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K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum
Technology and Livelihood Education
Content Standard Performance Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding
of the underlying concepts and principles
on diagnosing and troubleshooting of
computer systems.
The learner independently diagnoses
and troubleshoots computer systems as
prescribed in the TESDA Training
Regulation.
MODULE 4:
DIAGNOSE AND
TROUBLESHOOT COMPUTER
SYSTEMS (DT)
Number of Sessions (Time Allotment): 60 hrs
Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
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Welcome to the next level of your modular training in Computer Hardware Servicing (CHS) under the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Course. In this module you will have a great deal of diagnosing and troubleshooting computer system. At the end of this module you will be able to plan and prepare for diagnosis of computer system errors, configure, inspect and test computer system networks and errors. Those skills are essential for you to reach the door of National Certification II in Computer Hardware Servicing.
In this module, topics will be introduced progressively lesson by lesson for
easy understanding. After carefully answering the diagnostic assessment, reading all the lessons, answering all the guide questions, masterfully performing all the activities, showing evidences of learning and finally answering the summative test, then you will have a considerable knowledge and skills in diagnosing and troubleshooting computer system essential to be successful in computer hardware servicing as one of the career option in ICT.
Reminder! Just follow the instructions given in this module. Now let us start
exploring new things in this module.
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In this module, there will be four (4) major topics that you will encounter: (1)
be plan and prepare diagnosis of computer system errors; (2) diagnose and
configure computer systems and networks ; (3) inspect and test the configured
computer systems and networks ; and (4) test systems and networks. The four major
topics contains sub-topics which all leads to diagnose and troubleshoot computer
systems. This module contains what to KNOW, what to PROCESS, what to
REFLECT and UNDERSTAND as well as what to TRANSFER. The competencies
for this module are:
LO 1. Plan and prepare for diagnosis of computer systems errors
Follow OHS procedures in planning and preparing diagnosis of computer systems errors
Determine the computer systems errors using manual and software diagnosis LO 2. Diagnose and configure computer systems and networks
Follow OHS procedures in planning and preparing diagnosis of computer systems and network errors
Identify the diagnosed computer systems and network errors based on the job requirements
Configure computer systems and networks
LO 3. Inspect and test the configured computer systems and networks
Follow OHS procedures in inspecting and testing configured computer systems and networks
Inspect configured computer systems and networks
Replace defective components
Reinstall defective computer systems
Identify networks errors
Repair networks errors based on standard procedures
Test the configured computer systems and networks
LO 4. Test Systems and Networks
Follow OHS procedures in testing systems and networks
Test computer systems and networks in accordance with the job requirements
Accomplish technical reports on the tests conducted
In order to master the above listed competencies, you must be knowledgeable
of the topics under what to KNOW, perform activities required under what to
PROCESS, accomplish additional meaningful tasks under what to REFLECT and
UNDERSTAND and finally show some evidences of your learning by transferring
what you have learned in a different context under what to TRANSFER.
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You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous
experiences about computer hardware servicing.
Instruction:
Read each of the statements in the left-hand column of the chart.
Place a check on the column that indicates your answers. Knowledge
able Have a little Knowledge
No Knowledg
e at All
Plan and prepare work to ensure occupational health and safety (OHS) policies and procedures are followed
Obtain materials, tools, equipment and testing devices needed to on form with job requirements
Interpret work instructions according to job requirements
Obtain computer components/devices/systems and determines its location prior to installation
Install equipment/devices/systems in accordance with job requirements
Check/Test devices/systems and/or installations to determine the conformity to job requirements.
Check computer systems and networks for configuration in accordance with specifications and requirements
Diagnose fault or problem in the computer systems and networks in line with standard operating procedures (SOP)
Configure the identified systems and networks based on specifications and job requirements
Inspect and test configured computer systems and networks in conformity with manufacturer's instructions/manual
Correct/Adjust components or parts of computer systems and networks in accordance with job requirements
Test computer systems and networks to ensure safe operation
Perform scheduled/periodic maintenance in accordance with manufacturer's requirements
Make needed repairs/replacements in accordance with established procedures, when necessary
Document tasks undertaken in accordance with SOP
Clean and clear worksite of all surplus/excess materials in accordance with company SOP
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LESSON 1: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
ERRORS
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Personal Protective Equipment
Proper preparation is the key to a successful work. Before you begin, make
sure that you have the tools you will need, and secure a clear well-lit workplace.
Gather all the components youll be using and unpack them at the same time.
Always keep in mind that personal protection is one of the traits of a good computer
technician.
Types of personal protective devices
1. Anti-static devices
2. Power surge protectors
3. Personal equipment
Anti-static devices
Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity.
Anti static wrist strap Anti- static mat
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Power surge protectors
Devices designed to protect the computer from sudden power surges from
intermittent power sources.
Examples:
1. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulators)
2. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)
Personal Equipment
Small paint brush
Anti- static bag Anti-static spray
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Screw drivers
Pliers and tweezers
Compressed air
Handheld vacuum
Directions: Perform the activity below.
Choose a partner
Do a simulation exercise
o One will act out the role of a computer teacher.
o The other will be the student
Situation: Computer teacher will show/demonstrate to the students the
Personal Protective Devices, what they are and how they are used.
The Student keeps on asking about the Personal Protective
Devices/Equipment and how they can be maintained in good condition of PC.
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Answer the following questions in your own answer/test notebook
1. For somebody who always works (do troubleshooting) with computers, what
personal protective devices do you usually use? How often do you use them?
2. Computers should be protected from static electricity to prevent component
malfunction. What anti-static devices can you utilize to avoid such
malfunction?
TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEM ERROR
There are several errors in a computer from the point you open it up to the point you
reach the stand by window (reaching standby windows means boot process has no
error). Here's a list of computer error.
1. No Video Output - When you open your PC, nothing shows up in your monitor and
the LED indicator of your monitor is flashing in yellow color.
2. No Video Output - Same as number one but now the LED indicator of your
monitor is in steady orange color.
3. Doesn't Boot - When you open your PC it will show the processor brand and/or the
motherboard brand but doesn't continue. Usually this error will result to system
restart over and over again.
4. Never Ending Loading of Operating system - The computer opens up then boots
but when the operating system loads it doesn't continue and it will take a lifetime if
you're going to wait for it to load.
5 Lots of pop up windows showing on standby mode - This also happens even if you
try disconnecting your computer set from the internet. This is what we called
aftershock virus which will continue to run even if internet is disconnected.
6. Lots of hardware installation windows appear - This happens even if you try
installing the hardware. When you restart your set it will happen again.
7. Safe mode doesn't work - When you try going to safe mode all you will see is a list
of files in Command prompt style.
