global rankings
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FIGUREA VIEW AT OUR METROPOLITAN WORLD
EDITED BY
RAFAEL LUNADONGWOO YIM
Work in progress by
FIGUREGROUND239 Causeway Street, Suite G2Boston, MA 02114
To submit an essay please email info@figureground.infowww.figureground.info
© 2011 FIGUREGROUND - All Rights Reserved
No part of this booklet may used or reproduced in any manner without written permission from FIGUREGROUND, except in context of reviews.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1
4 Global Ranking10 Analysis of Cities12 New Ranking16 Ranking Flow18 World Mapping22 The Metropolis
FIG
URE
4
SECTION 1
GLOBAL RANKING 7 World Surveys
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this booklet is to publicly show the progress that we are making on our research, encouraging participation from anyone around the world. Please feel free to browse, and send us comments, links, essay, or thoughts on the matter.
The research began at the end of 2010, our data reflects this date. For this first section we were interested in world ranking systems, and we found several surveys, but we selected 7 surveys that ranked cities numerically. This way it would be easier to establish a base line for comparison. These surveys have different criteria for ranking
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GLOBAL RANKING
GLOBAL CITIES INDEX
1 New York City 2 London 3 Tokyo 4 Paris 5 Hong Kong 6 Chicago 7 Los Angeles 8 Singapore 9 Sydney 10 Seoul 11 Brussels 12 San Francisco 13 Washington, D.C. 14 Toronto 15 Beijing 16 Berlin 17 Madrid 18 Vienna 19 Boston 20 Frankfurt am Main 20 Shanghai 22 Buenos Aires 23 Stockholm 24 Zurich 25 Moscow 26 Barcelona 27 Dubai 28 Rome 29 Amsterdam 30 Mexico City
Global City IndexGlobal Power City IndexWorld City SurveyGlobal Financial CentresWorld’s Most Economically Powerful CitiesWorldwide Centres of Commerce IndexNumber of Millionaires
cities, which is reflected on their lists of cities. Each of teh surveys show an array of different cities, in different positions. By cross-referencing these surveys, we could create a ranking of our own that reflected the merger of all the different aspects taken into consideration by each individual sur-vey. The seven surveys used by us are: Global City Index, Global Power City Index, World City Survey, Global Financial Centres, World’s Most Economi-cally Powerful Cities, Worldwide Centres of Com-merce Index, and the Number of Millionaires.We have marked each ranking survey with a symbol, which will be repeated throughout the research.
To read more about some of these ranking please visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city
FIGUREGROUND - Global Ranking
SECTION 1
GLOBAL POWER CITY INDEX
1 New York City2 London3 Paris4 Tokyo5 Singapore6 Berlin7 Vienna8 Amsterdam9 Zurich10 Hong Kong11 Madrid12 Seoul13 Los Angeles14 Sydney15 Toronto16 Frankfurt am Main17 Copenhagen18 Brussels19 Geneva20 Boston
WORLD CITY SURVEY
1 New York2 London3 Paris4 Tokyo5 Los Angeles6 Brussels7 Singapore8 Berlin9 Beijing10 Toronto11 Chicago12 Washington, D.C.13 Seoul14 Hong Kong15 Frankfurt16 Sydney17 San Francisco18 Bangkok19 Shanghai20 Zurich
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GLOBAL RANKING
GLOBAL FINANCIAL CENTRES INDEX
1 London2 New York3 Hong Kong4 Singapore5 Tokyo6 Shanghai7 Chicago8 Zurich9 Geneva10 Sydney
WORLD’S MOST ECONOMICALLY POWERFUL CITIES
1 London2 Hong Kong3 New York City4 Tokyo5 Chicago6 Seoul7 Paris8 Los Angeles9 Shanghai10 Toronto
FIGUREGROUND - Global Ranking
SECTION 1
WORLDWIDE CENTRES OF COMMERCE INDEX
NUMBER OF MILLIONAIRES (US $)
1 London2 New York3 Tokyo4 Singapore5 Chicago6 Hong Kong7 Paris8 Frankfurt9 Seoul10 Amsterdam
1 New York City 2 London 3 Moscow4 Hong Kong5 Los Angeles6 Dallas7 Istanbul8 San Francisco 9 Chicago Mumbai Sao Paulo Tokyo10
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GLOBAL RANKING
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SECTION 1
ANALYSIS OF CITIES
COMPARISON OF SURVEYS
We made a list of all the cities that appeared in general surveys that we found. These cities were separated by continent, and were marked when they appeared in one of the 7 surveys selected. This process is to narrow down the selection of cities, into the ones that can be categorized numerically. The seven surveys are represented by their symbol. When a city appears in a survey, the symbol of the survey is fille din black. Cities that appear in the top 3 spots are filled with red.
