grammar handbook

Grammar Book Carlota Davis

Table of Contents 1. Preterite 2. Trigger Words 3. Car Gar Zar 4. Spock 5. Cucaracha6. Snake Verbs 7. Snakey Verbs 8. Imperfect 9. Trigger Words 10. Irregulars 11. Preterite vs. Imperfect 12. Ser vs. Estar

13. Verbs like Gustar 14. Comparatives/ Superlatives 15. Transition/Connecting Words 16. Future 17. Trigger Words 18. Irregulars 19. Por/Para 20. Por Expressions 21. Para Expressions 22. Beginning of Semester 2

Table of Contents (Second Semester)

• Conditional Tense • Present Perfect • Past Perfect • Subjunctive Perfect• Tan and Tanto • Saber vs. Conocer• Impersonal Se • Informal (Tu)

Commands • Formal Commands • DOP Placement • IOP Placement

• Nosotros Commands • Mono Verbs • How to form the subjunctive • What is the Subjunctive?• Subjunctive Irregulars • Triggers for Subjunctive • Expressions of Emotion • Conjunctions of Time • Demonstratives (nouns and pronouns)

Prederite

AR a amos asteo aron

ER/IR i imos isteio ieron

Pretérito Trigger Words

Ayer por la mañana: Yesterday morning

Ayer: Yesterday

Anteayer: Day before yesterday

El miércoles : On Wednesday

El otro día: The other day

Una vez: One time/Once

Esta noche: Tonight

Entonces: ThenDesde el primer momento: From the first moment

A las ocho: At 8 o'clock

El día anterior: The day before

Una vez: One time/Once

Hace dos días: Two days ago

Durante dos siglos: During two centuries

El lunes pasado: Last Monday

Car Gar Zar Verbs that end in Car in the Preterite change the c to qu in the yo form

Verbs that end in Gar in the Preterite change the g to gu in the yo form

Verbs that end in Zar in the Preterite change the z to c in the yo form

busqué buscamosbuscastebuscó buscaron

crucé cruzamoscruzastecruzó cruzaron

jugué jugamosjugastejugó jugaron

IR

DAR

SER

VER

HACER

Spock HandIrregular Preterite

Forms Fui Fuiste FueFuimos Fueron

DiDiste Dio Dimos Dieron

Hice Hiciste Hizo HicimosHicieron

Vi Viste Vio Vimos Vieron

Cucaracha Verbs

Andar anduvEstar estuv Poder pud Poner pus

Querer quisSaber sup

Tener tuv Venir vin

Conducir condujProducir produjTraducir traduj

Decir dijTraer traj

Snake Verbs

Pedí Pedimos Pediste Pidió Pidieron

Snake verbs change in the third person preterite. They change from an i to an e.

Snakey Verbs

Leí Leímos Leíste Leyó Leyeron

Snakey Verbs are verbs that in the preterite change from an i to a y in the third person singular and plural.

Imperfect

ARaba

abas aba

abamos aban

ER/IRia

ias ia

íamos ían

Imperfecto Trigger Words

Siempre: AlwaysTodos los días/ Cada día:

Every day

Cada mes: Every month

Mientras: While

Nunca: Never Generalmente:

GenerallyA veces: Sometimes

Muchas veces: Many times

Frecuentemente: Frequently

A menudo: Often

Casi siempre: Almost always

De vez en cuando: Occasionally

En aquella epoca: At that time

Por un rato: For awhile

Varias veces: Several times

Imperfect Irregulars

Iriba

ibas iba

íbamos iban

Serera

eras era

erámos eran

Verveía

veías veía

veíamosveían

OriginEstar

HE

L

PI

N

G

Emotion

Location

iendo ando

Health

Present Condiction

Ser

D

P

E

D O

C

T

ORD-Description O- Occupation C-Characteristics T- Time O- Origin R- RelationshipP- Possession E-Event D- Direction

Verbs Like Gustar

When gustar and verbs like gustar are

followed by one or more verbs in the

infinitive the singular form of gustar or a

verb like gustar is used.

Aburrir Encantar Faltar Fascinar Importar Interesar Molestar QuedarCaer bien/mal Disgustar Hacer falta Procupar Soprender Aptecer

“A” comes before the subject of the

sentence when a verb like gustar is being

used. Example: A Adela le enconta la musica de

Shakira.

Comparatives/SuperlativesSuperlatives=definite

article+noun+mas(menos)+adjective+de

Example: Felipe es el chico más inteligente

en la clase.

Comparatives Más… que- more

than Menos… que- less

than Tan…como- as…as

Tanto…como- as much

Example: Ana es más alta que Jessica.