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8. Keyboard and mouse system restart - This will happen only in standby mode,
when you move your mouse or type something, your system will automatically restart
and the worst part is it will delete a file at random.
9. Sound on/off error - Upon loading the operating system, you will hear a loading
sound and then the sound stops, when you try running an audio file, no sound will be
heard.
10. Application causes system to restart - Just like the mouse problem, when you
open a program that will take the whole screen like for example a game and/or a
program applications, when you close it, it will cause your system to restart.
Aside from the common computer errors, computers also can have different
Operating System (OS) errors. OS errors can be classified into various categories,
such as:
1. System errors These are moderately dangerous types of errors among
those that can pop up on your PC. System errors are caused by
malfunctioning hardware components, corrupted operating system modules,
etc.
2. Runtime errors Runtime errors are caused by corrupted or malfunctioning
system files or software executables. Most runtime errors cause the
application that caused it to shut down. However, more serious runtime errors
may cause the system to become unstable or unresponsive, leaving you with
no choice but to reach for the Reset button.
3. Stop errors Stop errors are caused by corrupted hardware, especially
malfunctioning RAM modules and bad sectors on hard disks. Stop errors can
be difficult to resolve at times.
4. Device Manager Errors These are usually caused by corrupted driver files
or malfunctioning hardware components. In case of the former cause, the
problem is usually solved simply by reinstalling or updating the drivers.
However, the latter cause can often be solved only by replacing hardware
components.
5. POST code errors POST code errors are caused by malfunctioning
hardware components, and are characterized by short beep sounds from the
tiny internal speaker of your motherboard. POST code errors occur when you
press the power button to turn on your PC..
6. Application errors These can be caused at any point of time. As the name
suggests, these are caused by applications while those are running. These
are usually caused by glitches in the program code itself. These are usually
resolved by updating the program to its latest version.
7. Browser Status Codes These are caused by problems faced by browsers
when trying to access a website. These can be caused by misplaced web
pages in the server of the website itself, or due to connection problems. For
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instance, a 404 error would indicate that the browser is trying to access a
webpage that does not exist in the specified location.
DIAGNOSING COMPUTER SYSTEMS
PC Diagnosing
Probably the most frustrating problem computer users run into
are startup problems, where your computer wont boot. Equally
annoying are error messages you constantly run into during your
computers startup process. In this module you will be given a
few tips on how you can avoid some of the most common
problems that happen right after your computer is turned on.
Here you will learn the basic troubleshooting.
Trial and error: When you find a faulty component in your computer, check it
with the other computers so that you can make sure whether the fault is in the
component or not.
Check cables: In case of any device failure, check all the cables of your
computer such as data cables, power cable, internal circuitry cables and
make sure that all these are plugged in and working fine.
Hardware settings: Check the hardware settings in the CMOS and in the
device manager of the system and make all the device drivers up to date and
all the cards are plugged in properly.
Notice changes: When you notice a software or hardware error in your
computer, determine what was changed before the problem occurred.
Event viewer: In the event viewer, you will find the error or warning
messages associated with any faulty hardware or software.
Make notes: Troubleshooting is a big learning option and we can learn a lot
when we face any kind of troubleshooting in our computer. Make notes
including the error messages and their solutions, so that you have a record on
how a certain problem occurred and how did you solve it.
Common PC Problems and solutions
You are working away at your computer when suddenly, up comes an error
message or worse, your computer comes to a screeching halt. Here are the
common computer problems and solutions that can help you.
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Steps
1. Check the POST. POST stands for Power On Self-Test. This is generally the first
or second thing that appears on a computer after turning on the power. This appears
before the operating system begins to load. The POST will display any problems
found with hardware that makes the computer unable to boot, POST may also
display problems with hardware that allow the computer to boot, but not operate at
its full capacity during operation.
2. Notice the load time of the OS (operating system). A longer than usual load
time may indicate errors in the hard drive.
3. Notice any graphics problems once the OS has loaded. Reduced graphics
may indicate driver failures or hardware failures with graphic cards.
4. Perform an auditory test. An auditory test is an unorthodox, but still effective way
of judging how a computer is working. With the computer on and running, play any
decent length audio file (usually above 30 sec). If the audio is choppy or slow, it
usually means that the processor is working at an elevated level, or there is not
enough RAM to run all programs loading. Changing the startup sound is a great way
to apply this test. Another issue associated with choppy sounds is PIO (Programmed
Input/Output) Mode. This affects how the hard drive reads and writes data from a
drive. Switching to Direct Memory Access (DMA) allows for faster reads and writes,
and can sometimes repair choppy audio.
5. Check any newly installed hardware. Many operating systems, especially
Windows, can conflict with new drivers. The driver may be badly written, or it may
conflict with another process. Windows will usually notify you about devices that are
causing a problem, or have a problem. To check this use the Device Manager, this
can be accessed by entering the Control Panel, clicking the System icon, clicking
the Hardware tab, and clicking on Device Manager. Use this to check and arrange
the properties of hardware.
6. Check any newly installed software. Software may require more resources than
the system can provide. Chances are that if a problem begins after software starts,
the software is causing it. If the problem appears directly upon startup, it may be
caused by software that starts automatically on boot.
7. Check RAM and CPU consumption. A common problem is a choppy or sluggish
system. If a system is choppy it is good practice to see if a program is consuming
more resources than the computer can provide. An easy way to check this is
to use the Task Manager, right click on the taskbar select Task Manager, and click
the Processes tab. The CPU column contains a number that indicates the
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Network
HUB
Network
cable
Network
card
percentage of CPU the process is consuming. The Memory Usage column indicates
how much memory a process is consuming.
8. Listen to the computer, if the hard drive is scratching or making loud noises,
shut off the computer and have a professional diagnose the hard drive. Listen
to the CPU fan, this comes on a high speed when the CPU is working hard, and can
tell you when the computer is working beyond its capacity.
9. Run a virus and malware scan. Performance problems can be caused by
malware on the computer. Running a virus scan can unearth any problems. Use a
commonly updated virus scanner (such as Norton Antivirus or Avast! Antivirus)
10. Check for the problem in safe mode. To enter safe mode, tap F8 repeatedly
during POST (this works on most systems). If the problem persists in safe mode, it is
a fair bet that the operating system itself is to blame.
Common Trouble shooting for Computer Units
1. Double check the power connections.
2. Voltage Regulator and power supply could
cause power failure in the computer unit.
3. Check the power cords and cable connectors
in your computer unit.
4. Unseated card. Loose cards could cause
malfunction.
5. Check the boot sequence configuration in the advance BIOS (Basic Input
/Output Unit) setup.
