friday december 14 th 2012

Friday December 14th 2012QU: Why do we breathe?

**Need book the rest of the Unit***Final Review is online!!*

OBJ: S.M. Q’s, Types of energy and uses, Over Test

“Cockroaches can live for 9 days after their head has been cut off.”

Monday December 17th 2012

QU: What is the word equation for cellular respiration?

**Turn in Energy Homework to HW Bin***CR Project Due at the End of the Hour

WedNesday*

OBJ: C.R. Notes and C.R. Project

“The warmest temperature ever recorded on Antarctica was 3 degrees F.”

Cellular RespirationWho? Why? Where? What?

In what organisms does cellular respiration take place?

(WHO?)

Plants and Animals…

Plants - Autotrophs: ◦self-producers.

Animals - Heterotrophs: ◦consumers.

Why do we care about Cellular Respiration?

WHY?

We eat complex foods with large molecules.◦These foods are full of energy BUT our body is

not prepared to use the energy in that state. We have to change it……

WHY? (cont.)

Solution: Our body digests macromolecules into their monomers.◦Main focus for this class: carbohydrates into

glucose.Then cellular respiration retrieves the

glucose and takes over!!

WHY? (cont.)

Cellular respiration’s main function◦Turn glucose into useable ATP

◦38 ATP per Glucose molecule ◦Also forms carbon dioxide and water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (Glucose) (ATP)

Where does Cellular Respiration occur?

WHERE?

Cellular Respiration occurs in the…◦Cytoplasm

Glycolysis---Cytosol (Cytoplasm)◦Mitochondria

Krebs Cycle—Mitochondrial Matrix Electron Transport Chain/ATP Synthase---Inner

Mitochondrial Membrane

WHERE? (cont.)

Innermembrane

Outermembrane

Innermembrane space

MatrixCristae

What happens in Cellular Respiration?

WHAT?

Cellular Respiration:◦catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring

process that uses energy to extract energy (ATP) from macromolecules (glucose). Catabolic: Rxn that breaks molecules down Makes CO2 and H2O as well as energy (ATP)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (Glucose) (ATP)

AMP, ADP, ATP

Adenosine Tri-Phospate:◦Made of three things

1.) Ribose (sugar) 2.) Adenosine (base) 3.) Three phosphates

◦ Key to the activity of ATP

AMP, ADP, ATP

ATP works by losing the endmost phosphate group when instructed to do so by an enzyme.

As the molecule goes from ATP to ADP to AMP it loses a phosphate.

◦With each lost phosphate more energy is released

This reaction releases a lot of energy, which the organism can then use to build proteins, contact muscles, etc

ATP to ADP To ADP releases energy

AMP

ADP

ATP

HOW: Steps of Cellular RespirationGlycolysis and Krebs Cycle

and Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Tuesday December 18th 2012QU: How is energy released from the ATP?

*CR Project Due Weds. at the end of the hour*Absent yesterday? Turn in your HW from Friday

OBJ: C.R. Notes and C.R. Project

“The warmest temperature ever recorded on Antarctica was 3 degrees F.”

WHAT? (cont.)

Cellular Respiration is broken into three main parts.◦1.) Glycolysis: splits sugar (glucose)◦2.) Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Extracts the

energy from glucose◦3.) Electron Transport Chain/ATP Synthase:

Turns the energy into ATP for the body to use

**In total makes 38 ATP**

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside of mitochondria.

Two phases:

A. Energy investment phase-Put energy in

B. Energy yielding phase-Get energy out

Glycolysis: Step 1

Energy Investment Phase: must put in 2 molecules of ATP to start Cellular Respiration

Glucose (6C)

Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP)

2 ATP - used0 ATP - produced0 NADH - produced

2ATP

2ADP + 2P

C-C-C-C-C-C

C-C-C C-C-C

Glycolysis: Step 2

Energy Yielding Phase: Rewarded for your investment by 4 ATP molecules

Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C)

Pyruvate (2 - 3C)

0 ATP - used4 ATP - produced2 NADH - produced

4ATP

4ADP + 4P

C-C-C C-C-C

C-C-C C-C-C

GAP GAP

(PYR) (PYR)

Glycolysis: The final picture

Total Net Yield:

2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)2 - ATP(You put in two ATP and made for so total you have is 2 ATP)

2 - NADH

“The In-between”

The 2 Pyruvates (PYR) (3 Carbons) lose one carbon each.

Now they each have only 2 carbons and are called Acetyl CoA

C-C-C C-C-C (PYR) (PYR)

C-C C-CAcetyl CoA Acetyl CoA

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Location: Mitochondrial Matrix

Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C).

It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule.◦Oxidize: remove electrons for energy

MitochondrialMatrix

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Total net yield (2 turns of krebs cycle)

1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)-Substrate-level phosphorylation: when phosphates are

added directly to a molecule of ADP or AMP to make ATP

2. 6 – NADH

3. 2 - FADH2

4. 4 - CO2

2 x around = Krebs Cycle

KrebsCycle

2 Acetyl CoA (2C)

6 NAD+

6 NADH2 FAD

2 FADH2

2 ATP2 ADP + P

OAA (4C)Citrate (6C)

4 CO2

Steps of Cellular RespirationElectron Transport Chain (ETC)and Oxidative Phosphorylation

WedNesday December 19th 2012QU:

OBJ: C.R. Notes and Project

“In 1845 Boston had an ordinance banning bathing unless you had a doctor's prescription.”

Step Location Net Gain of ATPs

1.

2.

*CR Project Due Today at the end of the hour***CR Quiz on Friday**

***Journals Due Friday***

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.

ETC and ATP Synthase (enzyme) make ATP.

ETC is a series of transport proteins that pump H+ and electrons across the inner membrane to make ATP and Water.

InnerMitochondrialMembrane

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration.

Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.

Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP.

Water is also made

Oxidative Phosphorylation: ATP synthesized from a proton gradient using electron pumps and ATP Synthase

Electron Transport Chain

Total ATP Yield…

Total ATP Yield

1. 04 ATP – Glycolysis and Krebs cycle2. 34 ATP - ETC 38 ATP – TOTAL NET Yield

ETC Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Thursday December 20th 2012

QU:

OBJ: Cellular Respiration Webquest

Stage of Cellular Respiration

Location of Stage

# of ATPs Produced (Net Gain)

*Quiz tomorrow***Bring Book the Rest of the Unit**

*Test on the Weds. You Return*

Friday December 21st 2012

QU: What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?

**Bring Book the Rest of the Unit***Test on the Weds. You Return*

OBJ: C.R. Quiz, Over Energy, Review

Monday January 7th 2013

QU:

**Cellular Respiration Test on WedNesday***Make-up Quiz today after school or

tomorrow before school*

OBJ: Cellular Respiration Review

Stage of Cellular Respiration

Location of Stage

# of ATPs Produced (Net Gain)

Binder Organization: Ch 7

SyllabusWord SearchChapter 7 Section 1 NotesCellular Respiration ProjectCellular Respiration WebquestCellular Respiration and Fermentation ReviewCellular Respiration Graphic OrganizerCellular Respiration Practice QuizCellular Respiration Hand Written Notes

Tuesday January 8th 2013

QU: What is one question you still have about cellular respiration?

**Chapter Review Due tomorrow***Binder Due Tomorrow*

OBJ: Cellular Respiration Review

WedNesday January 9th 2013

QU: How did you study for this test?

**Chapter Review to the HW Bin***Binder to my Lab Table*

OBJ: Cellular Respiration Test