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GLOBAL RANKING
AMERICAS
Belo Horizonte
Bogota
Boston
Buenos Aires
Calgary
Charlotte
Chicago
Dallas
Lima
Los Angeles
Mexico City
Montreal
New York
Panama City
Rio de Janeiro
San Francisco
Santiago
Sao Paulo
Toronto
Vancouver
Washington DC
ASIA
Bangalore
Bangkok
Beijing
Chennai
Colombo
Dubai
Ho Chi Minh City
Hong Kong
Islamabad
Jakarta
Karachi
Kolkata
Kuala Lumpur
Metro Manila
Mumbai
New Delhi
Osaka
Shanghai
Shenzhen
Singapore
Seoul
Taipei
Tokyo
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SECTION 1
OCEANIA
Auckland
Melbourne
Sydney
Wellington
AFRICA
Cairo
Johannesburg
Lagos
EUROPE
Amsterdam
Athens
Barcelona
Berlin
Brussels
Budapest
Copenhagen
Dublin
Edinburgh
Frankfurt am Main
Geneva
Helsinki
Istanbul
Lisbon
London
Madrid
Milan
Moscow
Oslo
Paris
Prague
Rome
Stockholm
Vienna
Warsaw
Zurich
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GLOBAL RANKING
DEVELOPING A NEW RANKING
After all cities have been marked accodring to their surveys, we grouped cities by the amount of times that they had appeared on a survey. New York, London, Tokyo, and Hong Kong appeared in al 7 surveys, so they form the first group of top cities. Chicago was the only city to appear on 6 surveys so it stands alone in the second group. This process continuos till we separated 7 groups. Within each group, we calculated which city ap-peared the most on at the top of each survey. New York appeared in all 7 surveys as a top city, as well as London, but New York appeared more times as a number 1 city, which take the number one spot in our survey. This second process could only be accomplished till the fith group. Group 6 and 7 couldn’t be ranked numerically, since they only appeared once or twice amongst the 7 surveys. This didn’t provide sufficient data to compare.
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SECTION 1
1. NEW YORK2. LONDON3. TOKYO4. HONG KONG
5. CHICAGO
6. PARIS7. SINGAPORE8. LOS ANGELES9. SEOUL
10. SHANGHAI11. TORONTO12. SYDNEY13. FRANKFURT14. ZURICH
15. Brussels16. Berlin17. San Francisco18. Amsterdam
BeijingBostonGenevaMadridMoscowViennaWashington DC
BangkokBarcelonaBuenos AiresCopenhagenDallasDubaiIstanbulMexico CityMumbaiRomeSao PauloStockholm
Global City IndexGlobal Power City IndexWorld City SurveyGlobal Financial CentresWorld’s Most Economically Powerful CitiesWorldwide Centres of Commerce IndexNumber of Millionaires
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GLOBAL RANKING
1 New York City 2 London 3 Tokyo
5 Hong Kong
1 New York City 2 London
4 Hong Kong
Tokyo
1 New York City2 London
4 Tokyo
10 Hong Kong
1 New York2 London
4 Tokyo
14 Hong Kong
1 London2 New York3 Hong Kong
5 Tokyo
1 London2 Hong Kong3 New York City4 Tokyo
1 London2 New York3 Tokyo
6 Hong Kong
1. NEW YORK2. LONDON3. TOKYO4. HONG KONG
6 Chicago
9 Chicago
11 Chicago
7 Chicago
5 Chicago 5 Chicago
5. CHICAGO10 Seoul
12 Seoul13 Seoul
6 Seoul
9 Seoul
9. SEOUL
7 Los Angeles
5 Los Angeles
13 Los Angeles
5 Los Angeles
8 Los Angeles
8. LOS ANGELES
8 Singapore
5 Singapore
7 Singapore
4 Singapore 4 Singapore
7. SINGAPORE
4 Paris 3 Paris
7 Paris
6. PARIS
24 Zurich
9 Zurich
20 Zurich
8 Zurich
14. ZURICH
20 Frankfurt am Main
16 Frankfurt am Main15 Frankfurt
8 Frankfurt
13. FRANKFURT
9 Sydney
14 Sydney
16 Sydney
10 Sydney
12. SYDNEY
14 Toronto15 Toronto
10 Toronto 10 Toronto
11. TORONTO
20 Shanghai
19 Shanghai
6 Shanghai
9 Shanghai
10. SHANGHAI
11 Brussels
18 Brussels
6 Brussels
15. Brussels
16 Berlin
6 Berlin
8 Berlin
16. Berlin
12 San Francisco
8 San Francisco
17 San Francisco
17. San Francisco
29 Amsterdam
8 Amsterdam
10 Amsterdam
18. Amsterdam
13 Washington, D.C.
15 Beijing
17 Madrid 18 Vienna 19 Boston
25 Moscow
3 Moscow
7 Vienna
11 Madrid
19 Geneva20 Boston
9 Beijing
12 Washington, D.C.
9 Geneva
Washington DCBostonMadridViennaGenevaMoscowBeijing
22 Buenos Aires 23 Stockholm
26 Barcelona 27 Dubai 28 Rome
30 Mexico City
6 Dallas7 Istambul
MumbaiSao Paulo
17 Copenhagen18 Bangkok
CopenhagenStockholmIstanbulBarcelonaRomeMumbaiBangkokDubaiBuenos AiresSao PauloMexico CityDallas