Diagnosing Network Connection
Things to look for if a PC is connected to the internet or network:
First check the cable connecting to the
network card into the network hub.
Check the back of the computer to see if
the network card light is on
Check the network cable ( use cable
tester)
Check the network HUB
(use multi-tester)
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Identify the following:
1. Moderately dangerous types of errors among those that can pop up on your
PC.
2. Caused by malfunctioning hardware components, and are characterized by
short beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker of your motherboard.
3. Caused at any point of time. As the name suggests, these are caused by
applications while those are running.
4. Usually caused by corrupted driver files or malfunctioning hardware
components.
5. Caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files or software executables.
6. Caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning RAM modules and
bad sectors on hard disks.
7. Caused by problems faced by browsers when trying to access a website.
Task: Develop a Sample Diagnostic Plan
List down all possible components to be checked based on the symptoms.
Symptoms: Dead Computer Monitor
Good Defective Remedy
AC outlet
AVR
AVR fuse
Monitor Power Cable
Monitor Switch
Power Supply
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Diagnosing a Computer Power Supply
Create a diagnostic plan for troubleshooting a power supply with the use of
the following tools, materials and equipment.
You will be assessed using the following criteria
CRITERIA Passed Failed
1. Sequence of steps in diagnosing is followed.
2. Safety precaution is observed.
3. Appropriate tools are used in diagnosing.
4. Diagnostic plan for troubleshooting is created.
PERFORMANCE RATING
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LESSON 2. DIAGNOSE AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) refers to the legislation, policies,
procedures and activities that aim to protect the health, safety and welfare of all
people at the workplace.
Every worker has a right to healthy and safe work and to a work environment
that enables them to live a socially and economically productive life. Safety practices
should be learned early and always adhered when working with any electrical device
including personal computers and peripherals.
Personal safety while working with PCs
The following statements are some safety precautions to take before working with
any computer devices:
Before doing anything, listen to your teachers instruction to prevent accidents
or any unwanted events that may occur on your workplace.
Do not work on computer when you are wet because you might get
electrocuted.
Do not remove internal devices of the computer when it is turned on.
Avoid playing or running while inside the room.
Always wear personal protective equipments (PPE) like coverall, shoes with
rubber sole, anti-static wrist strap, etc.
Ask for assistance from your teacher when it comes on dealing with computer
devices.
Applying safety measure when handling tools and equipment are necessary
to avoid certain damages.
The student is further expected to maintain good health, to be neat in personal
appearance and to practice safe working procedures at all time with appropriate
equipment.
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Basic Concepts of Electricity
This lesson will introduce us to the fundamental knowledge of electricity. It will
enable student to be equip with the basic knowledge in electricity.
Basic Electrical Terms
Electricity is define as the flow of electron or electric current. It
is an invisible form of energy that can be transform
into other form of energy like heat light and
mechanical.
Electron is the negatively charge component of an atom. It
has the ability to flow.
Proton is the positively charge component of an atom. It
had the ability to attract electron.
Matter is anything that occupy space and has mass. It can
be a solid, liquid or gas in state.
Atom Basic component of matter. It composes of a
nucleus which is the central part, the protons and
electrons.
Current Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount
of current flowing in a circuit can be measured in
ampere (I).
Voltage the amount of pulling force that makes the electron
flow. Also known as potential difference or
EMF(electromotive force). The amount of voltage
can be measured in volt (V).
Resistance define as the opposition to the flow of current. The
amount of resistance can be measure in ohms ().
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Conductors and Insulators
Conductors are materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low
resistance to current flow.
Examples; aluminum, gold, silver, copper, iron
Insulators are materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a
high resistance to current flow.
Examples; rubber, plastic, paper
Types of Current
1. Direct Current
In direct current (DC), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. This
is the type of electricity is produced by batteries, static, and lightning. A voltage is
created, and maybe stored, until it is consumed. When the current flows directly, in
one direction. In the circuit, the current flows at a specific, constant voltage (this is
oversimplified somewhat but good enough for our needs.) When you use a flashlight,
pocket radio, portable CD player or virtually any other type of portable or battery-
powered device, you are using direct current.
Most DC circuits are relatively low in voltage; for example, your car's battery is
approximately 12V, and that's about as high a DC voltage as most people ever use.
Figure 1. Direct Current
An ideal 12 V DC current. The voltage is considered positive because its potential is
measured relative to ground or the zero-potential default state of the earth.
Direct currents flow in one direction only, and are constant in time. Their
appearance is that of a straight line which does not vary. They are produced from
power sources such as batteries, power supplies and DC generators. Photovoltaic
devices such as solar cells also generate DC power.
2. AC Alternating Current
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In alternating current (AC, also ac) the movement of electric charge
periodically reverses direction. This type of electricity is produced or generated by
AC generators commonly from a hydro electric plant. It is the commercial power that
we use in homes and offices. Delivered through a power transmission lines. AC
current can be reduced through the use of power transformer to suite for its
application. It can also be converted to DC for a specific purpose. In the Philippines
AC is rated as 220V AC at 60 Hz.
Alternating currents change direction, flowing first one way and then the other.
They are sinusoidal waves, so that they change in time. They are produced from
sources such as power supplies and AC generators. In North America, AC is 120
volts and 60 hertz or cycles per second. This means it changes direction 60 times
per second. In Europe, it is generally 50 hertz with 220 to 240 volts.
Figure2. Alternating Current
Why does standard electricity come only in the form of alternating current?
There are a number of reasons, but one of the most important is that a characteristic
of AC is that it is relatively easy to change voltages from one level to another using a
transformer, while transformers do not work for DC. This capability allows the
companies that generate and distribute electricity to do it in a more efficient manner,
by transmitting it at high voltage for long lengths, which reduces energy loss due to
the resistance in the transmission wires. Another reason is that it may be easier to
mechanically generate alternating current electricity than direct current.
PCs use only direct current, which means that the alternating current
provided by your utility must be converted to direct current before use. This is
the primary function of your power supply.
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Figure 3. Simplified block diagram of a PC power supply
Electric Circuit
Electric circuit - is the pathways for electricity to flow.
Components of Circuit
Load - commonly represented by a bulb or any electrical component that
consumes electricity.
Supply - Commonly represented by a cell or a battery
Switch - an electrical device that opens or closed a circuit.
Figure4. A simple circuit
Types of Circuit
1. Open Circuit - a type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means
that current cannot flow in open circuit.
AC POWER
PCs PSU DC POWER
MOTHERBOARD
DRIVES
COOLING FANS
Load
Switch
Supply
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Figure5. An open circuit
The switch is said to be OPEN the current cant flow into the circuit and the
bulb is OFF
2. Closed Circuit - a type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It
means that current can flow in a closed circuit.
