PRESENTED BY

ANURAG DWIVEDI

ANTIMATTER

Antimatter – the hype

Antimatter is the extension of the concept of the antiparticle to

matter.

Antimatter is composed of antiparticles , i.e., particles with

identical mass and spin as those of ordinary particles, but with

opposite charge and magnetic properties

For Eg.- a positron (also called "antielectron") and an antiproton

can form an antihydrogen atom in the same way that an electron

and a proton form a normal matter hydrogen atom.

WHAT IS AN ANTIMATTER ???

The term antimatter was first used by Arthur Schuster in 1898.

The modern theory of antimatter begins in 1928 by Paul Dirac.

Antielectron is discovered by Dr. Carl D. Anderson in 1932.

Antielectron is also called as Positron.

Antihydrogen produced in 1999.

Opposite of the proton is the antiproton (negative charge).

Opposite of the neutron is the antineutron.

HISTORY OF ANTIMATTER

DIRAC’S EQUATION The Dirac equation is a relativistic quantum mechanical

wave equation formulated by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928 .

The Dirac equation in the form originally proposed by Dirac

is:

where , m is the rest mass of the electron,

c is the speed of light,

p is the momentum operator,

x and t are the space and time coordinates,

ħ = h/2π is the reduced Planck constant, also known as Dirac's constant.

One way to denote an antiparticle is by adding a bar over the

particle's symbol.

Antiproton is denoted by p .

Antielectron is denoted by e+ .

Antiparticles are created everywhere in the universe where high-

energy particle collisions take place.

Antimatter may similarly be produced in regions like the center of

the Milky Way and other galaxies, where very energetic celestial

events occur.

NOTATIONS & ORIGIN OF ANTIMATTER

ASSYMETRY OF MATTER & ANTIMATTER

The baryon asymmetry problem is an imbalance in baryonic matter and antibaryonic matter in the universe.

There are thee possible explanations……. Violation of CP symmetry Such a violation could allow

matter to be produced more commonly than antimatter in conditions immediately after the Big Bang.

Random distributon of

matter and antimatter

after big bang

Another possibility is

that antimatter

dominated regions exist

within the universe, but

outside our observable

universe

GRAVITATIONAL INTERACTION OF ANTIMATTER

There are several theories

about how antimatter

gravitationally interacts

with normal matter :

Normal gravity

Antigravity

Gravivector &

Graviscalar

ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF ANTIMATTER

Particles of most atoms are

accelerated to very high speeds

The particles are aimed and

allowed to impact on a target

(tungsten)

The kinetic energy caused by

acceleration is converted into

gamma radiation, positrons and

antiprotons

Above: A large collider at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)

ANTIHYDROGEN Antihydrogen is the antimatter

counterpart of hydrogen. the antihydrogen atom is made up of a positron and antiproton.

When antihydrogen atoms come into contact with ordinary matter, they quickly annihilate each other and produce energy in the form of gamma rays and high-energy particles called pions.

PRESERVATION OF ANTIMATTER

Antiprotons can be controlled in

magnetic fields .

One method for antiproton

storage is the Penning Trap.

Super cold, vacuumed,

electromagnetic bottle in which

charged particles of antimatter can

be suspended .

Capacity = 1 x 1010

antiprotons/week .

Developers believe that 1 x 1020

antiprotons must be stored.

Antimatter is the costliest material to make in this world.

In 2006, Gerald Smith estimated 250 million dollars could produce 10 milligrams of positrons (equivalent to $25 billion per gram); and in 1999 NASA gave a figure of $62.5 trillion per gram of antihydrogen.

According to CERN, it has cost a few hundred million Swiss Francs to produce about 1 billionth of a gram

COST OF ANTIMATTER

MEDICAL : Antimatter-matter reactions have

practical applications in medical imaging, such as

positron emission tomography (PET).

It is used heavily in clinical oncology (medical

imaging of tumors and the search for metastases).

PET is also an important research tool to map

normal human brain and heart function.

APPLICATIONS OF ANTIMATTER

Positron Emission Tomography PET is a valuable technique for

some diseases and disorders, because it is possible to target the radio-chemicals used for particular bodily functions –

1 : Oncology

2 : neurology

3 : cardiology

4 : atherosclerosis

5 : Neuropsychology / Cognitive neuroscience

6 : Pharmacology

FUEL Matter comes in contact with antimatter.

They annihilate each other .

This annihilation creates very large amounts of energy.

Energy Produced = 9 x 1016 J/Kg

This energy has the highest energy density of all

known propellants.

Ten billion times more energy then hydrogen/oxygen

300 times the fusion reaction at suns core.

Isn’t that dangerous?

1 gm of antimatter + 1 gm matter 2mc2=1.8 1014J

(A days output for a large power station)

But to make that gram you need – many days output

from a large power station

An antimatter weapon is a hypothetical device using

antimatter as a power source, a propellant, or an explosive

for a weapon.

Antimatter weapons do not currently exist due to the cost

of production and the limited technology available to

produce and contain antimatter in sufficient quantities for it

to be a useful weapon.

If we could assemble all the antimatter we've ever made at

CERN and annihilate it with matter, we would have enough

energy to light a single electric light bulb for a few

minutes."

Antimatter Weapons

www.courses.ae.utexas.edu/ www.wiki.answers.com/ http://www.physorg.com/ http://cern.web.cern.ch/antimatter/ www.synergistictech.com/

REFERENCES