global sustainable energy: current trends and future prospects

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An overview of the current trends and recent statistics of our progress towards sustainable clean energy coming from solar power and biomass.

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Page 1: Global Sustainable Energy: Current trends and Future Prospects

Global Sustainable Energy: Current trends and Future

ProspectsHashem AL-ghaili

Jacobs University Bremen

Page 2: Global Sustainable Energy: Current trends and Future Prospects

Exploiting natural resources

04/07/2023 2

400,000-year-old shelter from Terra Amata, France

Page 3: Global Sustainable Energy: Current trends and Future Prospects

Industrial revolution 1700

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Technological explosion

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Current technological revolution

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The impact of industrial revolution on our climate

04/07/2023 6Image: http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/CIS/houghton/images/fig4.jpg

By the year 2100, carbon dioxide concentrations will rise to 600 - 700 parts per million.

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Switching towards clean energy

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Wind Power Hydropower Solar power

Biomass energy Geothermal energy Nuclear power

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General overview

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Biomass energy

Solar Power

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Switching towards clean energy

04/07/2023 9

Wind Power Hydropower Solar power

Biomass energy Geothermal energy Nuclear power

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Global public support for energy sources

04/07/2023 10Image via: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Global_public_support_for_energy_sources_%28Ipsos_2011%29.png

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Global status with solar power

04/07/2023 11Image via: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2013/12/global-solar-energy-generation-2012-infographic.jpg

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Germany has a goal of producing 100% of electricity from renewable sources by 2050.

http://thinkprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Germany-renewables-638x566.png

Status of Germany

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Status of Germany with solar power

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June 6th (1pm and 2pm)

June 9th (National holiday)

24.24 GWh of electricity

http://www.thelocal.de/20140619/germany-produces-half-of-electricity-needs-with-solar-power

Page 14: Global Sustainable Energy: Current trends and Future Prospects

The potential of solar power

04/07/2023 14Visualization via: Nadine May

Data provided by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR)

Total surface area required to fuel the world with solar power

Europe (EU-25) Germany (De)

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The potential of solar energy in reducing CO2 emissions

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The Agua Caliente Solar ProjectCapacity: 290 MWhCO2 Reduction: 324,000 tons

Arizona, United States

Solnova Solar Power Station Capacity: 200 MWhCO2 Reduction: 185,000 tons

Sanlúcar la Mayor, Spain

Welspun Solar MP Project Capacity: 150 MWhCO2 Reduction: 216,372 tons

Neemuch, India

Shams Solar Power Station Capacity: 100 MWhCO2 Reduction: 175,000 tons

Abu Dhabi, UAE

Ivanpah Solar Power FacilityCapacity: 354 MWhCO2 Reduction: 400,000 tons

California, United States

Genesis Solar Energy ProjectCapacity: 250 MWhCO2 Reduction: 393,000 tons

California, United States

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Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, U.S.

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• Ivanpah Solar Power Facility• Location: California, United States• Commission date: Feb, 2014• Capacity: 354 megawatts (MWh)• Generates power for 140,000 homes

The Ivanpah installation reduces carbon dioxide emissions by over 400,000 tons annually.

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Canal Solar Power Project, India

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A touch of innovation

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Solar energy trends over the past 3 years

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• More efficient.• Minimized environmental risks.• Cheaper.• Smaller.• Flexible.• Transparent.

Page 20: Global Sustainable Energy: Current trends and Future Prospects

Cost problem

04/07/2023 20Image : http://greenecon.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/cost_kwh2.jpg

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Past prices

04/07/2023 21Image: http://www.midlandsolarapplications.com/about-solar.html

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Long-term storage of solar energy

04/07/2023 22Images : http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/icimages?p_imgid=130329http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110929/images/news564-i2b.0.jpg

Artificial leaf

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Biomass Energy

04/07/2023 23Image: http://www.williamsrenewables.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/diagram.gif

Terrestrial biomes Industrial waste Marine biomass

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Second-largest source of renewable electricity generation

04/07/2023 24Graph: Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Energy Outlook 2009.

Biomass is the fastest growing, going from 11% of the total in 2007, to more than 41% in 2030.

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Miscanthus Switchgrass Hemp Bamboo

Maize Sugarcane Oil palm Rice

Terrestrial biomes used for energy production

• Thermal conversion• Chemical conversion• Biochemical conversion

Ethanol – Bioalcohols - Biodiesel

- Biofuel gasoline - Bioethers - Biogas

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Advantages of terrestrial biomes

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Advantages

• Clean and eco-friendly energy source.

• Products that are used in biomass are easily available.

• The material for biomass will surely never run out.

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Disadvantages of terrestrial biomes

• Costly sometimes (depending on the substrate).• The clearance of large areas including forests.• Releases methane into the air (lesser than fossil fuels).• Sustainable under certain conditions only.• Consumption of fresh water.• Competition for arable land.• Food-fuel debate.

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Second-generation biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass

• 40 million tonnes/year

• Rich substrate of glucose

• An abundant source of biomass

Corn stoverWood shavingsWoody remains

Page 29: Global Sustainable Energy: Current trends and Future Prospects

Environmental impact of second-generation biofuels

04/07/2023 29Graph: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/images/GHG-emissions-transportation-fuels.jpg

Life-cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission impacts of different corn ethanol plant types Michael Wang et al 2007 Environ. Res. Lett. 2 024001

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Problem with lignocellulosic biomass

Lignin

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The search for novel cellulolytic enzymes continues

Graphic by: Lignocellulose: A chewy problem, Katharine Sanderson - Nature

The gribble (Limnoria quadripunctata)

Termites feed on dead plant material with the help of their intestinal bacteria

Fungus Trichoderma reesii (Hypocrea jecorina)

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In practice

• The world's largest cellulosic ethanol plant• 50 million liters of cellulosic ethanol a year• Location: Crescentino, Italy

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Marine macroalgae

Image: http://innovatedevelopment.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/seaweed_biofuel.gif

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Advantages of macroalgae as a biomass for energy production

• No fresh water required.

• Very abundant.

• Plays an important role in carbon capture and

CO2 storage (0.7 million tons/year).

• Nitrogen and phosphorus are provided by fish.

• Can be collected from industrial waste.

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Marine macroalgae as a biomass for the production of biofuels

Image: http://innovatedevelopment.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/seaweed_biofuel.gif

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Productivity of Biofuels by Different Plants

Image: http://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/images/1009_2_2.jpg

Source: “Prospect of Biomass Energy of Sea Algae”, Prof. Shin Watanabe, Tsukuba University

50-60 % carbohydrates1–3 % lipids7–38 % minerals 10–47 % proteins

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Simulation models and prediction of growth conditions

Maps: NASA’s Earth Observatory / Hughes et al.

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Natural distribution of shallow water macroalgae across the globe

The potential coastal areas to culture macroalgae for biogas are indicated in red line.

Map: NASA’s Earth Observatory

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Production cost of ethanol obtained from different sources of biomass

Graph : http://www.algenol.com/sites/default/files/production_graph.png

Algae Biofuel Process by Algenol Yields 8000 Gallons per Acre at $1.27 per Gallon

Aims to produce 20 billion gallons per year of low cost ethanol by 2033

1 gallon = 3.78541 liters

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Summary

Sustainability

Innovation

Consistency

Page 41: Global Sustainable Energy: Current trends and Future Prospects

T H A N K Y O U !FOR YOUR ATTENTION