Figure 6. A closed circuit
The switch is said to be CLOSED the current cant flow into the circuit and
the bulb is ON
Load
Switch
Supply
- +
Load
Switch
Supply
- +
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I. Identification:
Direction: Identify the following statement.
_________1. Define as the flow of electron or electric current. It is an invisible form of
energy that can be transform into other form of energy like heat light and
mechanical.
_________2. The negatively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to flow.
_________3. Define as the opposition to the flow of current. The amount of resistance
can be measure in ohms ().
_________4. The positively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to attract
electron.
_________5. Anything that occupy space and has mass. It can be a solid, liquid or gas
in state.
_________6. Basic component of matter. It composes of a nucleus which is the central
part, the protons and electrons.
_________7. Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount of current flowing in a
circuit can be measured in ampere (I).
_________8. The amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as
potential difference or EMF (electromotive force). The amount of voltage
can be measured in volt (V).
_________9. Materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low resistance to
current flow.
_________10. Materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high
resistance to current flow.
_________11. A computer power supply converts AC to ___________________.
_________12. Define as the pathways for electricity to flow.
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_________13. A component of a circuit that is commonly represented by a bulb or any
electrical component that consumes electricity.
_________14. A component of a circuit that is commonly represented by a cell or a
battery.
_________15. An electrical device that opens or closed a circuit.
_________16. A type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It means that
current can flow in this circuit.
_________17. A type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that
current cannot flow in this circuit.
_________18. A circuit connection has only one path of current flow. In this circuit
connection the current remain constant.
_________19. A circuit connection that has 2 or more path of current. In this circuit the
voltage remains constant.
_________20. An invisible form of energy.
Techniques for diagnosing computer systems
Computer Diagnosis
Sometimes when the problem with a system is not totally apparent and the
problem may be intermittent, using a basic common diagnostic procedure may help
determine what is wrong. This procedure has a number of steps that, if followed
each time, can be of help.
Rules in Diagnosing Computer System
1. Know the facts
Educate oneself on all aspects and operation of computer parts.
Continuous learning on computer technology. 2. Use your common sense 3. Focus on Field Replaceable Units
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Identify the different types of FRU that can be used for replacement or sub assembly.
4. Proper assembly and disassembly 5. Factors Causing Computer Failures and Defects
People ware
Untrained personnel would probably damage programs in PC. Firmware
Programs or software burnt in chips may be corrupted. Software
Corrupted operating systems would cause the system to fail. Hardware
Defective hardware components would lead to computer malfunction.
Hardware conflicts and viruses can hinder your computers performance.
ESD (Electro Static Discharge)
Electro static discharge can easily damage sensitive components in your computer. Electricity
Incoming supply from AC outlet must be regulated; power surges can damage
computer units.
Problem Isolation
Problem isolation is a detective work in which you need to determine what is
out of the ordinary by making detailed observation of what is not working normally
and record any information as you proceed. The information you will be able to
gather will help diagnose your computer. You need to observe wisely. Look for any
abnormalities in the unit, any change in smell or foreign smell, listen to all the
sounds, and error codes.
Component Isolation
This section will aid in determining components in your system which are
failing. First, most systems have 3 major components; monitor, system unit, and
printers. Some have multiple external devices. To troubleshoot, you need to isolate
major components which are failing to operate.
Diagnostics Procedure for ATX Power Supply Failure
1. Determine whether or not the power comes on.
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2. Check the switch operation with a Digital Volt Meter on the continuity or resistance setting.
3. Check the pins if the corresponding voltage are properly regulated to the motherboard.
4. Replace the power supply unit if defective.
ATX Version 1.2 - 20 wire motherboard connector
Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 8 Pin 9 Pin 10
3.3V 3.3V Gnd 5V Gnd 5V Gnd P_OK 5VSB 12V
Oran Oran Blk Red Blk Red Blk Gray Purp Yell
Oran Blue Blk Green Blk Blk Blk White Red Red
3.3V -12V Gnd P_ON Gnd Gnd Gnd -5V 5V 5V
Pin 11 Pin 12 Pin 13 Pin 14 Pin 15 Pin 16 Pin 17 Pin 18 Pin 19 Pin 20
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Flowchart for ATX Power Supply Repair
Warning! You must unplug your ATX power supply from the wall before working inside the case.
ATX Diagnostic chart
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Things to Consider
There are many devices, parts, cords, and connections on a computer, which
means that there are many possible problems that could arise. In addition, your
computer uses a variety of software, which can also cause problems. However, no
matter what the problem is, you can use the following tips to help you find a
solution:
Always check the cables: Many computer problems are related to an issue in
the cables and connections. The easiest first step you can take to troubleshoot
most problems is to check all related cables and connections.
Isolate the problem: If possible, try to isolate the problem. For example, if you
can't get the cursor to move on the screen, try to determine if the issue is with the
mouse. If you have an extra mouse, you can alternate devices to see if the one
plugged in is the issue, or use the arrow keys on the keyboard to help determine
if the mouse is the source of the problem. When trying to isolate the problem,
only make one change at a time.
Figure 7. An error message
Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you error
messages, be sure to write down as much information as possible. If the basic
troubleshooting steps don't work, you may need the information.
Remember the steps you've taken, or write them down: Once you start
troubleshooting, you will want to remember what you have done, so you don't
repeat yourself. If you can't remember it, then write it down. If you end up asking
someone for help, it will be much easier if they know exactly which steps you've
taken.
Simple Solutions to Common Problems
Most of the time, problems can be fixed by using simple troubleshooting
techniques, such as closing and re-opening the program. It's important to try these
simple solutions before resorting to more extreme measures. If the problem still isn't
fixed, you can then try other troubleshooting techniques, such as reinstalling the
software.
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Program Runs Slowly or Isn't Working Right
If a program is running slowly or otherwise isn't working right, the first thing you
should try is closing the program and re-opening it.
You can also shut down your computer, wait a few seconds, and boot it up
again. Some minor problems will work themselves out when you do this.
Check with the company for any known problems or updates to the software.
Figure 8. Checking for updates
Program is Completely Unresponsive
If a program has become completely unresponsive, you can press (and hold)
Control+Alt+Delete on your keyboard to open the Task Manager. You can then
select the program that isn't working and click End Task. If you are using a Mac,
you can press Option+Command+Esc to open a similar dialog box.
Figure 8. The Task Manager
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Problems Starting or Shutting Down the Computer
Power Button Will Not Start Computer
Figure 9. Resetting a surge protector
If your computer does not start, begin by checking the power cord to confirm
that it is plugged securely into the back of the computer case and the power
outlet.
If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working outlet. Often, this will
require you to plug a lamp or other electrical device into the outlet to make sure it
is receiving power.
