globalization key issue: why are different places similar?
Post on 18-Dec-2015
230 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
GlobalizationGlobalization
Key Issue: Why are different places Key Issue: Why are different places similar?similar?
GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION
Definition: force or process that involves the Definition: force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.worldwide in scope.
The scale of the world is SHRINKING!!The scale of the world is SHRINKING!! People are able to share ideas, objects, and People are able to share ideas, objects, and
innovations faster than ever!!innovations faster than ever!! Example: Internet, TV, Cell phones, PlanesExample: Internet, TV, Cell phones, Planes
DID YOU KNOW
The Pre-modern WorldThe Pre-modern World 11stst agricultural revolution agricultural revolution
Involved a transition from Involved a transition from hunter-gather groups to hunter-gather groups to agricultural-based agricultural-based minisystemsminisystems Began in Neolithic PeriodBegan in Neolithic Period Between 9000- 7000 B.C.E.Between 9000- 7000 B.C.E. Key developments:Key developments:
slash- and-burn agriculture slash- and-burn agriculture
Needed certain geo Needed certain geo settingssettings
Aka: Hearth AreasAka: Hearth Areas
Main Hearth RegionsMain Hearth Regions Middle EastMiddle East
Fertile crescentFertile crescent Tigris and Euphrates RiverTigris and Euphrates River
South AsiaSouth Asia Ganges PlainGanges Plain Brahmaputra, Indus, and Irrawaddy Brahmaputra, Indus, and Irrawaddy
riversrivers
ChinaChina Huang He River/ ValleyHuang He River/ Valley
AmericasAmericas MesoamericaMesoamerica Arizona/ New MexicoArizona/ New Mexico AndesAndes
ImplicationsImplications Allowed high pop densitiesAllowed high pop densities Change in social organizationChange in social organization SpecializationSpecialization Barter and trade emergedBarter and trade emerged
Early EmpiresEarly Empires
World-empire:World-empire: Group of mini-systems Group of mini-systems
that have been that have been absorbed into a absorbed into a common political systemcommon political system Wealth flows from Wealth flows from
producer class to elite producer class to elite through taxes or tributesthrough taxes or tributes
Best know, longest Best know, longest lasting:lasting:
EgyptEgypt GreeceGreece ChinaChina ByzantiumByzantium RomeRome
Early EmpiresEarly Empires Brought two new elements to Brought two new elements to
the evolution of the world’s the evolution of the world’s geographiesgeographies Colonization
Physical settlement in a new Physical settlement in a new territory of people from a territory of people from a colonizing statecolonizing state
Law of diminishing returnsLaw of diminishing returns
Clearest example: RomeClearest example: Rome Also led to developments in Also led to developments in
GeographyGeography
UrbanizationUrbanization Towns and cities became Towns and cities became
essential as centers of essential as centers of administration for early world-administration for early world-empiresempires Gave rise to monumental Gave rise to monumental
capitalscapitals
Most successful world-Most successful world-empiresempires GreeceGreece RomeRome
Size and sophisticationSize and sophistication
Geography of the Pre-Modern Geography of the Pre-Modern WorldWorld
1400 C.E.1400 C.E. Dominant CentersDominant Centers
ChinaChina Northern IndiaNorthern India Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
All linked by Silk RoadAll linked by Silk Road
CapitalismCapitalism Major regions of world Major regions of world
connected by tradeconnected by trade Emerging centers of Emerging centers of
CapitalismCapitalism Port cities Port cities
Traders began to to Traders began to to organize the production organize the production of agricultural of agricultural specialties, textiles, and specialties, textiles, and craft products in their craft products in their respective hinterlandsrespective hinterlands
Hinterland: sphere of Hinterland: sphere of economic influenceeconomic influence
Geography of the Pre-Modern Geography of the Pre-Modern WorldWorld
Geographic KnowledgeGeographic Knowledge Between 500- 1400 C.E.Between 500- 1400 C.E.