3 Paris
7 Paris
RANKING FLOWDIAGRAM FOR CROSS-REFERENCE OF RANKING
FIGUREGROUND - Global Ranking
SECTION 1
1 New York City 2 London 3 Tokyo
5 Hong Kong
1 New York City 2 London
4 Hong Kong
Tokyo
1 New York City2 London
4 Tokyo
10 Hong Kong
1 New York2 London
4 Tokyo
14 Hong Kong
1 London2 New York3 Hong Kong
5 Tokyo
1 London2 Hong Kong3 New York City4 Tokyo
1 London2 New York3 Tokyo
6 Hong Kong
1. NEW YORK2. LONDON3. TOKYO4. HONG KONG
6 Chicago
9 Chicago
11 Chicago
7 Chicago
5 Chicago 5 Chicago
5. CHICAGO10 Seoul
12 Seoul13 Seoul
6 Seoul
9 Seoul
9. SEOUL
7 Los Angeles
5 Los Angeles
13 Los Angeles
5 Los Angeles
8 Los Angeles
8. LOS ANGELES
8 Singapore
5 Singapore
7 Singapore
4 Singapore 4 Singapore
7. SINGAPORE
4 Paris 3 Paris
7 Paris
6. PARIS
24 Zurich
9 Zurich
20 Zurich
8 Zurich
14. ZURICH
20 Frankfurt am Main
16 Frankfurt am Main15 Frankfurt
8 Frankfurt
13. FRANKFURT
9 Sydney
14 Sydney
16 Sydney
10 Sydney
12. SYDNEY
14 Toronto15 Toronto
10 Toronto 10 Toronto
11. TORONTO
20 Shanghai
19 Shanghai
6 Shanghai
9 Shanghai
10. SHANGHAI
11 Brussels
18 Brussels
6 Brussels
15. Brussels
16 Berlin
6 Berlin
8 Berlin
16. Berlin
12 San Francisco
8 San Francisco
17 San Francisco
17. San Francisco
29 Amsterdam
8 Amsterdam
10 Amsterdam
18. Amsterdam
13 Washington, D.C.
15 Beijing
17 Madrid 18 Vienna 19 Boston
25 Moscow
3 Moscow
7 Vienna
11 Madrid
19 Geneva20 Boston
9 Beijing
12 Washington, D.C.
9 Geneva
Washington DCBostonMadridViennaGenevaMoscowBeijing
22 Buenos Aires 23 Stockholm
26 Barcelona 27 Dubai 28 Rome
30 Mexico City
6 Dallas7 Istambul
MumbaiSao Paulo
17 Copenhagen18 Bangkok
CopenhagenStockholmIstanbulBarcelonaRomeMumbaiBangkokDubaiBuenos AiresSao PauloMexico CityDallas
3 Paris
7 Paris
RANKING FLOW DIAGRAM
We color coded each group of cities to make it easier to visuallize the flow of movement of each city as they change position in each survey.
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GLOBAL RANKING
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SECTION 1
WORLD MAPPINGPOPULATION/ WORLD’S INFLUENTIAL CITIES
WORLD DIAGRAMS
The following diagrams represent the world population distribution on the left, and the world’s most influential cities on the right.
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GLOBAL RANKING
OCEANIA 00.5%
ASIA 60%
EUROPE 11%NORTH AMERICA 6.5%
SOUTH AMERICA 7%
AFRICA 15%
LIVE IN CITIES
10% (1900)50% (2007)75% (2050)LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
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SECTION 1
Asia (East)
TOKYOOSAKA
SEOULBEIJING
SHANGHAITAIPEI
HONG KONGMANILAHO CHI MINH CITYBANGKOKKUALA LUMPUR
SINGAPOURJAKARTA