If the computer is plugged into a surge protector, verify that it is turned on. You
may have to reset the surge protector by turning it off and then back on. You can
also plug a lamp or other device into the surge protector to verify that it is on.
If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be charged. Plug the AC adapter
into the wall and then try to turn on the laptop. If it still doesn't start up, you may
need to wait a few minutes and then try again.
"Non-System Disk or Disk Error" Message
If you get this message when you boot up your computer, it usually means
there is a CD, DVD, USB flash drive, or floppy disk in your computer, which is
interfering with your computer's booting process. Remove the disk from the drive
and restart the computer.
Figure 10. The Non-System Disk or Disk Error Message
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Windows Shutting Down Message Will Not Disappear
Sometimes Windows will freeze during the shutdown process. If this
happens, the Windows is Shutting Down message screen will stay active on
your screen. To finish shutting down the computer, press and hold the power
button for about 10 seconds, or until the computer turns off.
Figure 11. The Windows shutdown screen
Computer Begins Randomly Rebooting or Crashing
Check for overheating. Make sure the vents in the case are not blocked. Confirm
that there is good air flow around the computer.
Update your antivirus software and scan for viruses.
Figure 12. Virus Scanning
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Problems with the Monitor and Speakers
No Picture on the Monitor
Confirm the computer is turned on.
Check the brightness control, located on your monitor or your keyboard, and
make sure it is not set too low.
Check the connections for the monitor and surge protector, and make sure the
surge protector is turned on.
Figure 13. Cable plugged into monitor
Monitor Goes Blank Periodically
You may have the screensaver enabled.
If the screen saver is enabled, just move
your mouse back and forth and your
original screen will appear. You can
change the screensaver settings by
going to your Control Panel (or your
System Preferences if you're using a
Mac).
Figure 14. Opening the Control Panel
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No Sound
Figure 15. Adjusting the sound volume on a Mac
Check the volume control on your computer. In Windows, the sound icon will
usually be on the taskbar, and you can also access the sound options in the
Control Panel. On Macs, the sound options are found at the top of the screen or
in System Preferences.
Most media programs (such as iTunes or Windows Media Player) have a
volume control, which will need to be turned up.
Make sure the speakers are turned on, if using external speakers.
Make sure external speakers are connected to the correct audio port or a USB
port. If your computer has color-coded ports, the audio output will usually be
green.
Connect headphones to the correct audio port and determine if sound is audible
from the headphones.
Searching the web for a solution
If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you may need to ask
someone else for help. Try searching the web for the problem that you're having, as
other people may have had similar problems. Also, if you have a friend or family
member who knows a lot about computers, they may be able to help you.
Keep in mind that most computer problems have simple solutions, although it
may take some time to find them. For very difficult problems, a more drastic
solution may be required, such as reformatting your hard drive, reinstalling
programs, or reinstalling your operating system. If you're not a computer expert, it's
possible that you could make the situation worse, so it's best to consult a
professional if you think a drastic solution is needed.
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Task. Examining the Motherboard in Detail
1. Look at the back of your computer. Without opening the case, list the ports that
you believe come directly from the motherboard.
2. Remove the cover of the case. List the different expansion cards in the expansion
slots. Was your guess correct about which ports come from the motherboard?
3. To expose the motherboard so you can identify its parts, remove all the
expansion cards.
4. Draw a diagram of the motherboard and label these parts: Processor (Include the
prominent label on the processor housing.)
a) RAM (each DIMM slot)
b) CMOS battery
c) Expansion slots (Identify the slots as PCI, PCIe x1, PCIe x4, PCIe x16,
and AGP.) Each port coming directly from the motherboard Power supply
connections, SATA or IDE drive connectors and floppy drive connector
5. Draw a rectangle on the diagram to represent each bank of jumpers on the
board.
6. What is the brand and model of the motherboard?
7. Locate the manufacturers Web site. If you can find the motherboard manual on
the site, download it.
8. You can complete the following activity only if you have the documentation for the
motherboard:
What do you do if a program on a PC is completely unresponsive? What about
a program on a Mac?
What should you do if you've tried everything and the problem still isn't fixed?
Diagnosing Power Supply Failure
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Directions: Divide the class into five (5) groups. Choose a leader for each group.
The group will prepares a chart and perform the tasks required by the Diagnostics
Procedure of ATX Power Supply Failure. After the activity they will be graded
through the given Performance Score Card below:
PERFORMANCE SCORE CARD
Performance Criteria Passed Failed
1. The students clearly identified the problem and applied the
possible solution correctly.
2. The students utilized actual tools/device in performing the actual
usage of each tools and OHS was observed.
3. The students applied safety precautions during the Activity.
4. The activity gave students more critical thinking on the personal
protective equipment.
5. The students cooperatively performed the activity.
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Tools for Testing Computer System
Tools and equipment play vital roles in troubleshooting. They help the user
determine the errors found in their computer hardware and network.
Tools used to test hardware problems:
1. Screw drivers - are used for installing and removing screws in the computer unit.
Figure 16. Screw Drivers
2. Pliers and tweezers - are used for picking small parts in the computer unit.
Figure17. Pliers and Tweezers
3. Soldering iron- is primarily used for connecting terminals in the power supply and circuit board with the use of a soldering lead.
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Figure18. Soldering iron
4. Anti-static wrist strap, mat and spray- are used for eliminating electrostatic
discharge in the work area.
Figure19. Anti- static wrist strap, mat and spray
5. Lens cleaner a device used for cleaning optical media, such as DVD-ROMS and
CD-writers.
Figure20. Lens Cleaner
6. Thermal paste-is a paste used for heat dissipation of the processor.
Figure21. Thermal Paste
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Network Troubleshooting Tools
1. LAN Tester is a device used for testing the network connection.
Figure22. LAN Tester
2. Crimping tool- is a device used to crimp the RJ45 connector to the UTP cable.
Figure23. Crimping Tool
Direction: Answer the following question. Write your answers on your notebook.
.
Enumerate the six tools used for
troubleshooting.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. Enumerate the two network
troubleshooting tools.
a.
b.
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Troubleshooting computer system network
Causes of Network Trouble
If a computer is unable to connect to a network or see other computers on a
network, it may be necessary to troubleshoot the network. A network may not work
because of any of the reasons below.
1. Network card not properly connected.
2. Bad network card drivers or software settings.
3. Firewall preventing computers from seeing each other.
4. Connection related issues.
5. Bad network hardware.
Solution
Because of the large variety of network configurations, operating systems,
setup, etc... Not all of the below information may apply to your network or operating
system. If your computer is connected to a company or large network, or you are not
the administrator of the network, it is recommended that if you are unable to resolve
your issues after following the below recommendations that you contact the network
administrator or company representative.
