gender and anti-corruption · 5 case study - mining sector in congo in congo’s artisanal mining...
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GENDERANDANTI-CORRUPTIONSME AND ENTREPRENEUR TRAINING OCTOBER 2020
This training was developed within the B20 Saudi Arabia Integrity & Compliance taskforce. These training materials have been created under the leadership of Danielle Cannata, Senior Counsel of SABIC, and the Knowledge Partner Nicolette Kost de Sèvres, Mayer Brown Partner in Paris and Washington DC, and anti-corruption specialist, Christopher Costa, and have benefitted from the valuable contributions of numerous distinguished B20 members.
u TheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoalsaredesignedtobea"blueprinttoachieveabetterandmoresustainablefutureforall."SDG16callsforjusticeforall.Todaywearegoingtolookatcorruptionthroughagenderlensasweseektoachievethegoalofjusticeforall.
u InasurveyconductedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammein2012,76%ofwomenrespondedthatcorruptionhaspreventedtheiraccesstopublicgoodsandservices.
u Thisisthecasedespitethefactthatseveralstudiessuggestthatwomenhaveatendencytobelesscorruptandthatcountriesorcompanieswithagreaternumberofwomenindecision-makingpositionsperformbetterintermsoftheircorruptionlevels.
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WHYAREWEHERETODAY?
UNSustainableDevelopmentGoal16Promotepeacefulandinclusivesocietiesforsustainabledevelopment,provideaccesstojusticeforalland
buildeffective,accountableandinclusiveinstitutionsatalllevels
• Inthistraining,wewillconsiderthespecificwaysinwhichwomeninmayexperiencerequestsforbribesandcorruptionandhowwomencanbepartofthesolution.
• Thegoalistomovewomenfrombeingthevictimsofunfairanddiscriminatorybusinesspracticestoaplaceofempowerment– asthecatalystsanddriversoffairandsustainablebusiness.
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WHYAREWEHERETODAY?
u Haveyoueverbeeninasituationinwhichlanguage/culturalunderstandinghasbeenintheway?
u Howmanyhavewitnessedfamilymembersbeingfavoredinaselectionprocessorgrantingofopportunities?
u Howmanyofyouthinkthatyoumissedbusinessopportunitiesbecauseanotherpartyhadbeenfavoredinsomeway?
u Howmanyofyouhaveeverbeenaskedtopayadditionalandunexplained“fees”whendealingwithagovernmentofficial?
u Howmanyofyouhavebeenaskedtopayoffavendortoexpeditethedeliveryofaservice/product?
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OPENINGDISCUSSION
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CASESTUDY- MININGSECTORINCONGOIn Congo’s artisanal mining sector, there are three types of traders: “Those who pay the diggers to extract minerals and then sell them to bigcompanies; those who buy minerals from the diggers; and those who own the pit, pay the diggers and sell minerals to the companies.”
Extortion - Emilienne Intongwa wanted to buy a mining pit. In order to obtain a small loan to set up her business she had to hand over thedocuments to her house : “If you find minerals, the trader will be your only buyer. If you don’t, you’ll either sort out your debt or he’ll seize yourproperty…”.
Bribes for Protection - As the first female pit owner in her region, Intongwa had to protect her business from men who were not used to womenowning mining pits. “The biggest challenge [to working in the mining site] was working with so many men,” Intongwa says. “At first, diggers wouldsteal from me and I had to pay extra money to find someone who could check on them.”
Sexual Exploitation / Sextortion - Stone crushers, also called “mama twangaises,” are the most discriminated category of the mining hierarchy andmust negotiate access to the mining sites by performing sexual acts. In many cases, they only get paid if they find gold among the crushed quartz.Neema Muyengo, who works as a mama twangaise, says: “I wake up every day at six and I walk for two hours to come here….Every day, the onlything I do is pound stones. I have to look after my family but, sometimes, I don’t even get paid and working so hard becomes useless.”
