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Feminism
Introduction20th Century Ideology
Term came about in 19th Century
2 Beliefs
Women are disadvantaged because of their sex
Disadvantage must be overthrown
2-Feminization of men, or masculinization of women
OriginsTraced back to Ancient Greece
Christine de Pizan is first feminist
First wave feminism appears mid-19th Century
Prospers where democracy is greatest
2- 1405, Book of the City of Ladies, argued that women are just as entitled as men3- Demand for equal political and legal rights4-USA is major leader, Seneca Falls Convention, National Women’s Suffrage Association, etc
Origins
First Wave Feminism ends in 1893
Second Wave Feminism emerges in 1960’s
Goal is women’s liberation
Feminism has established the concept of gender
1-NZ granting suffrage, rest of the world follows over next 35-40 years (19th Amendment -1920)2- Women did not gain equality just because of suffrage2b- May need some sort of revolution to accomplish
Origins
Feminism exists in western world and developed world by 1990’s
Feminism has become deradicalized
Feminism has become much more diverse
At least 10 different “versions” now
2- Step back from 1970’s and uncompromising
Core Themes
Originally seen as a subset of liberalism or socialism
With changes, you get “dual-Feminism”
4 Core Themes
1- Radical feminism of 70’s changed2-Aspects of different ideologies
1. Redefining “the Political”
Public vs Private life
Politics take place everywhere
Public is men’s, private is women’s
Feminism fights to break down the wall
1-Political is always viewed as public, family is viewed as private2-All relationships are political, Family too3- This is unacceptable4-Public vs Private, no clear path how to do it
2. Patriarchy
Gender is another way to divide people
Patriarchy-Power relationship between men and women
Used multiple ways
1-Compared to Race: Sexism and Racism3-Structure of family (Husband and wife) or in society as a whole
PatriarchyOppression has occurred at all points, but improved
Still exists in some places harshly
1- Access to education, marriage law, abortion, etc2- Africa: 80 Million women circumcised, dowry system in India
3. Sex and GenderNo way nature has disadvantaged women
“Traditional Family” is Wrong
Difference in Sex and Gender
Human nature is androgynous
1- May be mother but shouldn’t do it all2- Men can raise children, or share equally3-Sex is biological, gender is societal4- We possess male and female traits
Sex and Gender
Seeks to achieve a genderless “personhood”
Most find this empowering
Some oppose the Sex/gender difference
3- There are profound differences and we accept them, Sex may not be as clear cut as we say
4. Equality and Difference
Socialist-Equal rights worthless unless socially equal
Radical feminists want equality in family and personal life
Difference feminist view equality as a whole wrong
Overall: What equality means is problematic, Over time there have been a lot of disagreements3- quality could mean “like men” = Bad
Equality and Difference
Pro-Woman View-differences have political and social importance
Differences is hormone related
Women Should celebrate their differences
2-Not social structure3- Become a fulfilled woman
Types of FeminismClosely related to Liberalism and Socialism
Conservatism never played a role
Islamic Feminism is unique
5 Main types
2- Supports Patriarchy, women roles are just as important3- Most would say is demeaning, they view as uplifting
1. Liberal Feminism
“Vindication of Women”-First Feminist text
“Accidents of Birth” have no bearing
Women shouldn’t be discouraged from “life”
Friedan founds National Organization for Women
1- Women are entitled to the same rights as men3- Women are taught that they should be domestic for safety (Betty Friedan)4- NOW is first and largest women’s organization
Liberal Feminism
People are entitled to rights, no matter what
Liberal Feminism is reformist
Liberal feminists haven’t paid attention to private sphere
Assumes women have equal access
2-Open up public life to women and put them on equal footing3- Men and women have natural pulls in the pubic life, that’s ok4-Not true in a lot of the developing world
2. Socialist FeminismAppears second half of 20th Century
Relationship between sexes is social and economic
Capitalism has harmed women
Family becomes bourgeois
2-Need profound and revolutionary change3- Traditional Societies were more women based, capitalism is male based4- Men dominate, pass things on to sons, monogamous marriage (even they don’t follow it) etc.
Socialist FeminismWomen being in the home plays into capitalism
Marxists-Sex exploitation is bad, but not as bad as class
Modern- Sex exploitation is just as bad as class
1-By having children, creating the next generation of capitalists. Worker finds job because his wife supports it2- Equality will come once classes are done away with3- Socialism won’t do away with patriarchy
3. Radical FeminismAppears in 1960-70’s
Uncover patriarchy in EVERYTHING
Women have disadvantages in all aspect of society
Women are repressed in sexuality
2-Not just politics, public life, and economy3- Culture, Philosophy, Morality, and Religion4- Active and Adventurous side is ignored
Radical Feminism
Children are conditioned at a young age
Gender is the biggest division in the world
Women have different characteristics
Sexual equality is impossible
1- Clothing, art, culture, literature, etc3- Those characteristics such creativity are superior to men4- All relationships involve some sort of oppression
4. Third-Wave FeminismAppeared in 1990’s
More radically involved in changed
Women of color and lower income women given greater voice
Focus on identity
1- Can’t relate to women of the 60’s and 70’s2- Women are different from men because they are different from each other4- And how those identities are constructed
5. Transfeminism
Addresses transgender/transsexuality
Gender is based on social performance
Feminism has helped the trans community
1- Gender fluidity and gender and sexual ambiguity3- Addresses sexism and Transphobia
6. Post FeminismProcess of deradicalization
Women aren’t victims
Women need to take responsibility for own destiny
Take steps to reach fullest potential
1- Reject second wave feminism
Global AgeIs feminism a global ideology?
Feminist ideas are generally “western ideals”
Sexual equality devalues women’s role in home
Women are traditionally underrepresented in workers rights and labor organizations
1- Seen most success in developed nations2- Doesn’t apply in Middle East and Africa
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