Verify connections / LEDs
Verify that the network cable is properly connected to the back of the
computer. In addition, when checking the connection of the network cable, ensure
that the LEDs on the network are properly illuminated. For example, a network card
with a solid green LED or light usually indicates that the card is either connected or
receiving a signal.
If, however, the card does not have any lights or has orange or red lights, it is
possible that either the card is bad, the card is not connected properly, or that the
card is not receiving a signal from the network.
If you are on a small or local network and have the capability of checking a
hub or switch, verify that the cables are properly connected and that the hub or
switch has power.
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Adapter resources
Ensure that if this is a new network card being installed into the computer that
the card's resources are properly set and not conflicting with any hardware in the
computer.
Adapter functionality
Verify that the network card is capable of detecting or seeing itself by using
the ping command. Windows / MS-DOS users ping the computer from a MS-DOS
prompt. Unix / Linux variant users ping the computer from the shell.
To ping the card or the local host, type either ping 127.0.0.1 or ping local host
This should show a listing of replies from the network card. If you receive an
error or if the transmission failed, it is likely that either the network card is not
physically installed into the computer correctly, or that the card is bad.
Protocol
Verify that the correct protocols are installed on the computer. Most networks
today will utilize TCP/IP, but may also utilize or require IPX/SPX and NetBEUI.
When the TCP/IP protocol is installed, unless a DNS server or other computer
assigns the IPX address, the user must specify an IP address as well as a Subnet
Mask. To do this, follow the instructions below.
1. Click Start / Settings / Control Panel
2. Double-click the Network icon
3. Within the configuration tab double-click the TCP/IP protocol icon. Note: Do
not click on the PPP or Dial-Up adapter, click on the network card adapter.
4. In the TCP/IP properties click the IP address tab
5. Select the option to specify an IP address
6. Enter the IP address and Subnet Mask address, an example of such an
address could be:
IP Address: 102.55.92.1
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192
7. When specifying these values, the computers on the network must all have
the same Subnet Mask and have a different IP Address. For example, when using
the above values on one computer you would want to use an IP address of
102.55.92.2 on another computer and then specify the same Subnet Mask.
Firewall
If your computer network utilizes a firewall, ensure that all ports required are
open. If possible, close the firewall software program or disconnect the computer
from the firewall to ensure it is not causing the problem.
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Additional time
In some cases it may take a computer some additional time to detect or see
the network. If after booting the computer you are unable to see the network, give
the computer 2-3 minutes to detect the network. Windows users may also want to try
pressing the F5 (refresh) key when in Network Neighborhood to refresh the network
connections and possibly detect the network
Additional troubleshooting
If after following or verifying the above recommendations you are still unable to
connect or see the network, attempt one or more of the below recommendations.
If you have installed or are using TCP/IP as your protocol you can ping another
computer's IP address to verify if the computer is able to send and receive data. To
do this, Windows or MS-DOS users must be at a prompt and Linux / Unix variant
users must open or be at a shell.
Once at the prompt assuming, that the address of the computer you wish to
ping is 102.55.92.2, you would type:
ping 102.55.92.2
If you receive a response back from this address (and it is a different
computer), this demonstrates that the computer is communicating over the network.
If you are still unable to connect or see the network, it is possible that other issues
may be present.
Another method of determining network issues is to use the tracert command
if you are a MS-DOS or Windows user or the trace route command if you are a Linux
/ Unix variant user. To use this command you must be at the command prompt or
shell. Or trace route 102.55.92.2
This should begin listing the hops between the computer and network
devices. When the connection fails, determine what device is causing the issue by
reviewing the trace route listing.
Networking with DHCP
Task: Setting up a local area network with a Dynamic Host Control Protocol
(DHCP) server is easy! The DHCP server provides all the information your computer
needs to get up and running on the network. Once connected, you will check
network connectivity with the router and at least one other peer on the network.
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Procedure
Getting connected
1. Before connecting your PC to the network, be sure the Windows XP operating
system is running on your computer. You will use Windows XP sp2 throughout this
activity.
2. Next, open a terminal window on your computer by clicking on Applications-
>Accessories->Terminal.
3. In the terminal window, type ipconfig and press Enter.
a. How many network devices are listed in the output? Record their names in your
worksheet.
b. Is there an IPv4 address listed for any of the network devices? If so, record your
IP address (es) in your worksheet.
4. Connect your computer to a network switch using a patch cable. Did you get a
light on the switch? Record the port number you connected to in your worksheet.
5. Draw a diagram of the entire local area network in the space below, including the
router, any switches or hubs, and all connected PCs.
6. Run ifconfig again. Do you see an IP address? If so, record it in your worksheet.
7. In the terminal window, type dhclient eth1 and press Enter. Describe what
happens.
Checking your connection
1. Check connectivity with the router with the ping command. Type ping -c4 10.0.1.1
and press Enter. Record the times listed in the last column of the output. What was
the average round trip time (rtt) from your computer to the router and back?
2. Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's
computer with ping. Run ping as shown above, substituting the new IP address for
the one listed in the previous item. Record the times listed in the last column below.
What was the average round trip time (rtt)?
3. When you have completed the activity, shut down your computer and return to
your seat.
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Title: Networking with Static IPs
Purpose: While setting up a network with a Dynamic Host Control Protocol
(DHCP) server is very convenient, it is sometimes preferable to use static IP
addresses. In this activity, you will join the network using an IP address and netmask
provided by your instructor. Once connected, you will check network connectivity
with at least one other peer on the network.
Procedure
Getting connected
1. Before connecting your PC to the network, be sure the windows Operating
system is running on your computer.
2. When the boot process is completed, connect your computer to the network
switch using a patch cable. Did you get a light? What port number did you connect
to on the switch?
3. Draw a diagram of the entire network in the space below.
4. To configure your network settings, click System->Administration->Network.
5. In the Network settings window, make sure the Connections tab is selected.
6. Click on Wired connection, and then click the Properties button.
7. In the Interface properties window, change the Configuration setting to Static IP
address.
8. Enter the IP address provided by your instructor in the IP address field.
9. Enter 10.0.1.0 in the Gateway address field.
10. Finally, enter 255.255.255.0 in the Subnet mask field. Click OK to close the
Interface
properties window.
11. Click OK to close the Network settings window.
Checking your connection
1. Open a terminal window on your computer, if one is not already open, by clicking
Applications->Accessories->Terminal.
2. Type ipconfig and press Enter. Are your network setting correct? If not, repeat the
steps 411 in the previous section
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3. Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's
computer with ping. For example, ping -c4 10.0.1.200. Record the times listed in the
last column below. What was the average round trip time?
