french revolution (1)
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• Absolute monarchs
(Kings) who didn’t share
power with a counsel or
parliament
• Obtained power through
the idea of “Divine Right
of Kings”
Absolutism
King James I of England
The Seigneurial System
• In the 1700’s France had a
Feudal method of land
ownership and
organization
• Peasant labor
Receiving a seigneurial grant
• Ruled from 1643–1715
• Reduced the power of
the nobility
• Fought four wars
• Greatly increased
France’s national debt
Louis XIV
• Louis XV
• War fought in Europe, India, North America
• France ends up losing some of its colonial possessions
• Increases French national debt
The Seven Years’ War
Louis XV French and
English
troops fight
at the battle
of Fort St.
Philip on
the island
of Minorca
• First Estate: clergy
• Second Estate:
nobility
• Third Estate: the
rest of society
• The Estates General
– a very weak
congress
The Three Estates
Cartoon depicting the three Estates
• New ideas about
society and
government
• The social
contract – gov’t
protected people
and people
allowed gov’t to
exist
The Enlightenment
John LockeJean-Jacques Rousseau
• France supported the
colonists against Great
Britain
• Revolutionary ideals
brought to France.
The American Revolution
Marquis de Lafayette
• France helping America
worsened their debt
• Jacques Necker – Called
for a tax on property. All
three estates would have
to pay
• 1st and 2nd refused
• Calling of the Estates
General to require
property tax
Financial Crisis
Finance Minister Jacques Necker
• Met in Versailles
in May 1789
• One vote per
estate
• 1st and 2nd or
Clergy and
nobility joined
together to
outvote the Third
Estate
• Voting
controversy
The Estates General
A meeting of the Estates General
• The Third Estate
fed up and
established
National
Assembly on June
17, 1789.
• State they were
the true
representation of
France and the
real governing
body.
The National Assembly
• Louis XVI ordered the National
Assembly be locked out of meeting
hall
Artist Jacques Louis David’s depiction
of the Tennis Court Oath
Confrontation With the King
Responded by meeting at a
nearby tennis court.
Wouldn’t leave until France
had new constitution
Louis eventually backed
down.
• Rumors began to spread
that Louis was building up
an army to put down the
revolution.
• July 14th: a mob storms and
takes the Bastille
• Guards refused to fight back
and Bastille is overrun and
destroyed.
Storming of the Bastille
• Rebellion
spreads
throughout
the
countryside.
• National
Assembly
made all men
free in an
effort to
restore order
The Great Fear
• Adopted by National Assembly on August 27th
1789
• Enlightenment ideals
• Outlined basic freedoms
held by all
• Asserted the sovereignty of
the people
• “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”
The Declaration of the Rights
of Man and Citizen
• Peasants still unsatisfied
• In October with food supplies
running low a group of women
and peasants marched to
Versailles
The March of Women
• By the time they
reached Versailles it
had turned into an
angry mob
• Attached the Palace
and forced Louis
back to Paris where
he was held prisoner
• Financial crisis
• National
Assembly
confiscates and
sells off church
lands
• Church also
secularized,
reorganized
• Clergy oath of
loyalty
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Cartoon depicting the confiscation of Church lands
• Émigrés
• Louis XVI and his
family attempted to
flee France
• They were arrested
at Varennes
Flight of the King
The capture of Louis XVI at Varennes
• Declaration of
Pillnitz
• Possible foreign
intervention
Reaction from Other Countries
Illustration
depicting
Prussian King
Frederick
William III,
Austrian
Emperor
Leopold II, and
the Comte
d’Artois, Louis
XVI’s brother
New Constitution
• Constitutional
monarchy
• New Legislative
Assembly
• Sans-culottes
Painting depicting the 1791 constitution
War With Austria• In retaliation to
Declaration of Pillnitz
National Assembly
declared war on
Austria
Painting of the Battle of Valmy, 1792
• Austria is joined by England, Spain and Holland
to crush French Revolution.
• France institutes a Draft “Levee en Masse” of all
men 18-25
• Paris mob stormed
Tuileries
• Radical group
takes control of
government in
1792.
• Attack royal
family and take
Louis hostage
The Radicals Take Over
Paris crowds storm the Tuileries
• Louis and family seek aid of
Legislative Assembly
• Arrested and deposed
• New government
• First met on
September 21,
1792
• Abolish Monarchy;
France officially
becomes a republic
• Factions: Jacobins
vs. Girondins
The National Convention
A Jacobin club
• Lawyer
• Leader of the Jacobin
• Leader of Committee of
Public Safety
• Most controversial figure of
the French Revolution
Robespierre
The Guillotine
• Dr. Joseph Guillotin
• Intended as a more
humane method of
execution
• Thousands guillotined
during the French
Revolution
• On January 17,
1793, Louis XVI
was convicted of
treason
• He went to the
guillotine four
days later on
January 21, 1793
Execution of the King
• Created to cease an
internal rebellion in
1793
• Given broad powers
• Eventually ruled
France like a dictator
for nearly a year
The Committee of Public
Safety
A citizen petitions the Committee of Public
Safety
• July 1793–July 1794
• Killed nearly 40,000
French people who
Robespierre had labeled
“enemies”
• Murdered anyone; clergy,
nobles, even Maria
Antoinette the wife of
Louis XVI
The Reign of Terror
The execution of Marie Antoinette
Robspierre was eventually
arrested in 1794 and sent to the
guillotine himself.
• Robespierre overthrown on 9 Thermidor
• Committee of Public Safety dismantled
• Jacobin clubs disbanded
• New constitution adopted in August 1795
• Executive branch known as the Directory
The Thermidorean Reaction
9 Thermidor meeting of the National Convention
• Promoted middle class
interests
• Financial crisis
• Food shortages
• Riots in Paris
• Rise of Napoleon
The Directory
Cartoon
depicting the
errors and bad
judgment of
the Directory
• Popularity rises after
victories over the Austrians
• Conflict with Britain
• 1799 Coup d’etat
• The Consulate
Napoleon Bonaparte
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