global sustainable energy: current trends and future prospects
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Global Sustainable Energy: Current trends and Future
ProspectsHashem AL-ghaili
Jacobs University Bremen
Exploiting natural resources
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400,000-year-old shelter from Terra Amata, France
Industrial revolution 1700
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Technological explosion
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Current technological revolution
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The impact of industrial revolution on our climate
04/07/2023 6Image: http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/CIS/houghton/images/fig4.jpg
By the year 2100, carbon dioxide concentrations will rise to 600 - 700 parts per million.
Switching towards clean energy
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Wind Power Hydropower Solar power
Biomass energy Geothermal energy Nuclear power
General overview
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Biomass energy
Solar Power
Switching towards clean energy
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Wind Power Hydropower Solar power
Biomass energy Geothermal energy Nuclear power
Global public support for energy sources
04/07/2023 10Image via: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Global_public_support_for_energy_sources_%28Ipsos_2011%29.png
Global status with solar power
04/07/2023 11Image via: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2013/12/global-solar-energy-generation-2012-infographic.jpg
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Germany has a goal of producing 100% of electricity from renewable sources by 2050.
http://thinkprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Germany-renewables-638x566.png
Status of Germany
Status of Germany with solar power
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June 6th (1pm and 2pm)
June 9th (National holiday)
24.24 GWh of electricity
http://www.thelocal.de/20140619/germany-produces-half-of-electricity-needs-with-solar-power
The potential of solar power
04/07/2023 14Visualization via: Nadine May
Data provided by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR)
Total surface area required to fuel the world with solar power
Europe (EU-25) Germany (De)
The potential of solar energy in reducing CO2 emissions
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The Agua Caliente Solar ProjectCapacity: 290 MWhCO2 Reduction: 324,000 tons
Arizona, United States
Solnova Solar Power Station Capacity: 200 MWhCO2 Reduction: 185,000 tons
Sanlúcar la Mayor, Spain
Welspun Solar MP Project Capacity: 150 MWhCO2 Reduction: 216,372 tons
Neemuch, India
Shams Solar Power Station Capacity: 100 MWhCO2 Reduction: 175,000 tons
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Ivanpah Solar Power FacilityCapacity: 354 MWhCO2 Reduction: 400,000 tons
California, United States
Genesis Solar Energy ProjectCapacity: 250 MWhCO2 Reduction: 393,000 tons
California, United States
Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, U.S.
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• Ivanpah Solar Power Facility• Location: California, United States• Commission date: Feb, 2014• Capacity: 354 megawatts (MWh)• Generates power for 140,000 homes
The Ivanpah installation reduces carbon dioxide emissions by over 400,000 tons annually.
Canal Solar Power Project, India
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A touch of innovation
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Solar energy trends over the past 3 years
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• More efficient.• Minimized environmental risks.• Cheaper.• Smaller.• Flexible.• Transparent.
Cost problem
04/07/2023 20Image : http://greenecon.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/cost_kwh2.jpg
Past prices
04/07/2023 21Image: http://www.midlandsolarapplications.com/about-solar.html
Long-term storage of solar energy
04/07/2023 22Images : http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/icimages?p_imgid=130329http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110929/images/news564-i2b.0.jpg
Artificial leaf
Biomass Energy
04/07/2023 23Image: http://www.williamsrenewables.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/diagram.gif
Terrestrial biomes Industrial waste Marine biomass
Second-largest source of renewable electricity generation
04/07/2023 24Graph: Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Energy Outlook 2009.
Biomass is the fastest growing, going from 11% of the total in 2007, to more than 41% in 2030.
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Miscanthus Switchgrass Hemp Bamboo
Maize Sugarcane Oil palm Rice
Terrestrial biomes used for energy production
• Thermal conversion• Chemical conversion• Biochemical conversion
Ethanol – Bioalcohols - Biodiesel
- Biofuel gasoline - Bioethers - Biogas
Advantages of terrestrial biomes
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Advantages
• Clean and eco-friendly energy source.
• Products that are used in biomass are easily available.
• The material for biomass will surely never run out.
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Disadvantages of terrestrial biomes
• Costly sometimes (depending on the substrate).• The clearance of large areas including forests.• Releases methane into the air (lesser than fossil fuels).• Sustainable under certain conditions only.• Consumption of fresh water.• Competition for arable land.• Food-fuel debate.
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Second-generation biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass
• 40 million tonnes/year
• Rich substrate of glucose
• An abundant source of biomass
Corn stoverWood shavingsWoody remains
Environmental impact of second-generation biofuels
04/07/2023 29Graph: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/images/GHG-emissions-transportation-fuels.jpg
Life-cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission impacts of different corn ethanol plant types Michael Wang et al 2007 Environ. Res. Lett. 2 024001
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Problem with lignocellulosic biomass
Lignin
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The search for novel cellulolytic enzymes continues
Graphic by: Lignocellulose: A chewy problem, Katharine Sanderson - Nature
The gribble (Limnoria quadripunctata)
Termites feed on dead plant material with the help of their intestinal bacteria
Fungus Trichoderma reesii (Hypocrea jecorina)
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In practice
• The world's largest cellulosic ethanol plant• 50 million liters of cellulosic ethanol a year• Location: Crescentino, Italy
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Marine macroalgae
Image: http://innovatedevelopment.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/seaweed_biofuel.gif
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Advantages of macroalgae as a biomass for energy production
• No fresh water required.
• Very abundant.
• Plays an important role in carbon capture and
CO2 storage (0.7 million tons/year).
• Nitrogen and phosphorus are provided by fish.
• Can be collected from industrial waste.
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Marine macroalgae as a biomass for the production of biofuels
Image: http://innovatedevelopment.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/seaweed_biofuel.gif
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Productivity of Biofuels by Different Plants
Image: http://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/images/1009_2_2.jpg
Source: “Prospect of Biomass Energy of Sea Algae”, Prof. Shin Watanabe, Tsukuba University
50-60 % carbohydrates1–3 % lipids7–38 % minerals 10–47 % proteins
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Simulation models and prediction of growth conditions
Maps: NASA’s Earth Observatory / Hughes et al.
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Natural distribution of shallow water macroalgae across the globe
The potential coastal areas to culture macroalgae for biogas are indicated in red line.
Map: NASA’s Earth Observatory
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Production cost of ethanol obtained from different sources of biomass
Graph : http://www.algenol.com/sites/default/files/production_graph.png
Algae Biofuel Process by Algenol Yields 8000 Gallons per Acre at $1.27 per Gallon
Aims to produce 20 billion gallons per year of low cost ethanol by 2033
1 gallon = 3.78541 liters
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Summary
Sustainability
Innovation
Consistency
T H A N K Y O U !FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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