4. Ask a second group for their IP address. Check connectivity to that group's
computer with ping. Record the times listed in the last column below. What was the
average round trip time?
CRITERIA
Evaluation:
Passed Failed
1. Sequence of steps in diagnosing is followed.
2. Safety precaution are observed.
3. Appropriate tools are used in diagnosing.
4. Diagnostic plan for troubleshooting is created.
Remarks
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Computer System and Network Configurations
Computer Networks
Networks are collections of computers, software, and hardware that are all
connected to help their users work together. A network connects computers by
means of cabling systems, specialized software, and devices that manage data
traffic. A network enables users to share files and resources, such as printers, as
well as send messages electronically (e-mail) to each other.
The most common networks are Local Area Networks or LANs for short. A
LAN connects computers within a single geographical location, such as one office
building, office suite, or home. By contrast, Wide Area Networks (WANs) span
different cities or even countries, using phone lines or satellite links.
Network System Configuration
All networks go through roughly the same steps in terms of design, rollout,
configuration, and management.
Designing Your Network
Plan on the design phase to take anywhere from one to three working days,
depending on how much help you have ad how big your network is.
Here are the key tasks:
Settle on a peer-to-peer network or a client/server network.
Pick you network system software.
Pick a network language.
Figure out what hardware you need.
Decide on what degree of information security you need.
Choose software and hardware solutions to handle day-to-day management
chores.
Rolling Out Your Network
Rolling out your network requires the following steps:
Run and test network cables.
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Install the server or servers if youre setting up a client/server network. (If you are
setting up a peer-to-peer network, you typically dont have to worry about any
dedicated servers.)
Set up the workstation hardware.
Plug in and cable the Network Interface Cards (NICs these connect the network
to the LAN).
Install the hub or hubs (if you are using twisted-pair cable).
Install printers.
Load up the server software (the NOS, or Network Operating System) if your
network is a client/server type.
Install the workstation software.
Install modem hardware for remote dial-up (if you want the users to be able to
dial into the network).
Install the programs you want to run (application software).
Configuring Your Network
Network configuration means customizing the network for your own use.
Creating network accounts for your users (names, passwords, and groups).
Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share data files.
Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share programs (unless
everyone runs programs from their own computer).
Setting up print queues (the software that lets users share networked printers).
Installing network support on user workstations, so they can "talk" to your
network.
Managing Your Network
The work you do right after your LAN is up and running and configured can save you
huge amounts of time in the coming months.
Mapping your network for easier management and troubleshooting.
Setting up appropriate security measures to protect against accidental and
intentional harm.
Tuning up your LAN so that you get the best possible speed from it.
Creating company standards for adding hardware and software, so you dont
have nagging compatibility problems later.
Putting backup systems in place so that you have copies of data and programs if
your hardware fails.
Installing some monitoring and diagnostic software so that you can check on your
networks health and get an early warning of impleading problems.
Figuring out how you plan to handle troubleshooting educating your LAN
administrator, setting up a support contract with a software vendor, and so on.
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Smooth Setup
One key advantage of a peer-to-peer network is that its easy to setup. With
the simplest sort of peer-to-peer network, you just use the built-in networking that
comes with your operating system (Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows 7,
Windows 8 and so on) and you have very little software to set up even less if you
have computers that have the operating system preinstalled, as most computers do
these days.
For Windows XP and Windows 7, the basic steps to setting up a peer-to-peer
network are as follows:
(Review for Cabling) UTP Cable
A UTP cable (category 5) is one of the most popular LAN cables. This cable
consists of 4 twisted pairs of metal wires (that means there are 8 wires in the cable).
Adding RJ45 connectors at both ends of the UTP cable it becomes a LAN cable they
usually use.
Preparation
You need a UTP Cable, Crimping Tool, RJ45, and Cutter
Figure24. Materials for Cabling
Making Cable
Follow the steps below.
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1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we call this
side A-side).
2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel (refer the each section's wire arrangement
table). Don't remove the shield of each metal line.
3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire
arrangement.
4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers, and squeeze it tightly.
5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B-side) in the same way.
6. After you made it, you don't need to take care of the direction of the cable. (Any
cable in this page is directionless --- that means you can set either end of the
cable to either device.)
How to see the wire arrangement
Take the UTP cable with your left hand and a RJ45 connector with your right
hand. Hold the RJ45 connector in the way you can see the contact metal face of the
RJ45 connector.
The tables below are for the case where the UTP cable consists of
green/green-white, orange/orange-white, blue/blue-white, brown/brown-white twisted
pairs.
10 Base T / 100 Base T Straight
10BaseT and 100BaseT are most common mode of LAN. You can use UTP
category-5 cable for both modes. (You can use UTP category-3 cable for 10BaseT,
in which there are only 3 wires inside the cable.)
A straight cable is used to connect a computer to a hub. You can use it to
connect 2 hubs in the case one of the hubs has an uplink port (and you use normal
port on the other hub).
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10 Base T / 100 Base T Cross
A cross cable for 10BaseT and 100BaseT is used to connect 2 computers
directly (with ONLY the UTP cable). It is also used when you connect 2 hubs with a
normal port on both hubs. (In other words, the cross cable is used relatively in a rare
case.)
Pin ID side A side B
1 orange-white green-white
2 orange green
3 green-white orange-white
4 blue blue
5 blue-white blue-white
6 green orange
7 brown-white brown-white
8 brown brown
To create a peer network, you must have the following components:
Pin ID side A side B
1 orange-white orange-white
2 orange orange
3 green-white green-white
4 blue blue
5 blue-white blue-white
6 green green
7 brown-white brown-white
8 brown brown
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A network interface or Local Area Network (LAN) adapter for each computer. The
same manufacturer and model of network card is preferred.
Cabling that is supported by the network cards.
Windows XP or 7 drivers for the network cards.
A common network protocol.
A unique computer name for each computer.
Task. Creating Peer to Peer Network
To create a peer network, follow these steps for each computer connected to the
network:
1. Shut down the computer and install the network card and appropriate cabling for
each computer.
2. Start Windows and install the network drivers. Windows may detect your network
card and install the drivers when you start the computer. If the network card drivers
are not included with Windows, follow the manufacturer's instructions about how to
install the network drivers.
3. Choose a client and a common protocol for each computer. To do this, follow
these steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click
Network.
b. Click Add, click Client, and then click Add.
c. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the
appropriate client in the Network Clients box, and then click OK.
d. Click Add, click Protocol, and then click Add.
NOTE: For information about how to configure your network adapters and physically
connect your computers, consult the documentation included with your network adapters
or contact the manufacturer(s) of your network adapters.
