from rightly guided to chaos
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From Rightly Guided to Chaos
HIST 10079/16/13
Byzantine vs. Arab Byzantine
What’s the difference?
Sasanian vs. Arab-Sasanian
What’s the difference?
What’s wrongwith these coins?
An Islamic Iconography
A Similar Development?
Amsar
Great Mosque of Kufa
Ahl al-Kitab and Dhimma
• Ahl al-Kitab: People of the Book• Dhimma: Protected minorities• Jizya: Poll tax paid by dhimmis• Mawla: Status of clientage• Incentives for both protecting non-Muslim minorities and discouraging conversion.
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
The Rashidun Caliphs
• Rightly Guided• Abu Bakr (r. 632-634)• `Umar (r. 634-644)• `Uthman (r. 644-656)• `Ali (r. 656-661)• Shūra• Ṣahāba
Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (r. 632-634)
• Banu Taym• One of the first three converts• WWMD – sunna• Ridda Wars• Consolidate authority over Muslims
`Umar b. al-Khattab (r. 634-644)
• Banu Adi• Early opponent to Islam• Converts in 616• As caliph, establishes government bureaucracy
(diwans)• Focus on Muslim identity• Muhajirun, ansar, and Muslim clans vs. Quraysh• Assassinated by Persians
`Uthman b. `Affan (r. 644-656)
• Banu Umayyah• Converts in 611• Umayyah wealthiest, most powerful of Quraysh aristocracy• Reasserts Meccan aristocracy• Nepotism in Egypt, Syria, Basra, and Kufa• Or is it a matter of maintaining stability?
Qur’an reportedly from the reign of `Uthman
Rebellion against `Uthman
• Uprisings in Egypt, Basra, and Kufa• 655 – Hajj address• 656 – 1,000 Egyptians march on Medina• `Uthman’s home besieged• `Uthman assassinated• Battles between supporters and opponents
Qur’an claimed to be the one `Uthman was reading when he was assassinated
`Ali b. Abi Talib (r. 656-661)• Banu Hashim• Son of the custodian of the Ka’aba• Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad• Fatima• One of first three converts• Perpetual candidate for caliphate• Ghadir Khumm and the investiture of `Ali
First Fitna• Fitna – sedition, upheaval, civil war• Was `Ali involved in `Uthman’s murder?• Muhammad b. Abu Bakr• Mu`awiyah and Marwan• Aisha bint Abu Bakr, Talhah, and Zubayr• 656 – Battle of the Camel
First Fitna
• Move capital to Kufa• 657 – Battle of Siffin• Arbitration – refuses a new caliph• Kharijites• 661 – assassinated• Mu`awiyah and Hasan
Shi’ism
• Shi’ite `Ali – Partisans of `Ali• Should the caliph be a descendant of the
Prophet Muhammad?• Ahl al-bayt• Fatima + `Ali• Imamate• When do these ideas develop?
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