Americas
NEW YORKCHICAGOLOS ANGELESSAN FRANCISCOWASHINGTON DCBOSTONCHARLOTTE
TORONTOMONTREALMEXICO CITYPANAMA CITYBOGOTACARACASBELO HORIZONTERIO DE JANEIROSAO PAULOSANTIAGOBUENOS AIRES
Europe
LONDONPARISLISBONMADRIDBARCELONADUBLINEDINBURGH
AMSTERDAMBRUSSELSFRANKFURTZURICHGENEVAMILANROMEATHENS
BERLINPRAGUEVIENNABUDAPESTWARSAWCOPENHAGENOSLOHELSINKISTOCKHOLMISTAMBULMOSCOW
Oceania
SYDNEYMELBOURNEAUKLANDWELLINGTON
ASIA (West/South)
MUMBAINEW DEHLIBANGALORECHENNAIKARACHIISLAMABADDUBAI
Africa
JOHANNESBURGCAIROLAGOS
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GLOBAL RANKING
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SECTION 1
THE METROPOLISESSAY BY RAFAEL LUNA
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GLOBAL RANKING
THE METROPOLISRAFAEL LUNA
In “The Culture of Congestion”, Rem Koolhaas de-fines the metropolis as a condition of an explosive growth in technology with a massive increase in population in a limited space. This condition refers to the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, where rapid industrialization took place producing an influx of migrations due to the increase in job opportunities. The merging population created a new social dynamic, with new possibilities in architecture that were ex-plored as the birth of metropolitan architecture.Karl Marx describes this new social condition as a new stratification of social classes; the ruling class and the working class, defined as the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. New social classes generated an unbalanced condition, where property and power were concentrated in the hands of few. With the growth of industry within the city, the housing for the proletariat became inadequate.John Ruskin describes a scene from one of his experiences driving through the country side of England, where he couldn’t go past one hundred yards without seeing a furnace or a mill. It seemed that urbanity had spread as an industrial field. It could be conceived that the Metropolis and the urban setting would just turn into vast districts of fabrication and production. This would imply that architecture would cease to be, since the urban setting would just be industry. Ruskin stated that design couldn’t be generated from this condition.Following with the idea of impossibility of art and
design, William Morris talked about the death of both intellectual art and decorative art. They had been lost both to the industry. “Art comes from the joy of labor,” William Morris. But, labor had been turned into production and reproduction. Walter Benjamin suggested that the reproduction vanishes traces of tradition.