Response : The response was to put in place Collective Action for better implementation and communication of the regulations and the creation ofpools of resources funded by women miners. “Associations…are very important because, whenever a member is subjected to any sort of abuse, itgives them legal representation. Women alone seldom dare to denounce what happened and, even when they do, unless they are ready to paylarge sums of money, they are hardly able to file a complaint.”
u Inmanycountries,womenandgirlsstillfindithardtoenjoyequalrightsandopportunities.Wemayfacediscrimination,culturalorreligiousbias,harassmentandviolence. Attheextreme,sexualextortionandmodernslaverypracticesmaypersist.
u Inthefamilyrole,womenmayfacecorruptionaccessingpublicservicessuchashealthcareoreducation.Theculturalprevalenceofthesetypesofpracticescancarryoverintotheworkplaceaswell.
u Atthesametime,womenareanevergrowingsegmentofthebusinessworld ineverystepoftheeconomiccycleandareuniquelyplacedtohaveapositiveimpact.
u Womenshouldbeempowered tobepartofthesolutiontocorruption.
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WHYALINKBETWEENWOMENANDCORRUPTION?
u Womenwanttobeequalparticipantsintheeconomicsphereandwelcometheinformationandtoolstohelpachievethisgoal.
u Womencanbeempowered toresistsolicitationandbemoreawareoftheirrightsintheworkplace.
u Arewomenmoredetailoriented?u Arewomenbetteratfollowingrules?u Dowomennaturallyhavemoreintegrity?u Arewomenalreadymorefocusedonfightingforourequalplaceandthusmoreattunedtothewaysinwhichcorruptioncansetusback?
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WOMENASPARTOFTHESOLUTION
u Inmanydevelopingmarkets,someofthemostactiveandsuccessfulentrepreneurs arewomen.
u Women’sabilitytooptimizetheirbusinesscanbehamperedbyacombinationofcorruptionanddiscrimination.
u Nowisthetimetoraiseawarenessoftheexperiencethatwomenmayfaceinthecontextofcorruption.
u TheG20Anti-CorruptionWorkingGroup(ACWG)recognizeslinkagesbetweengenderandcorruption.
u Thisprojectwillhelpfurtherthatdialogueforaction.
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WOMENASPARTOFTHESOLUTION
1. Whatisbribery/corruption?
2. Howisbribery/corruptionexperiencedbywomen?
3. Whataretheeffectsofcorruption?
4. HowcanIdetect,prevent,andreportcorruption?
5. HowcanIhelpotherwomenfightcorruption?
6. WherecanIfindtrustworthysourcesforadditionalinformation/support?
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EXPECTEDLEARNINGOUTCOMES
u Corruptionistheabuseofpublicorprivateofficeforpersonalgain.Thismeansanybehaviorinwhichpeopleinthepublicorprivatesectorsimproperlyandunlawfullyenrichthemselvesorthoseclosetothem,orinduceotherstodoso,bymisusingtheirposition
– AsianDevelopmentBank
u Whilethereisnoharmonizeddefinitionofcorruptionworldwide,briberyisillegaleverywhere.
u Inmanycountries,theofferitselfisthecriminalact- itdoesnotevenhavetobeaccepted.
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WHATISBRIBERY/CORRUPTION?
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WHATISBRIBERY/CORRUPTION?
Customsofficerasksforsampleproductstoclearaconsignment
Taxofficerasksyoutohirehissonaspartofloweringtaxpenalty
Bureaucratrequestscigarettesinexchange
forofficialdocumentation
Governmentinspectorrequestsextracashto
issueapermit
Policeofficerasksforsexualfavorsinexchangeforrespondingtoemergencycall
Contractmanagerphysicallyintimidatesyouduringnegotiation
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WHATISBRIBERY/CORRUPTION?
Public(with agovernment
official)
Private(betweenprivate
parties)
Active(offeringorgiving)
Passive(receiving)
Corruption
TYPESOFCORRUPTIONFACEDBYWOMEN
• Somethingofvaluegiventoanofficialorpersoninpowertowinorretainbusinessincludingcash,gifts, entertainment,etc.
• SmallpaymentstogetsomeonetodotheirjobBribery
• Sexualactsorthreatsofadverseconsequencesmadeagainstanotherpersonunlessdemandsaremet(sextortion)
• Immigrationthreats,kidnapping,holdingforransomHumanRightsAbuse
• FavoringfriendsorfamilyinbusinessdecisionsFavoritism
• UseofdeceptiontoobtainanunfairadvantageFraud
• Decision-makingbasedonconflictingpersonalandprofessionalinterestsConflictsofinterest
Inourpersonallivesaswomen,wemayfacecorruption.