Transition/Connector Words

Aunque- even though

Tambien- also

Mientras- while

A pesar de- in spite of

Por lo tanto- therefore

Pero- But Sin embargo/ no obstante-nevertheless

El Futuro Yo- infinitive+é

Tu- infinitive+ás

El/Ella/Usted- infinitive+á

Nosotros- infinitive+emos

Vosotros- infinitive+éis

Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas- infinitive+án

Future Trigger Words

En el futuro

En el futuro

Próximo

Mañana

Future Irregulars Dar-dir Hacer- har Poner- pondr Salir- saldr Tener- tendr Caber- cabr

Valer- valdrPoder- podrQuerer-querSaber- sabr Haber- habr Vendir- vendr

PorPORtal- Passing through PORtugal- general rather than specific location PORever- how long something lasts PORpuse- the cause of something imPORT/exPORT- an exchange I am POR, pay for me- doing something in place of or instead of something else transPORtation- a means of transportation

Surprise PARAty- for whom something is done PARAguay- destination PARAchute- the purpose for which something is done PARAdon me- the express an opinion comPARA- the compara or contrast PARAmedic- to express idea of deadline

Para

Por Expressions • POR ADELANTADO- IN ADVANCE • POR AHORA- FOR NOW • POR ALLÍ- AROUND THERE • POR AQUÍ- AROUND HERE • POR FAVOR- PLEASE • POR EJEMPLE- FOR EXAMPLE • POR DESGRACIA- UNFORTUNATELY • POR COMPLETO- COMPLETELY • POR LO TANTO- CONSEQUENTLY • POR MI PADRE- AS FOR ME • POR OTRA PARTE- ON THE OTHER HAND • POR SUERTE- FORTUNATELY • POR TODAS PARTES- EVERYWHERE • POR TODOSLADIAS- ON ALL SIDES • POR ÚLTIMO- FINALLY

Para Expressions • Para siempre- forever • Para abajo- downward • Para que?- Why? • Para variar- just for a change • Para que- so that, in order to • Para esa época- by that time • Estar para- to be about to • Para entonces- by that time• Para detrás- backward • Para otra vez- for another occasion • Ser tal para cual- be two of a kind • Para adelante- forward

Semester 2

Conditional

Conjugations

• ía • ías • íamos• íais• ían

Used to express possibility, probability, wonder, and would, should, could.

Caber

Decir

Hacer

Haber

Poder

QuererSaber

PonerSalir

Tener

Valer

Venir

Irregulars

Present Perfect Tense he hemos

has habéis

ha han

Perfect Tense is used to say have or has.

It is contructed by using the auxiliary verb

(haber) and then the past participle.

Example- He comiendo

(I have eaten)

Haber + past participle

Irregulars abrir (to open) - abierto

cubrir (to cover) - cubiertodecir (to say) - dicho)

escribir (to write) - escritofreír (to fry) - frito

hacer (to do) - hechomorir (to die) - muertoponer (to put) - puesto

resolver (to resolve) - resueltoromper (to break) - roto

ver (to see) - vistovolver (to return) - vuelto

Past Perfect Tense

Drop the infinitive ending (-ir, -er, or –ar) Then for an ar verb add ado, or for an er/ir verb add ido.

Irregulars (same as present) abrir (to open) - abierto

cubrir (to cover) - cubiertodecir (to say) - dicho

escribir (to write) - escritofreír (to fry) - frito

hacer (to do) - hechomorir (to die) - muertoponer (to put) - puesto

resolver (to resolve) - resueltoromper (to break) - roto

ver (to see) - vistovolver (to return) - vuelto

Example- El restaurante esta abierto. (The restaurant is open)

Subjunctive Perfect Tense

Indicates an action that is completed with verbs in the present or future tense.

Comercomo - o = comcom + a = comacom + as = comascom + a = comacom + amos = comamoscom + áis = comáiscom + an = coman

Haber - Haya - Hayas- Haya- Hayamos- Hayan

Tan and Tanto

When comparing things that are equal using adjectives or adverbs, use tan

tan+ adjective or adverb+ como

When comparing actions, use tanto

Tanto (-a,-as,-os)+ noun+ como

When comparing things that are equal using nouns, use tanto

Verb + tanto + como

Knowledge of facts or information

Knowledge of a noun (person, place, or things)

Saber Conocervs.

Example- Carlos sabe mucho información sobre perros.

Example- Carlos conoce Nina.

Impersonal Se Using impersonal se is a way to avoid being specific about, or towards a subject.

The verb is ALWAYS in the third person when using the impersonal se.

The impersonal se can be used in all tenses. Present, Preterite, Future, subjunctive, conditional, ect.

Example- Aquí, se habla español.

Example- Se vende fruta en la frutería.

