final presentation on antimatter
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PRESENTED BY
ANURAG DWIVEDI
ANTIMATTER
Antimatter – the hype
Antimatter is the extension of the concept of the antiparticle to
matter.
Antimatter is composed of antiparticles , i.e., particles with
identical mass and spin as those of ordinary particles, but with
opposite charge and magnetic properties
For Eg.- a positron (also called "antielectron") and an antiproton
can form an antihydrogen atom in the same way that an electron
and a proton form a normal matter hydrogen atom.
WHAT IS AN ANTIMATTER ???
The term antimatter was first used by Arthur Schuster in 1898.
The modern theory of antimatter begins in 1928 by Paul Dirac.
Antielectron is discovered by Dr. Carl D. Anderson in 1932.
Antielectron is also called as Positron.
Antihydrogen produced in 1999.
Opposite of the proton is the antiproton (negative charge).
Opposite of the neutron is the antineutron.
HISTORY OF ANTIMATTER
DIRAC’S EQUATION The Dirac equation is a relativistic quantum mechanical
wave equation formulated by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928 .
The Dirac equation in the form originally proposed by Dirac
is:
where , m is the rest mass of the electron,
c is the speed of light,
p is the momentum operator,
x and t are the space and time coordinates,
ħ = h/2π is the reduced Planck constant, also known as Dirac's constant.
One way to denote an antiparticle is by adding a bar over the
particle's symbol.
Antiproton is denoted by p .
Antielectron is denoted by e+ .
Antiparticles are created everywhere in the universe where high-
energy particle collisions take place.
Antimatter may similarly be produced in regions like the center of
the Milky Way and other galaxies, where very energetic celestial
events occur.
NOTATIONS & ORIGIN OF ANTIMATTER
ASSYMETRY OF MATTER & ANTIMATTER
The baryon asymmetry problem is an imbalance in baryonic matter and antibaryonic matter in the universe.
There are thee possible explanations……. Violation of CP symmetry Such a violation could allow
matter to be produced more commonly than antimatter in conditions immediately after the Big Bang.
Random distributon of
matter and antimatter
after big bang
Another possibility is
that antimatter
dominated regions exist
within the universe, but
outside our observable
universe
GRAVITATIONAL INTERACTION OF ANTIMATTER
There are several theories
about how antimatter
gravitationally interacts
with normal matter :
Normal gravity
Antigravity
Gravivector &
Graviscalar
ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF ANTIMATTER
Particles of most atoms are
accelerated to very high speeds
The particles are aimed and
allowed to impact on a target
(tungsten)
The kinetic energy caused by
acceleration is converted into
gamma radiation, positrons and
antiprotons
Above: A large collider at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
ANTIHYDROGEN Antihydrogen is the antimatter
counterpart of hydrogen. the antihydrogen atom is made up of a positron and antiproton.
When antihydrogen atoms come into contact with ordinary matter, they quickly annihilate each other and produce energy in the form of gamma rays and high-energy particles called pions.
PRESERVATION OF ANTIMATTER
Antiprotons can be controlled in
magnetic fields .
One method for antiproton
storage is the Penning Trap.
Super cold, vacuumed,
electromagnetic bottle in which
charged particles of antimatter can
be suspended .
Capacity = 1 x 1010
antiprotons/week .
Developers believe that 1 x 1020
antiprotons must be stored.
Antimatter is the costliest material to make in this world.
In 2006, Gerald Smith estimated 250 million dollars could produce 10 milligrams of positrons (equivalent to $25 billion per gram); and in 1999 NASA gave a figure of $62.5 trillion per gram of antihydrogen.
According to CERN, it has cost a few hundred million Swiss Francs to produce about 1 billionth of a gram
COST OF ANTIMATTER
MEDICAL : Antimatter-matter reactions have
practical applications in medical imaging, such as
positron emission tomography (PET).
It is used heavily in clinical oncology (medical
imaging of tumors and the search for metastases).
PET is also an important research tool to map
normal human brain and heart function.
APPLICATIONS OF ANTIMATTER
Positron Emission Tomography PET is a valuable technique for
some diseases and disorders, because it is possible to target the radio-chemicals used for particular bodily functions –
1 : Oncology
2 : neurology
3 : cardiology
4 : atherosclerosis
5 : Neuropsychology / Cognitive neuroscience
6 : Pharmacology
FUEL Matter comes in contact with antimatter.
They annihilate each other .
This annihilation creates very large amounts of energy.
Energy Produced = 9 x 1016 J/Kg
This energy has the highest energy density of all
known propellants.
Ten billion times more energy then hydrogen/oxygen
300 times the fusion reaction at suns core.
Isn’t that dangerous?
1 gm of antimatter + 1 gm matter 2mc2=1.8 1014J
(A days output for a large power station)
But to make that gram you need – many days output
from a large power station
An antimatter weapon is a hypothetical device using
antimatter as a power source, a propellant, or an explosive
for a weapon.
Antimatter weapons do not currently exist due to the cost
of production and the limited technology available to
produce and contain antimatter in sufficient quantities for it
to be a useful weapon.
If we could assemble all the antimatter we've ever made at
CERN and annihilate it with matter, we would have enough
energy to light a single electric light bulb for a few
minutes."
Antimatter Weapons
www.courses.ae.utexas.edu/ www.wiki.answers.com/ http://www.physorg.com/ http://cern.web.cern.ch/antimatter/ www.synergistictech.com/
REFERENCES
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