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CORRUPTIONFACEDBYWOMEN
Doctorsdemandingbribesto
advancetheschedulingof
surgery
Schooladministratorsaskingfor
paymentstoregister
childrenatstateschools
Teenagegirlatarefugeecampappliestocampadministratorforfood,soap,andmedicineshe’sentitledtoandneedstosurvive.Campadministratordemandssexbeforeturningoverthesupplies.
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CORRUPTIONFACEDBYWOMEN
Womenmayfeelthatourcapabilityisoverlookedin
favorofsomeoneappointingarelativeoraspaybacktoathirdparty.
Whencorruptionisroutineinprivatelife,itwilloftenariseinthebusinesscontextaswell.
Womendealingwithgovernment/
procurementofficialswhoabusetheirpositionof
relativepowerwhentheybelievethatwomen
shouldnotberunningabusiness.
Womenmayneedtoresistdemandsforsexualfavors,orthreatswhenseekingabusinesspermit/licenseor
contract.
u Ifyoupayabribeorotherwiseengageinbribery/corruption,youarebreakingthelawandcouldfaceseriousconsequences
u Financial – finesandpenalties
u Legal – criminal(sometimesinothercountriesaswellasyourown)
u Administrative – exclusionfrompublicbiddingandcontracts
u Reputational – largercompaniesmaynotwanttoworkwithyou
WHATARETHEEFFECTSOFCORRUPTION?
u Evenifitis“justthewaybusinessisdone”locally,corruptionisstilldamagingandillegal- localcultureisn’tajustification!
u Givingbribescandamageyourreputation andyoucanlosetheopportunitytoselltolargercompaniesthatexpectacleansupplychain
WHATARETHEEFFECTSOFCORRUPTION?
Slowsprocesses
Fostersinequalityofemploymentopportunities
Createsunequalandlimitedaccesstogoodsandpublic
services
Wastesresourcesand
hindersdevelopment
Corruption
u Howmanyofyouthinkthatordinarypeoplecanmakeadifferencetostopcorruption?
u Howmanythinkpeoplecanreportcorruption?
u Wecanallbeempoweredtoresistsolicitationwhenfacedwitharequestforabribe.
u Thefollowingslidesdescribesomegoodtechniquesandpracticestouseindifferentscenarios.
u Eachscenarioprovidesafewdifferentsuggestionsforaction.
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DETECT,PREVENTANDREPORTCORRUPTION
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SCENARIO1– CUSTOMSOFFICERASKSFORSMALLCASHPAYMENTTOCLEARMERCHANDISE
Asktotalktotheirsupervisor
Suggesttopaythecustomsdepartmentandnottheperson
Askforreceiptorinvoiceaswellasonlinebankingdetails
Findoutifthecustomsauthorityhasahigh-levelreportingmechanism
Ifareportingmechanismexists,useittoreportontherequestor
Asktoreceivetherequestinwriting
Reporttherequestthroughthecompany’scompliancereportingchannels
SCENARIO2– COMPANYPROCUREMENTEMPLOYEESAYSTHATTIMEALONETOGETHERWILLGETYOUONTOTHEBIDLISTFORANEWSALE
Keeprecordsandnotesofall
interactionswiththeprocurementofficersothatyoucaninformthe
companyinvestigatoraccordingly
Findoutaboutavailablechannelsandthenusethem,
including:
Companywebsite
Phone
Livediscussionwiththeemployee’smanageror
humanresourcesrepresentative
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SCENARIO3– REQUESTFORSEXBYAGOVERNMENTPROCUREMENTOFFICERTOSECUREACONTRACT
Threatento(andthendo)informthe
requestor’ssupervisoror
complianceofficerifyoufeelsafetodoso/orifthelawprotectsyou
Gobacktothesolicitingpersonwithatleastonewitness
(management,adviser,bankrepresentative)
Requesttobeaccompaniedbya
lawyerorindependentparty
toreducetheprobabilityofbeingaskedtomakea
bribe
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SCENARIO4– REQUESTFORASURCHARGETOSECUREABUILDINGPERMIT
Requestawrittenofficiallicense
proceduretotestthe
legitimacyofthedemand
Explainthatyoucannot
payindividuals,butonlytoabankaccountofthepublicauthority
Askforofficial
receiptsfromthelocalauthority
Notifytheauthority’ssenior
leadership/supervising
body
SCENARIO5– TRASHCOLLECTORREQUESTSAFEWPICTURESOFYOUINEXCHANGEFORPICKINGUPTRASHFROMYOURFACILITY
Ifyouareaskedtodosomethingthatmakesyouuncomfortable,youhavearighttosayno
Talktopeopleyoutrustwhomaybeabletochangethesituationsuchasothersinyourcompanyorcommunity
Theserequestscanbehardertostopifyouinitiallycomply
Donotsharemobilephonenumber,emailaddressoranyotherinformationthatcanmakeiteasierforthepersontoreachyou
Donotsharepicturesoronlinedetails
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HOWCANIHELPOTHERWOMENFIGHTCORRUPTION?
