"gaia lessons and modifications – small scale vs. large scale approach" - firehiwot mengesha ethos...
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Gaia Lessons and Modifications
of Ethanol Production:Small-scale vs. Large-scale Approach
Firehiwot MengeshaProject Gaia, Inc.
ETHOS ConferenceJanuary 28th - 30th, 2011
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Introduction
y I am a BSc. in Chemical Engineering from Addis AbabaUniversity and am completing a Masters Degree at San JoseState University that is focused on the science of ethanolfermentation and distillation. I have worked in Project Gaia
since 2004, not only in Ethiopia but also Malawi andMadagascar. I am interested in bringing not just betterstoves but also cleaner fuels to Africa. Africans are likeeverybody elsethey want modern forms of energy.
y Micro distilleries are appropriate technology that can be
affordable to communities and that can produce ethanolvery cheaply, so that it is affordable for anybody who buysfuel. Most Africans today buy their fuel. Charcoal and
wood are becoming more and more expensive to buy,especially in our rapidly growing cities.
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Presentation Outline
y Introduction: Organization and Technology
y Progress Reports by Country
Ethiopia
Brazil Nigeria
Madagascar
Haiti
y
Modifications to Our Approachy Advantages of the micro-distillery
y Conclusion
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Project Gaia
Project Gaia:
y International NGO and non-profit org.
y Gaia Association in Ethiopia is indigenouspartner.
y We are promoting an energy revolution
alcohol fuels for the developing world.y We consider ourselves part of global clean-
cooking fuels initiative.
y Ethanol displaces charcoal, wood, dung andother low-grade biomass fuels. Our studiesshow how eager people are to move up.
y Mitigate emissions, reduce health risks anddeforestation associated with woodfuels
y Uses culturally-sensitive approach to providehousehold energy appliance that fitcommunity needs
y Targets communities that are energy poor
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The CleanCook Stove
Ethanol can be made sustainably from: Sugary materials such as sugarcane, sweet
sorghum, sugar beets, even mesquite pods. Starches such as cassava (manioc or yuca),
potatoes, maize, even palms (Raffia, sago). Cellulose materials like wood, grasses, and
agricultural residues (coming soon!). Food wastes from urban centers, such as
fruit and vegetable waste from the market,processing wastes, from coffee or canning.
Introduction to the Technology
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Gaia WorldwideProjects and studies: Ethiopia, South Africa, Malawi, Madagascar, Nigeria and
Brazil. Coming soon: Kenya, Haiti, Senegal, Mozambique.
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Progress Report: Ethiopia
y Gaia Association established 2004 as a Ethiopian NGO
y Gaia Association project locations: Addis Ababa, rural areas,Kebribeyah, Awbere and Sheder Refugee Camps in eastern Ethiopia
y Project partners: USEPA, ARRA,UNHCR, World Bank BEIA, FederalEPA and private donors
y Pilot studies and stove scale-ups in rural and urban areas. Surveys,HH energy reports, business plans and monitoring & evaluation.
y Indoor Air Pollution studies. Carbon finance planning.
y Local stove manufacturing in Addis Ababa
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Metahara: A new Distillery owned by the Ethiopian Governmentcommissioned in 2009. Most advanced in Africa. It will produce 12million liters annually
Fuel blending for transportation (currently at a 5%will move to 10%blend). Metahara has also agreed to provide ethanol for the stove market
in Addis.
Ethiopia Continued
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Progress Report: Brazil
2007 Pilot studies in urban and rural areas inMinas Gerais State to assess stove reception anduse
CleanCook was easy to use. Most preferred itover their LPG stove because it was safer andthey could buy fuel daily in small quantities,rather than in expensive, heavy pressurebottleseasier for low-income families.
Families saved an average 30 minutes of cooking
each day.Household preferred ethanol to sooty, polluting
fuels such as fuelwood.
Next step: Conduct market studyto see potential consumer base
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Progress Report: Nigeria
Two methanol-based pilot studies in 2003 and 2007
Pilot study in 150 randomly selected homes
Working with NEPAD Pan-Africa Cassava Initiative and privateinvestors to promote ethanol inmicro distilleries as well asmethanol for cooking.
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Nigeria continued
y Held seminar with Blume Distillation (microdistilleries) in November in Atlanta, attended byNigeria National Petroleum Company (NNPC) which
is spearheading biofuels in Nigeria.Kerosene is costly in Nigeria.It is actually imported, since nopetroleum fuels are refined in
Nigeria at this time. NNPChopes that ethanol fromcassava can become a source ofaffordable cooking fuel.