Geo knowledge expands Geo knowledge expands thanks to Chinese and thanks to Chinese and Islamic scholarsIslamic scholars
Chinese maps were most Chinese maps were most accurate at timeaccurate at time
Thanks to Chinese sailorsThanks to Chinese sailors
Centers of scholarshipCenters of scholarship Baghdad, Damascus, Baghdad, Damascus,
Cairo, and GranadaCairo, and Granada Surviving Roman and Surviving Roman and
Greek works translated into Greek works translated into ArabicArabic
Used Chinese cartography Used Chinese cartography and geographical writingsand geographical writings
Hajj created demand for Hajj created demand for travel guidebookstravel guidebooks
An Interdependent World GeographyAn Interdependent World Geography
Exploration began to be Exploration began to be seen as an important way of seen as an important way of opening up opportunities for opening up opportunities for trade and economic trade and economic expansion expansion World-system emergedWorld-system emerged
Definition: an inter-dependent Definition: an inter-dependent system of countries linked by system of countries linked by political and economic political and economic competitioncompetition
Term coined by Immanuel Term coined by Immanuel WallersteinWallerstein
Core and PeripheryCore and Periphery Western Europe became the Western Europe became the
core region of the world-core region of the world-system that had penetrated system that had penetrated and incorporated significant and incorporated significant portions of the rest of the portions of the rest of the worldworld Not external areas Not external areas
PeripheryPeriphery Countries that were Countries that were
dependent on Europedependent on Europe Territories occupied and labor Territories occupied and labor
system exploitedsystem exploited
Core and Periphery in the New World Core and Periphery in the New World SystemSystem
Thanks to industrial revolution, Thanks to industrial revolution, capitalism truly became a capitalism truly became a global system that reached global system that reached almost every part of the worldalmost every part of the world
Human geographies recast Human geographies recast were recast with a more were recast with a more interdependent dynamicinterdependent dynamic New transportation technologies New transportation technologies
led to external colonization and led to external colonization and imperialism imperialism
Wallerstein’s World-Wallerstein’s World-SystemsSystems The three tiers The three tiers
CoreCore Dominate trade, control most Dominate trade, control most
advanced technologies, and advanced technologies, and have high levels of have high levels of productivity within diversified productivity within diversified economieseconomies
Semi- PeripherySemi- Periphery Exploit periphery but are still Exploit periphery but are still
exploited by Coreexploited by Core
PeripheryPeriphery Dependent trading Dependent trading
relationshipsrelationships Undeveloped or narrowly Undeveloped or narrowly
specialized economiesspecialized economies
Organizing the PeripheryOrganizing the Periphery
Growth and internal Growth and internal development of core development of core regions would not have regions would not have taken place without taken place without goods and markets goods and markets provided by peripheryprovided by periphery
Early 1900s led to Early 1900s led to colonizationcolonization Logic behind colonization Logic behind colonization
was economicwas economic
International Division of International Division of LaborLabor Definition: involves the Definition: involves the
specialization of different specialization of different people, regions and people, regions and countries in certain kinds countries in certain kinds of economic activitiesof economic activities
Led to specializations Led to specializations based on core countries based on core countries needsneeds Example:Example:
Cotton in IndiaCotton in India Copper in ChileCopper in Chile Sugar in CaribbeanSugar in Caribbean
ImperialismImperialism Late 19Late 19thth century Britain century Britain
was dominant powerwas dominant power Other notable countries Other notable countries
scrambling for global scrambling for global influence as wellinfluence as well Japan, Germany, U.S., Japan, Germany, U.S.,
France, NetherlandsFrance, Netherlands
Countries “preemptively” Countries “preemptively” expanded and denying expanded and denying other countries coloniesother countries colonies Africa most affectedAfrica most affected
Carved up in 34 yearsCarved up in 34 years
Also pacific islandsAlso pacific islands
ImpactImpact Immediate and profoundImmediate and profound Almost rendered Almost rendered
completely dependent on completely dependent on European and North European and North American capital, American capital, shipping, news and shipping, news and communicationscommunications Also dependent on cultural Also dependent on cultural
products products i.e. religion, educationi.e. religion, education
Led to Ethnocentrism Led to Ethnocentrism and Environmental and Environmental DeterminismDeterminism
EthnocentrismEthnocentrism Attitude that one’s race Attitude that one’s race
and culture are superior to and culture are superior to othersothers
Environmental Environmental DeterminismDeterminism A doctrine holding that A doctrine holding that
human activities are human activities are shaped and constrained shaped and constrained by the environmentby the environment
1919thth/ 20/ 20thth century century assumption that the assumption that the physical attributes of physical attributes of geographical settings are geographical settings are the root not only of the root not only of people’s physical people’s physical differences but also in differences but also in people’s economic vitality, people’s economic vitality, cultural activities, and cultural activities, and social structuressocial structures
The Third WorldThe Third World
Imperial World disintegrated after Imperial World disintegrated after WWIIWWII
U.S. emerged as new hegemonic U.S. emerged as new hegemonic powerpower ““11stst world” world”
Soviet Union and China seen as Soviet Union and China seen as “2“2ndnd world” withdrawn from world” withdrawn from CapitalismCapitalism
1950s1950s Many old European colonies Many old European colonies
sought independencesought independence Violent oftenViolent often By 1960s process more By 1960s process more
smoothsmooth New creation of “Third World”New creation of “Third World”
Politically independent statesPolitically independent states Didn’t always align with 1Didn’t always align with 1stst or 2 or 2ndnd
world countriesworld countries Dependent, economically, on coreDependent, economically, on core
Neocolonialism New independent states New independent states
struggled after 1960s to be struggled after 1960s to be free of dependencefree of dependence Old system broke down, new Old system broke down, new
complex system emergedcomplex system emerged
NeocolonialismNeocolonialism Definition: Definition:
economic and political strategies economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other extend their influence over other areas and peopleareas and people
No more direct ruleNo more direct rule
Commercial imperialismCommercial imperialism Giant corporations grew within Giant corporations grew within
core countries, became so big core countries, became so big = transnational= transnational
top related