Foranyprojectthatyouareinvolvedwith,findoutwhatexternalreportingchannelsareavailableandletyouremployeesknowaboutthemaswell
• Knowwhatexternalwhistleblowingchannelsareavailabletoraiseconcernsbyresearchinglocalchannelsatthestartofaproject.
• Letwomeninyourcompanyknowthattheycanalwayscometoyoutodiscussconcernsconfidentiallyiftheydonotfeelcomfortableusinganofficialwhistleblowingchannel.
• Helpwomentodraftwrittenstatementsifnecessary.• Workcollectivelywithotherstostandupagainstcorruption.• Speakoutonsocialmedia- #womenagainstcorruption.
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HOWCANIHELPOTHERWOMENFIGHTCORRUPTION?
Ensurearobustinternalwhistleblowerprogramwherewomenfeelsafetoraiseconcerns
• Itisimportanttohavetheappropriateinternalchannelstoencouragewomentoraiseconcernsconfidentially
• Fearofreprisalorthesensethatthereisnorewardfordoingsomaystopwomenfromreporting
• Youcanencouragewomentotalktoyouinasafe,women-onlyenvironment• Showappreciationfortheircouragetocomeforward• Reassurewomenthattheywon’tlosetheirjobsbyspeakingup
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HOWCANIHELPOTHERWOMENFIGHTCORRUPTION?
Regulartraining foryouandalloftheotherwomeninyourcompany– andoffer“trainthetrainer”sessionstohavemorewidespreadimpact
• Topicssuggested:• WhatiscorruptionandhowcanIresistsolicitation?• Gender-relateddiscriminationandcorruption• Consequencesofengaginginprohibitedbehavior• HowcanItalktomysupervisororcustomersaboutwhatIamexperiencing?
• HowcanIengagewithgovernmentemployees?• HowcanIfindoutaboutavailablereportingchannelswhenIworkwithgovernmentsorlargercompanies?
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HOWCANIHELPOTHERWOMENFIGHTCORRUPTION?
Create acultureofadvocacy
• Ensureagoodtoneofcomplianceandopennesstohearingissuesfromyouremployeesandcolleagues
• Reward goodandethicalbehavior– thankwomenforbringingissuestoyourattentionandmakethemfeelappreciated
• Fosterwomen’snetworkinganddiscussiongroupswherewomencantalkovertheirexperiences
• Engagewithlocaladvocacygroupstofindoutwhatothersaredoingandhaveagreaterimpact
• Connectwithbusinessfederationsasmanywillhavespecialsectionsestablishedforethicsandcompliance
Womencanbechampionsagainstcorruption!• InZimbabwe,NyaradzoMutonhori,heardthatacertainpowerfulpoliticianinHararewasextortingsexualfavorsfromwomenapplyingforstate-subsidizedhousing.• Thewomenwenttothepolicemanytimesbutbecausethismanwieldedgreatinfluenceinthecommunity,theircomplaintsweredismissed.• NyaradzoMutonhoristeppedin,helpingthewomentodraftdetailedstatementsandaccompanyingthemtothepolicestationtoopenapropercaseagainsttheman.• Soonafterthattheharassmentstopped,thewomen’sapplicationswereprocessedandtheygottheirhousinggrants.• Fromthatmoment,Nyaradzoknewthatshecouldplayavitalroleinhelpingwomenfightcorruptioninhercountry.
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HOWDOESTHISALLCOMETOGETHER?