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Progress Report: Madagascar
World-Bank study to compare ethanol stoves with solid
fuel stoves. We assessed impacts on fuel use, time,
IAP, personal exposure, health outcomes.
y Study consortium composed of Practical Action
Consulting, Berkeley Air Monitoring, University of
Liverpool, Ecoconsult, Project Gaia and Tany Meva.
y Results show that on average women saved 2.5 hrs per
day using the CleanCook. Of all stoves in the study
(including improved solid fuel stoves), only the
CleanCook could meet WHO emissions standards and
deliver significant improvements in Indoor Air Quality.
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Madagascar: Overview of study design
Baseline(N=154)
Control
Awareness
Improved charcoal
Ethanol
AMBOSITRAAMBOSITRA N=132N=132 N=129N=129
Control
Awareness
Improved charcoal
Ethanol
Baseline(N=184)
Control
Awareness
Improved charcoal
Ethanol
VATOMANDRYVATOMANDRY N=160N=160 N=153N=153
Control
Awareness
Improved charcoal
Ethanol
Improved wood Improved wood
INT
IN
T
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Study composed of stoves + fuels + awareness
Continue using:
Traditional charcoal
Traditional wood
Improved charcoalImproved charcoal
Ethanol (CleanCook)Ethanol (CleanCook)Improved woodImproved wood
Awareness onlyAwareness only
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Ambositra 24-hr PM2.5
0
.2
.4
.6
.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
24-hrAvg.
KitchenPM2.5
Concentration(mg/m3)
Ethanol Imp. Charcoal Awar. Raising Only Control
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Baseline
Rainy season sample
Dry season sample
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Ambositra predicted 24-hr PM2.5 (adults)
0
.2
.4
.6
.8
control awareness imp. charcoal ethanol
AmbositraAdult PM
baseline round2
round3
WHO IT-1 = 75
g/m3 PM2.5(+15% long-
term mortality)
WHO AQG = 25
g/m3 PM2.5
WHO 24-hour
PM2.5 AQGs
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Ambositra predicted 24-hr PM2.5 (child)
0
2
4
6
8
on o a a ene p ha oa e hano
bo a
h d
ba e ne ound2
ound3
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Madagascar
y A conclusion to be drawn from the Madagascarstudy, as well as other studies, is that not onlyimproved stoves but also clean fuelsand the stoves
in which to combust themmust be developed anddisseminated in order to achieve the objectives firstput forth at the WSSD in Johannesburg in 2002.
y The simple alcohols are in a class only with LPG, but
the alcohols, particularly ethanol, can be locallymade on a community scale, with very littleinvestment.
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Small scale Ethanol Production in Madagascar
Small scale ethanol plant with pieces and plumbing suppliesunder construction at Tany Mevas Ethanol Fair in
Antananarivo.
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Progress Report: Haiti
yAim: to supply displaced families withCleanCook stoves a.s.a.p. using ethanolfrom Brazil. Promote local production ofethanol fuel in the mid-term
yWe have forged partnerships with NGOs,private sector and Haitian Diaspora.
yWe have identified pilot study sites incommunities displaced by the earthquake.
y On the ground logistics secured
y 1,300 CleanCook stoves ordered, awaiting
to be shippedy Secured ready-to-build site 10km from
Port-au-Prince for installation of micro-distillery and local ethanol supply chain.
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Haiti Ethanol Production Potential
In 1983 Haiti
fed itself and
harvested
78,000 Ha of
sugarcane.
Today it cannotfeed itself and
harvests less
than 17,000 Ha
of cane. The
food vs. fuel
debate is not
about localresources but
global markets.
If Haitian farmers can thrive again, Haiti will thrive. Producing for a local stove fuel
market will be good for farmers, who will earn a living and be able to plant next year.
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Large Scale & Micro Distilleries COMPARED
Efficiency of scale is
not a hard rule forethanol production.Ethanol distillation isscalable. Microdistilleries can be very
efficient. In certainways they can be moreefficient. Equipmentmay be simpler andelectricity co-gen maynot be feasible, but
because they fit intothe local contextbetter, they can takeadvantage of feedstock& siting opportunities.
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Microdistillery Process Flow
Juar z S usa Sil a, F ral U i r sit f Vi sa, MG, Brazil
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Brazilian and American
farmers (among others)
have worked out highly
productive agricultural
businesses based on theoperation and output of
very small, efficient
distilleries. Pictured here is
a diagram of an integrated
farming operation basedon a 400-liters per day
Blume Distillery.
Blume Distillery, U.S.
