funding protected areas jim barborak
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Who pays the bills?
Funding protected areas and
the role of concessions
Jim Barborak
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Basic principles� Government agencies, NGOs and
communities that own or manage PA
management agencies can and should try
to become more self sufficient, particularly
to pay for recurrent personnel and
operations costs
� There are a number of techniques and
mechanisms to achieve this
� Concessions can be one of an array of
mechanisms to fund PAs but are not a
panacea
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A key goal should be to develop the
planning, budgeting, and administrative
systems and financial strategies
needed for an agency, program or
project to meet its goals and objectives
with the greatest effectiveness,
efficiency, social responsibility and
sustainability possible.
This requires keeping fixed costs low!
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There are no miraculous solutions for the
challenge of financial sustainability.
Financial strategies are need to resolve
both short and long term funding needs
Strategies and sources are needed to
cover both operational (recurrent costs)
and development costs.
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It is vital to begin the source for support in
house, then locally, then regionally, then
nationally, and only then think about
outside resources and support from
abroad.
Many people in developing countries
switch this around!
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Funding techniques
� Regular and special
budget allocations
� User fees and tariffs for
direct (e.g. Tourists)
and indirect users
(water users)
� Environmental service
fee and payment
systems
� Carbon markets
� Alliances with other
agencies: tourism,
agrarian reform,
planning, tourism,
education, defense,
public security, public
works
� Creation of foundations,
endowments and trust
funds
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Other mechanisms� Fiscal stamps and excise taxes
� Hunting and fishing licenses and permits for scientific research and resource use and export
� Excise taxes (guns, ammo, fishing and camping gear)
� Fines and auction of confiscated goods and use of confiscated equipment
� Tourism taxes
� Commemorative stamps and coins
� Tax breaks and other fiscal incentives in return for donations of cash, equipment, land, materials
� Souvenirs and book sales
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External sources of support
Multilaterals
� UNDP, UNEP, FAO, BIRF (B. Mundial)
� Regional Banks: ADB, etc.
� European Union
� Regional bodies
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Bilateral agencies
� CIDA (Canadá)
� JICA
� USAID
� DANIDA
� NORAD
� FINNIDA
� GTZ/KFW
� HOLLAND
� AECID
� International
volunteers
� National resource
management
agencies (USDA
DOI from USA)
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International Conventions
� Ramsar
� World Heritage
� ITTO
� CBD, UNFCCC via GEF
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New mechanisms
� Debt swaps under TFCA and other programs
� REDD and global carbon market
� Environmental service payment systems
� National and regional environmental funds
� Trust funds and endowments
� Private capital investments
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Funds from NGOs
� Can be global,
regional, national or
local
� May be focused on
environmental issues
or on social
development
� Often more flexible,
quicker than bilaterals
and multilaterals
� BirdLife network
� FFI
� WCS
� WWF
� IUCN
� TNC
� CI
� CARE
� National NGOs
� Local NGOs
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Sources of scholarships, research grants,
technical assistance, funds for exchanges
� Universities
� Museums
� Science foundations
� DAAD
� USIA, Fulbright
� CUSO
� Other governments
� International volunteer agencies
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Sources of direct revenue
� Tourism activities
� Fundraising campaigns and appeals
� Souvenir sales
� Visitor center proceeds
� Concerts, art sales, galas
� Membership dues
� Corporate and individual philanthropic
donations
� Friends associations
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Don´t forget!
� NGOs are not necessarily good
entrepreneurs, neither are governments
� NGOs, concessions, etc. require very clear
and well thought out statutes and
administrative and financial controls
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So how can concessions help fund
parks?� Directly through concessions fees
� Directly through investments in physical plant
and equipment
� Directly through donations and in-kind
services provides to PA authorities
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Indirect ways concessions can help
fund PAs� Indirectly by increasing visitation and direct
entrance fees and other fees paid to
conservation authorities
� Indirectly by reducing fixed costs of PA mgt.
� Indirectly by supporting fundraising campaigns
� Indirectly through investments in communities
that reduce pressure on park resources
� Indirectly through physical presence
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Presentations
Financing for private sector working in
Mozambique
Malcolm Turner
Financing for the private sector in tourism
concessions in southern Africa
Sue Snyman
Maximizing local linkages into the Tourism
(the value chain – “the trickledown effect”)
Manuel Mutimucuio
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