Test Frequency Containment 1 Continental Europe Regional group

Requested

and

provided

power

Absolute

difference

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Cross-Brand Test Frequency Containment 2 Nordic Regional group

Requested

and

provided

power

Absolute

difference

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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100 103 106 109 112 115 118 121 124 127 130

Re

spo

nse

in

mil

li W

att

Seconds

DK1 FNR - Car Responses - Time Shift = 5 seconds

Req Power Response Outlander Response LEAF Response Evalia Response iOn

Cross-Brand Test Frequency Containment 2 (zoomed) Nordic Regional group

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Parker Has Demonstrated Scaling In Different Dimensions

1. Number of cars scaling (10+) – Frederiksberg Forsyning

2. Service scaling (4)

o DK2 FCR-N

o DK1 FCR Primary Regulation

o DK1 – aFRR (LFC) - Secondary Regulation

o CO2 mitigation

3. Duration scaling

360 hours

continuous operation

4. EV brand scaling (4)

o Nissan Leaf

o Nissan Evalia

o Mitsubishi Outlander

o PSA iOn (1)

o PSA iOn (2)

5. Battery size/type scaling

o 30 kWh

o 24 kWh

o 16 kWh

o 12 kWh

7. Information scaling

~50 GB data collected

6. Scaling Synchronous Areas

o Nordic Grid

o Continental Grid

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Business Cases – Calculated Values

FCR-D DK2 Service – 14 hours per weekday and 48 hours in weekends @9.25 kW

FNR DK1 Service – 14 hours per weekday and 48 hours in weekends @ 9.25 kW

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Participants:

• Utility company – domestic gas, tap water, district heating and sewage

• Approximately 100.000 Residents • Part of greater Copenhagen

Frederiksberg Forsyning - Worlds First Fully Commercial V2G Hub

Cars Charging Stations

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BRP TSO Aggregator Project Leader

- 10x Nissan eNV200 electric Vans - 10x ENEL V2G units (bidirectional 10 kW) - Used mainly for maintenance and service tasks. - Driving usage hours = Work day 07:00 – 16:00 - Frequency Regulation 16:00 – 06:00 weekdays; 2X 24 hours weekends

Customer

Aggregator

Grid Tjenester

Energi til/fra

Elnettet

Frederiksberg Forsyning (FF) Configuration

OCPP baseret protokol

Bi-Directional

Energy Flow

VSL Vehicle System Link Software – Software Defined Charger Control signals Two-way energy flow

Distribueret Energi

Lager VSL

Bi-directional energy flow

CHAdeMo 2.0

Standard protocol

VSL VSL VSL VSL VSL VSL VSL VSL

26

VSL

BRP

DK2 FCR-N Availability Payments 2017 – 2018 Prices varies from year to year and within year

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133 133 117 127

110

68 90

119

158 188 189

151 117 117

83 82 82 81 111

140

225 206

359

476

207

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

EU

R/m

on

th/c

ar

FCR-N Revenues per car, Denmark

Total monthly (EUR/car)

Frederiksberg Forsyning - FCR-N Revenues Per Car Bid

Avg: 1,860 EUR / CAR / year

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Frederiksberg Forsyning - FCR-N DK2 Revenues 2017 – 2018

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14 hours per weekday and 48 hours in weekends @9.25 kW

Barriers – Most Are In Process Of Being Addressed*

TECHNICAL

MARKET

REGULATORY

TARIFFS AND TAXATION

o TWO-WAY ENERGY LOSS o LONG DURATION FREQUENCY BIAS o POTENTIAL BATTERY DEGRADATION

o MARKET MODELS FOR AGGREGATORS

o SETTLEMENT METERS

o PRE-QUALIFICATION

o ENERGY TARIFFS AND TAXATION

* Except taxation – Net Billing or Net Metering

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

o OCPP AND IEC 15118

SUMMARY – The V2G Solution Is Scalable

1. Number of aggregated EVs

2. Multiple grid services

3. Multiple OEM brands

4. Two TSO regions

5. Multiple Battery Sizes

6. Duration

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SUMMARY – The FF V2G Solution Work And Is Profitable

1. Technology works and is reliable

2. There is a market

3. Business cases can be made

4. Customer accepts the solution

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10 Nissan e-NV-2001 V2G EVs at Frederiksberg Forsyning

100 Hours of V2G commercial operation per EV per week

13,000 Hours of V2G commercial operation since September 6, 2016 for one EV

130,000 Hours of V2G commercial operations for 10 X Nissan e-NV200

130,000 kWh returned to the grid = 21 one family houses consumption per year

130,000 kg CO2 emission saved

€1,860/Year average per car/year, market participation revenue generated

World’s First Commercial V2G Operation - Denmark

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