gender and economics

Gender and Economics

2014 ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT FELLOWS

PROGRAMMaureen and Mike Mansfield Center

The University of MontanaCelia Winkler, J.D., Ph.D.Associate ProfessorDepartment of SociologyUniversity of Montanacelia.winkler@umontana.edu

Employment & EarningsWage GapEducation

Employment & Earnings

Wage Gap

Wage Gap

Wage Gap

Education & Earnings

Education & Earnings

Education & Earnings

Education & Earnings

WorkingLabor Force ParticipationJob ClusteringChild Care

Labor Force Participation

Labor Force Participation

Labor Force Participation

Labor Force Participation

Labor Force Participation

Richland County

Labor Force Participation

Job Clustering

Child Care

Work Time

Work Time

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2487879/Women-work-harder-men-especially-Italy-11-hours-week.html

PovertyIndividualsChildrenRetirement

Measuring Poverty In the U.S., the poverty threshold is a historical artifact, based

on a 1964 study that found that households spent 1/3 of their income on food, on average.

The 1964 poverty line was 3 times the cost of the “thrifty” food basket.

Since then, it has been adjusted according to increases in the cost of living

Several proposals to change this measure to take into account both differential costs and benefits available in various regions of the country.

Poverty Thresholds

United States Poverty Thresholds 2013

½ Median: $13,499

Poverty Thresholds

Poverty Line: $12,119

Extent of Poverty in the US, 1959 – 2009

 Year  % Poor   Poverty Line 

(Family of 4)Median Income(Family of 4)

Poverty Line as % of Median

Income

1959 22.4% $2,973 $6,973 42.64%1965 17.3 % $3,223 $8,279 38.93%1970 12.6 % $3,968 $11,176 35.50%1975 12.3% $5,500 $15,849 34.70%1980 13.0 % $8,414 $24,410 34.47%1985 14.0% $10,989 $32,703 33.60%1990 13.5% $13,359 $41,473 32.21%1995 13.8% $15,569 $49,531 31.43%2000 13.3% $17,604 $62,349 28.46%2005 12.5% $19,971 $69,605 28.69%2009 14.3% $21,756 $72,733 29.91%2011 15.0% $22,811 $75,148 30.35%

Poverty Thresholds

Poverty: Individuals

United States

Poverty: Individuals

Relative Poverty Rates among Women, mid-2000s

Anglophone Continental European

Nordic Eastern European Southern Eu-ropean

Latin American0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Partnered w/ kids

Partnered no kids

No Partner w/ kids

No partner, no kids

Poverty: Women

Janet C. Gornick and Markus Jäntti. 2010. “Women, Poverty, and Social Policy Regimes: A Cross-National Analysis.” LIS Working Paper No. 534.

Poverty: Individuals

Poverty: Individuals

Poverty: Individuals

Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates

Poverty: Individuals

Poverty: Individuals

Poverty: Children

Poverty: Children

Poverty: United States

Poverty: United States

https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/hstpov7.xls