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APPENDIX:LISTOFRESOURCESONCORRUPTIONANDWOMEN
OECD
• OECDConventiononCombatingBriberyofForeignPublicOfficialsinInternationalBusinessTransactions,availableat:http://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/ConvCombatBribery_ENG.pdf
• OECDantibriberyconventionstatesthefollowinginitsarticle1:“EachPartyshalltakesuchmeasuresasmaybenecessarytoestablishthatitisacriminaloffenceunderitslawforanypersonintentionallytooffer,promiseorgiveanyunduepecuniaryorotheradvantage,whetherdirectly or throughintermediaries,toaforeignpublicofficial,forthatofficialorforathirdparty,inorderthattheofficialactorrefrainfromactinginrelationtotheperformanceofofficialduties,inordertoobtainorretainbusinessorotherimproperadvantageintheconductofinternationalbusiness.”andinitscommentariesonpage11:“ThisConventiondealswithwhat,inthelawofsomecountries,iscalled“activecorruption”or“activebribery”,meaningtheoffencecommittedbythepersonwhopromisesorgivesthebribe,ascontrastedwith“passivebribery”,theoffencecommittedbytheofficialwhoreceivesthebribe”.WhilethereisnoofficialdefinitionintheUNCACarticle15andarticle21oftheconventionprovidethedefinitionofBriberyofnationalpublicofficialsandBriberyintheprivatesectorrespectively.
• OECD,G20Anti-CorruptionWorkingGroupActionPlan2019-2021andExtractfromG20LeadersCommuniqué,December11-14,2018,availableat:https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DAF/WGB/RD(2018)10&docLanguage=En
• OECD,Glossarycorruption,availableat:http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/39532693.pdf
UnitedNations(UN)
• ConventionagainstCorruption (UNCAC),availableat:https://www.unodc.org/unodc/corruption/tools_and_publications/UN-convention-against-corruption.html
UNDevelopmentProgram(UNDP)
• SeeingBeyondTheState:GrassrootsWomen’sPerspectivesonCorruptionandAnti-corruption,October2012,availableat:https://www.unwomen.org/en/docs/2012/10/grassroots-womens-perspectives-on-corruption
• UNDPTrainingonGenderEquality,Women’sEmpowermentandAnti-Corruption,availableat:https://anti-corruption.org/UNDP_Anticorruption_Gender2015_WBT_100516/story.html
• UNDPBusinessIntegrityToolkitforYoungEntrepreneurs,availableat:https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/business-integrity-toolkit-for-young-entrepreneurs.html
• UNDPFairBizProject,availableat:https://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/rbap/en/home/programmes-and-initiatives/Fair-Biz.html
UNsustainabledevelopmentGoals
• Goal5:Achievegenderequalityandempowerallwomenandgirls,availableat:https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/gender-equality/
• Goal16:Promotejust,peacefulandinclusivesocieties,availableat:https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/peace-justice/
UNGlobalCompact
• RESIST– ResistingExtortionandSolicitationinInternationalTransactions,availableat:https://www.unglobalcompact.org/library/157
• FightingCorruptionintheSupplyChain:AGuideforCustomersandSuppliers,availableat:https://www.unglobalcompact.org/library/153
UNWomen
• UNTrustFundtoEndViolenceagainstWomen,CaseStudy:Tanzania:Makingmarketssaferforwomentraders,availableat:https://untf.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2017/03/tanzania-making-markets-safer-for-women-traders
UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)
• UniversityModuleSeriesonAnti-Corruption,availableat:https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/tertiary/anti-corruption.html “(WhenreferringtotheE4JModulepleaseacknowledgeitbyusingthefollowingformulation:[Nameofcompany/organization]issupportingtheEducationforJustice(E4J)initiative,launchedbytheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime,bydeliveringcoursesinspiredbyE4JModules.[Nameofcompany/organization]therebyaims to contributetotheachievementoftheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandparticularlySDG16.”)