This is reflected in architecture by Karel Teige, who reflects on the social conditions of the proletariat, their work life of reproduction, and the lack of housing for them. He suggests that an “Interna-tional Modern Architecture” should tackle the problems of the minimum dwelling to solve social implications of collective housing. Spaces would no longer be classified as bedroom, kitchen, living room, but they would reflect the living and work-ing conditions of the time. A space might consist of areas for sleeping, eating, and resting without implying a classification or assigned program.Georg Simmel describes the social implications of the rapid industry and minimum dwelling as one of individuality. There was a jump in scale form the slow moving rural condition to the rapid explo-sive Metropolis. The individual became reserved and respected individuality as a mode of existing in the metropolis. The rapid pace generated two things, the reserved individual that didn’t seek interaction, and the second, constant stimulations for the senses. The constant stimulation gener-ated the “Blasé-attitude”, which was a process achieved after constant metropolitan stimulation. “The blasé attitude results first from the rapidly changing and closely compressed contrasting stimulations of the nerves. From this, the enhance-ment of metropolitan intellectuality, also, seems originally to stem. Therefore, stupid people who are not intellectually alive in the first place usually are not exactly blasé. A life in boundless pursuit of pleasure makes one blasé because it agitates the nerves to their strongest reactivity for such a long time that they finally cease to react at all. In the same way, through the rapidity and contradictori-ness of their changes, more harmless impressions force such violent responses, tearing the nerves so brutally hither and thither that their last reserves of strength are spent; and if one remains in the same milieu they have no time to gather new
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SECTION 1
strength. An incapacity thus emerges to react to new sensations with the appropriate energy. This constitutes that blasé attitude which, in fact, every metropolitan child shows when compared with children of quieter and less changeable milieus.” Simmel
In 1977 Rem Koolhaas revisited all this notions and envisioned the potential possibilities that the metropolis generated for architecture. The indus-try generated new technologies that created new social possibilities. He explains this effect using Connie Island as an example. After the Brooklyn Bridge was opened, the once virgin island re-ceived up to a million people in a good day. The first change was the “cow”. There wasn’t enough land to have real cows to produce enough milk to quench the thirst of the visitors, so the cow ma-chine was invented, which artificially generated more milk. Same with horses, and horseback rid-ing as a pastime. This was replaced by the ‘steeple chase’ in a mechanical race track. The invention of electricity allowed for night bathing, since the shoreline wasn’t long enough to accommodate all the visitors during the day. To counteract the Blasé-attitude and the lonely individual, “Barrels of Love” and the “Tunnel of Love” were created. The Metropolis could be generated by artificiality of technology and ingenuity of the mind.More importantly, the advances in technology generated new architecture spaces. Otis invented the safety-catch on elevators, which allowed for the skyscraper to be generated. this allowed for singular spaces, non-specific to the building at different levels. The 100-story building could have 1/3 commercial, 1/3 business, 1/3 residential, with urban plazas at every 20th level. A new social mix-ing and interaction is possible. New programs that have never been thought off could be conceived, “Eating oysters, naked, with gloves, on the 9th floor.” Koolhass.
So where is the Metropolis moving on as we rapid-ly advance in technology, and urbanity continues to take over? Areas like Bos-Wash, Benelux, Blue Banana exist where strips of constant construction makes it difficult to identify where the Metropolis ends and a “Megalopolis” begins. Our built envi-
ronment is rapidly responding to these conditions by means of new typologies that reflect a new way of life. Cities like Tokyo have a tradition of growing new typologies. In the book “Made in Tokyo”, some ex-amples of these typologies have been catalogued in order to express the non-architectural condition of hybridity that occurs in their buildings. These “no-good” buildings, reflect the nature of the city and how new spaces are derived of the constant urbanity. ex. Highways house retail spaces inder their structure. Every single pocket space is uti-lized to its maximum potential in order to main-tain an urban standard for the city.
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GLOBAL RANKING
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SECTION 1
MORE TO COME
Please keep on checking in for more updates.
OPEN CALL FOR ESSAYS
If you would like to participate, contrib-ute, or submit essays, please email us at info@figurground.info
FIGUREGROUND239 Causeway Street, Suite G2Boston, MA 02114
© 2011 FIGUREGROUND - All Rights Reserved
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GLOBAL RANKING
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