funding protected areas jim barborak

Who pays the bills?

Funding protected areas and

the role of concessions

Jim Barborak

USAID/SPEED logo Technoserve logo

Basic principles� Government agencies, NGOs and

communities that own or manage PA

management agencies can and should try

to become more self sufficient, particularly

to pay for recurrent personnel and

operations costs

� There are a number of techniques and

mechanisms to achieve this

� Concessions can be one of an array of

mechanisms to fund PAs but are not a

panacea


A key goal should be to develop the

planning, budgeting, and administrative

systems and financial strategies

needed for an agency, program or

project to meet its goals and objectives

with the greatest effectiveness,

efficiency, social responsibility and

sustainability possible.

This requires keeping fixed costs low!


There are no miraculous solutions for the

challenge of financial sustainability.

Financial strategies are need to resolve

both short and long term funding needs

Strategies and sources are needed to

cover both operational (recurrent costs)

and development costs.


It is vital to begin the source for support in

house, then locally, then regionally, then

nationally, and only then think about

outside resources and support from

abroad.

Many people in developing countries

switch this around!


Funding techniques

� Regular and special

budget allocations

� User fees and tariffs for

direct (e.g. Tourists)

and indirect users

(water users)

� Environmental service

fee and payment

systems

� Carbon markets

� Alliances with other

agencies: tourism,

agrarian reform,

planning, tourism,

education, defense,

public security, public

works

� Creation of foundations,

endowments and trust

funds


Other mechanisms� Fiscal stamps and excise taxes

� Hunting and fishing licenses and permits for scientific research and resource use and export

� Excise taxes (guns, ammo, fishing and camping gear)

� Fines and auction of confiscated goods and use of confiscated equipment

� Tourism taxes

� Commemorative stamps and coins

� Tax breaks and other fiscal incentives in return for donations of cash, equipment, land, materials

� Souvenirs and book sales


External sources of support

Multilaterals

� UNDP, UNEP, FAO, BIRF (B. Mundial)

� Regional Banks: ADB, etc.

� European Union

� Regional bodies


Bilateral agencies

� CIDA (Canadá)

� JICA

� USAID

� DANIDA

� NORAD

� FINNIDA

� GTZ/KFW

� HOLLAND

� AECID

� International

volunteers

� National resource

management

agencies (USDA

DOI from USA)


International Conventions

� Ramsar

� World Heritage

� ITTO

� CBD, UNFCCC via GEF


New mechanisms

� Debt swaps under TFCA and other programs

� REDD and global carbon market

� Environmental service payment systems

� National and regional environmental funds

� Trust funds and endowments

� Private capital investments


Funds from NGOs

� Can be global,

regional, national or

local

� May be focused on

environmental issues

or on social

development

� Often more flexible,

quicker than bilaterals

and multilaterals

� BirdLife network

� FFI

� WCS

� WWF

� IUCN

� TNC

� CI

� CARE

� National NGOs

� Local NGOs


Sources of scholarships, research grants,

technical assistance, funds for exchanges

� Universities

� Museums

� Science foundations

� DAAD

� USIA, Fulbright

� CUSO

� Other governments

� International volunteer agencies


Sources of direct revenue

� Tourism activities

� Fundraising campaigns and appeals

� Souvenir sales

� Visitor center proceeds

� Concerts, art sales, galas

� Membership dues

� Corporate and individual philanthropic

donations

� Friends associations


Don´t forget!

� NGOs are not necessarily good

entrepreneurs, neither are governments

� NGOs, concessions, etc. require very clear

and well thought out statutes and

administrative and financial controls


So how can concessions help fund

parks?� Directly through concessions fees

� Directly through investments in physical plant

and equipment

� Directly through donations and in-kind

services provides to PA authorities


Indirect ways concessions can help

fund PAs� Indirectly by increasing visitation and direct

entrance fees and other fees paid to

conservation authorities

� Indirectly by reducing fixed costs of PA mgt.

� Indirectly by supporting fundraising campaigns

� Indirectly through investments in communities

that reduce pressure on park resources

� Indirectly through physical presence


Presentations

Financing for private sector working in

Mozambique

Malcolm Turner

Financing for the private sector in tourism

concessions in southern Africa

Sue Snyman

Maximizing local linkages into the Tourism

(the value chain – “the trickledown effect”)

Manuel Mutimucuio

funding protected areas jim barborak

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