Tu Commands

Regular - Go to the tu form - Drop the “s”

Irregulars - di - haz -ve -pon -sal -se -ten -ven

Regular - Go to the yo form - change to the

opposite vowel ending - add an “s”

Irregular - TVDISHES

NegativeAffirmative

Formal CommandsRegular- Go to yo form, then change

to the opposite vowel ending

Irregulars- TVDISHESDar-deEstar- esteIr- vaya Ser- seaSaber- sepa

*For ustedes add an “n” to the end of the verb.*

Regular- Go to yo form, then change to the opposite vowel ending

Irregulars- TVDISHESDar-deEstar- esteIr- vaya Ser- seaSaber- sepa

*For ustedes add an “n” to the end of the verb.*

NegativeAffirmative

DOP Placement Affirmative Commands

-The DOP is to be attached to the end of the verb. -It is also necessary to add an accent over the first syllable.

Example- Cómpralas.

Negative Commands - The DOP is to be placed in front of the command- No accent marks need to be added.

Example- Compra una bolsa.

IOP Placement

Affirmative - IOPs go after the verb

Example- Comprelo me

Negative - IOPS go before the verb

Example- Me lo compre

Nosotros Commands

Affirmative - Go to the nosotros form

of the verb- Change to the opposite

vowel ending Example- ¡Comemos!

*Irregulars are TVDISHES

Negative - Go to the nosotros form

of the verb. - Change to the opposite

vowel ending - Add the word no before

the verb Example- No comemos

allí.

Mono Verbs

In nosotros commands, in order to add a DOP, the

“s” is dropped off of the end of the

commandThen “nos” is added to

the end Example- Sentémonos

How to form the Subjunctive

Step 1

•Start off with the present tense yo form of the verb

Step 2

•Take off the o

Step 3

•Add the opposite ending (made like a formal command )

What is the Subjunctive?

What is the Subjunctive?

Wishing or Waiting

Doubt disbelief

Impersonal expressions Uncertainty Negation

God/Grief

Irregulares for Subjunctive

IrVaya VayasVaya

VayamosVayan

SaberSepa SepasSepa

SepamosSepan

SerSea

Seas seaSeamos

Sean

HaberHaya

Hayas Hayamos

Hayan

EstarEste EstesEste

EstemosEsten

DarDé Des Dé

DemosDen

Triggers for the Subjunctive

Triggers for the Subjunctive

Two independent clauses

Two different subject tenses

The word queEs necesario que

Es importante que

Impersonal Expressions

conviene que es importante que es bueno que

es aconsejable

que

es imposible que es difícil que es mejor que puede ser que

es dudoso que es fácil que ojalá que es incierto

que

es fantástico que

es improbable que

es increíble que

es probable que

Expressions of feeling or emotion

• alegrarse de que- to be happy that• es bueno que- it's good that• es conveniente que- it's convenient

that• es difícil que - it's hard• es extraño que- it's strange that• es fácil que - it's easy• es increíble que - it's incredible that• es interesante - it's interesting that• es inútil que- it's useless that (there's

no point)• es justo que - it's fair that• es (una) lástima que- it's a pity that• es malo que - it's ( too) bad that• es mejor que- it's better that• es peor que- it's worse that• es preferible que- it's preferable that

Expressions of doubt

• es dudoso que- it is doubtful that• es imposible que- it is impossible that• es improbable que- it is improbable

that• es posible que - it is possible that• es probable que- it is probable that• negar que- to deny• no es cierto que- it is not certain that• no es claro que - it's not clear that• no es evidente que- it is not obvious

that• no es obvio que- it is not obvious that• no es que- it's not that• no está seguro que- it is not certain

that• no es verdad que- it is not true that• tal vez -perhaps

Conjunctions of Time

- así que as soon as - cuando when - despues de que after - en cuanto as soon as- hasta que until - luego que as soon as - tan pronto como as soonas

These conjunctions are often used with the subjunctive.

They are used in the indicative mood, when they are used is sentences when the action is in the past tense.

Demonstratives este (this one - masculine)estos (these ones - masculine)esta (this one - feminine)estas (these ones - feminine)ese (that one - masculine)esos (those ones - masculine)esa (that one - feminine)esas (those ones - feminine)aquel (that one over there - masc.)aquellos (those ones over there - masc.)aquella (that one over there - fem.)aquellas (those ones over there - fem.)- Example- Este libro (This book) - Ese libro (That book)- Aquel libro (That book over there)

Demonstrative adjectives describe the noun.

Example of demonstrative adjective-Carlos lee este revista.

Demonstrative pronouns takes the place of the noun.

Example of demonstrative pronoun- Carlos lee este.