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APPENDIX:LISTOFRESOURCESONCORRUPTIONANDWOMEN
ICRWInternationalCenterforResearchonwomen
• Women’sEnterprises:CorruptionandCrime(October2019),availableat:https://www.icrw.org/issues/employment-and-enterprises/
U4Anti-CorruptionResourceCenter :https://www.u4.no/topics/gender
• Aremenandwomenequallycorrupt?ByFrédéric Boehm,Bergen:Chr.Michelsen Institute(U4Brief2015:6)4p.,availableat:https://www.u4.no/publications/are-men-and-women-equally-corrupt
• Thegenderedimpactofcorruption:Whosuffersmore– menorwomen?ByErikaSierraandFrédéric BoehmBergen:Chr.Michelsen Institute(U4Brief2015:9)4p,availableat:https://www.u4.no/publications/the-gendered-impact-of-corruption-who-suffers-more-men-or-womenhttps://anti-corruption.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Grassroots-women-and-anti-corruption.pdf
TraceInternational• TrainingforThirdPartyIntermediaries,availableat:https://traceinternational.org/compliance-training
TransparencyInternational
• Gender,EqualityandCorruption:WhatAreTheLinkages?,2014,availableat:https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2014_Policybrief1_GenderEqualityCorruption_EN.pdf
• TransparencyInternationalGuideonGenderandcorruption,2016,availableat:https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Topic_guide_gender_corruption_Final_2016.pdf
• TransparencyInternational,“Whatiscorruption?”,availableat:https://www.transparency.org/en/what-is-corruption
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APPENDIX:LISTOFRESOURCESONCORRUPTIONANDWOMEN
B20– G20
• B20-G20Anti-CorruptionToolkitforSMEs,availableat:https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/e0b6c17a/files/uploaded/B20-G20%20Anti-corruptionToolkit%20for%20SMEs%202015.1.pdf
• JointStatementbyB20Argentina,C20ArgentinaandW20Argentina,#Corruptiontoo:Whygendermattersforanti-corruption,2018,availableat:https://civil-20.org/c20/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Joint-Statement-Gender-and-Corruption-1.pdf
• C20Statement:"recognize,condemnandadoptaneffectivecriminalframeworkthataddressesharassmentandsexualextortion(‘sextortion’)asagenderedformofcorruptionandviolence."
• JointStatementbyC20,L20,T20,W20andY20onEliminatingViolenceandHarassmentintheWorldofWork,2019,availableat:http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/c20/2019-C20-L20-T20-W20-Y20-FINAL-Joint-Statement-on-Eliminating-Violence-and-Harassment-in-the-World-of-Work2.pdf
• OECD,G20Anti-CorruptionWorkingGroupActionPlan2019-2021andExtractfromG20LeadersCommuniqué,December11-14,2018,availableat:https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DAF/WGB/RD(2018)10&docLanguage=En
• Women'sEmpowermentPrinciplesFlyer(EstablishedbyUNGlobalCompactandUNWomen),availableat:https://www.weps.org/resource/womens-empowerment-principles-flyer
AllianceforIntegrityWomen’sPrograms
• CorruptionpreventionTrainingProgramme andotherinitiatives,availableat:https://www.allianceforintegrity.org/en/offer/training-programme/andhttps://www.allianceforintegrity.org/en/news/messages/launch-event-of-the-first-integri-tea-in-india.php
TheSwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgency(Sida)
• GenderandCorruption,GenderToolBox,2015,availableat:https://www.sida.se/English/publications/159390/gender-and-corruption/
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APPENDIX:LISTOFRESOURCESONCORRUPTIONANDWOMEN
TheQualityofGovernmentInstitute(QOG)UniversityofGothenburg
• Theeffectofgenderoncorruption,2019,availableat:https://qog.pol.gu.se/news/news-detail//the-effect-of-gender-on-corruption.cid1667356
ThomsonReutersFoundation,InternationalAssociationofWomenJudgesandMarval,O’FarrellandMairal
• CombatingSextortion:AComparativeStudyofLawstoProsecuteCorruptionInvolvingSexualExploitation,availableat:http://www.trust.org/publications/i/?id=588013e6-2f99-4d54-8dd8-9a65ae2e0802
Videos
• CNBC:CostofCorruption,availableat:https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/10/18/cnbc-explains-whats-the-cost-of-corruption.html
• TransparencyInternational:HowDoesCorruptionAffectYou,availableat:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuwdoOuo2MLU2ebspAWKcxQ
• TransparencyInternational:InternationalWomen’sDay,2020,availableat:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJ6yQrqwi_k• GlobalEthicsSolutions:BusinessGiftsandBribery,availableat:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQdfD227NBA
• CityofLondonPolice:BriberyandCorruption- TheConversation,availableat:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0HAjm3ApdU
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APPENDIX:LISTOFRESOURCESONCORRUPTIONANDWOMEN
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