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MADAGASCAR
MADAGASCAR
BRAZIL
BRAZIL
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Efficient tubular steam boilers capable of burning bagasse
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The Blume Integrated farm produces alcohol for sale and also various primaryproducts: hot water, wet distillers solubles, wet distillers grains (WDG) for animal
feed, CO2 for a greenhouse and stover or bagasse for compost, but also secondary
products, like fish food for an aquaculture operation, fish products, mushrooms and
greenhouse vegetables.T
hese are all products for sale.
Co-Product Utilization and Sale
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Putting the Farmer into the Fuel Supply Chain
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Adapting to change
y In mid 2009 Gaia experienced an ethanol supplyinterruption in Addis and the refugee camps becauseethanol from the state-owned distillery was redirected
by government from cooking into a national auto fuelblending program. We did not feel this was the rightdecision by government. We decided to diversify ourfocus from industrial to community scale ethanol
production. In so doing, we discovered a valuable andready technology in farm and micro-scale distillerysystems that were ready to go.
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1. Ethanol supply interruption in Ethiopia was top down, imposed bygovernment and beyond our control. Both fuel blending the export towealthy markets are risks for us.
2. Large scale ethanol is subject to the pressures of commodity pricing.Gasoline and petroleum fuels place inflationary pressure on ethanol,
which is a much cheaper fuel.3. Large scale production is removed from community needs and
priorities.
In response, Gaia developed a new strategy1. Introduce efficient micro distilleries a simple, affordable technology.
2. Close the loop between production and consumption.3. Use co-products of ethanol distillation to heat homes, feed animals and
fertilize land.
Reasons why NOT to rely on large-scale ethanol
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1. This strategy allows for local production of clean fuel in both urbanand rural settings
2. Bioethanol is intrinsically cheap to produce. It starts its price build-up at the micro distillery gate at far below that of petroleum fuels. It
never has to enter a wider market where commodity pricing couldhave an inflationary effect.
3. As a result, ethanol will be able to compete with purchased solidbiomass fuels (wood and charcoal) in most markets.
4. Locally produced fuel has a short supply chain. The producer canretail directly, without the middlemen.
5. This makes the fuel more accessible to base-of-the-pyramid buyers.
6. Stimulates local agricultural markets. Creates jobs harvesting andtransporting crops, operating machinery, retailing fuel.
7. Keeps wealth in the local community.
Reasons to produce ethanol at the micro level
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Ethanol Production from Various Feedstocks
Annual L/Ha Annual L/Ha
Cattails in sewage with cellulose 93,500 Yams 879Cattails (starch only) 23,375 Corn 2,805
Cattails wild 10,051 Melons (Cucurbitaceae) 4,208
Sweet Sorghum (with cellulose) 32,725 Buffalo gourd (Cucurbita) 8,415
Sweet Sorghum cane 9,350 Prickly PearCactus, managed 8,415
Grain Sorghum 2,338 Prickly Pear wild 3,273
Cassava 16,830 Mesquite, managed 3,188
Nipa palms (Phillipines) 20,009 Castor bean (Jatropha) 3,029
Nipa palm (wild) 6,078 Rice, rough 1,870
Sago palm (wild, New Guinea) 6,078 Coffee pulp 1,403
Sugar cane (22 month crop) 8,415 Pinapples 729
Molasses 1,477
Mangos 944Tropical SugarBeets 5,610 Papayas 851
Potatoes, starch only 3,740 Bananas 1,477
Sweet Potatoes 2,057 Cashew apple (India) 486
Yield Table -- Conventional and Alternative Feedstocks
Divide each value by 365 to compute number of houses served. If cassava yields 16,830
liters/hectare, this is 128 houses provided with cooking for 3 meals each day.
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Summation
y Africans desire modern stoves and clean fuels.
y Micro distilleries provide the direct link between biomass (producedfrom agriculture, not forests) and fuel for stoves.
y Micro distilleries can produce fuel for 20 to 30 per liter. This is threecooked meals. Solid fuels cost more.
y Micro distilleries and stoves packaged together provide a market for thefuel and fuel for the stovesthe whole supply chain from production toconsumption.
y In distressed economies, short-term yields are more important thanlong term investments. Two energy crops per year are preferable to a30 year tree harvest or even a 5-year coppice rotation.
y Because of this, not enough sustainable forestry is practiced in Africatoday, but lots of sustainable agriculture is. Our farmers need cashmarkets to buy seeds for next year, and cooking fuel is a big cashmarket. Farmers to be diversifiedproducing food and fuel.
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FIREHIWOT MENGESHAChemical Engineer, Disti l lery Specialist
PROJECT GAIA, INC.FIR
EHIWOT
M@PROJ
ECT
GAI
A.CO
MWWW.PROJECTGAIA.COM717-321-4391
Thank You!
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