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e. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the
appropriate protocol in the Network Protocol box, and then click OK.
4. Configure a peer server. Each computer that is configured for File and Printer
Sharing can act as a server. To configure a computer for File and Printer Sharing,
use the following steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click
Network.
b. Click File and Print Sharing, click one or both options to share files and printers,
click OK, and then click OK again.
c. Click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer.
1. Give each computer a unique computer name. To do this, use the following steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click
Network.
b. On the Identification tab, type a unique name in the Computer name box.
c. Click OK, and then click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer.
:
Task. Setting Windows Network Connection
Equipment, Tools and Materials Required:
- UTP cables
- 4 Computer units
- 1 hub
NOTE: The computer name must be unique for each computer on the network and
should be no more than 15 characters in length. In small networks, the workgroup
name should be the same for each computer so that all computers are visible in the
same workgroup when browsing. You should not use spaces or the following
characters in computer and workgroup names
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Given the following materials, set-up a network connection on four computers.
Task 2. Using the Internet for Research
In this project, you will learn how useful the Internet can be for a PC support
technician.
1. Using your own or a lab computer pretend that the motherboard manual is not
available and you need to replace a faulty processor. Identify the manufacturer and
model of the mother board by looking for the manufacturer name and model number
stamped on the board. Research the Web site for that manufacturer. Print the list of
processors the board can support.
2 .Research the Web site for your motherboard and print the instructions for flashing
BIOS.
3.Research the Abit Web site (www.abit.com.tw) and print a photograph of a
motherboard that has a riser slot. Also print the photograph of the riser card that fits
this slot. What is the function of the riser card?
More Security for Remote Desktop
Task. Analyze the situations below and answer the questions that follows.
When Jacob travels on company business, he finds its a great help to be able to
access his office computer from anywhere on the road using Remote Desktop.
However, he wants to make sure his office computer as well as the entire corporate
network is as safe as possible. One way you can help Jacob add more security is to
CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5
Safety Precautions are observed.
All the UTP are properly connected to the computer and
hub.
Computers are properly connected and seen in the
network.
Proper boot-up and shutdown of the computer is
observed.
Total:
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change the port that Remote Desktop uses. Knowledgeable hackers know that
Remote Desktop uses port 3389, but if you change this port to a secret port, hackers
are less likely to find the open port. Search the Microsoft Knowledge Base articles
(support.microsoft.com) for a way to change the port that Remote Desktop uses.
Practice implementing this change by doing the following:
1. Set up Remote Desktop on a computer to be the host computer. Use another computer (the client computer) to create a Remote Desktop session to the host computer. Verify the session works by transferring files in both directions.
2. Next, change the port that Remote Desktop uses on the host computer to a secret port. Print a screen shot showing how you made the change. Use the client computer to create a Remote Desktop session to the host computer using the secret port. Print a screen shot showing how you made the connection using the secret port. Verify the session works by transferring files in both directions.
3. What secret port did you use?
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Lesson 3. INSPECT AND TEST THE CONFIGURED COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS
General Safety Tips and Reminders
Observe good housekeeping in the area of the machines during and after
maintenance.
Place removed covers and other parts in a safe place, away from all personnel,
while you are servicing the machine.
Dress for the Job
Keep your tool case away from walk areas so that other people will not trip over
it.
Do not wear loose clothing that can be trapped in the moving parts of a machine.
Ensure that your sleeves are fastened or rolled up above your elbows. If your hair
is long, use hair net or hair cap.
Insert the ends of your necktie or scarf inside clothing or fasten it with a
nonconductive clip, approximately three (3) inches from the end.
Do not wear jewelry, chains, metal-frame eyeglasses, or metal fasteners.
After service, reinstall all safety shields, guards, labels, and ground wires.
Replace any safety device that is worn out or defective.
Finally, reinstall all covers correctly before returning the unit to the customers.
Electrical safety
Electric current from power, telephone, and communication cables can be
hazardous. To avoid personal injury or equipment damage, disconnect the attached
power cords, telecommunications systems, networks and modems before you open
Remember: Metal objects are good conductors
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the server/workstation covers, unless instructed otherwise in the installation and
configuration procedure.
Precautions
Disconnect all power before:
Performing a mechanical inspection
Working near power supplies
Removing or installing main units
Before starting work on the machine, unplug the power cord.
Never assume that power has been disconnected from a circuit. First, check that
it has been powered-off.
Always look carefully for possible hazards in your work
Moist floors
Non-grounded power extension cables
Power surges.
If an electrical accident occurs:
Switch off power
Send another person to get medical aid
Safety Inspection Guide
1. These steps will help you identify potentially unsafe conditions on electrical
products:
Check exterior covers for damage (loose, broken, or sharp edges)
Power-off computer. Disconnect the power cord.
The power cord should be the appropriate type.
Insulation on the power cord must not be frayed or worn out.
Remove the cover.
Check for any obvious alteration. Use good judgment as to the safety of
any alterations.
Check for worn out, frayed or pinched cables.
Check that the power-supply cover fasteners (screws or rivets) have not
been removed or tampered with.
Accident Reporting Policy and Procedure
There must be a process put in place to report accidents, incidents or near misses
for immediate action and to help track causes. The organization needs to identify what
needs to be reported, to whom it is to be reported, and how to report it, then put this
process into a written procedure.
For example:
Any accident, incident, or "near miss," no matter how slight the injury or damage, must be
reported to the department supervisor immediately for appropriate action.
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The supervisor is responsible for taking appropriate follow-up action, including getting
medical attention for the injured, completing an investigation report and recommending or
implementing appropriate corrective actions.
The primary purpose of the accident investigation is to identify the cause(s) of the
accident, incident or "near miss" and take action to prevent a similar occurrence in the
future. In some instances, an employee's or volunteer's failure to follow recognized safety
procedures requires disciplinary action to protect co-workers.
Remember: One person's actions can jeopardize the safety of others in the workplace.
Accident Reporting Policy
Sample
Approved by
Chairman:
Date:
1. Purpose [complies with legislation, ensure the necessary action to prevent any
recurrence and to enable the organization to maintain proper records.
2. Scope [accident, incident, near-miss; employee, volunteer, anyone on site or
involved in organization-sponsored activities]
3. Definitions [of terms]
4. Accident Reporting [timeline, to whom, how (phone, e-mail, fax) \ OSHA,
NIOSH?]
5. Absence resulting from an accident [who to report to, Return-to work]
6. Accident Investigation [who investigates, what to do with resulting
recommendations]
7. Forms [Names, where to find them]
8. Reportable Diseases [communicable diseases listed where?]
Accident Investigation Procedures
The senior staff member available at the accident scene or the first member notified
should complete the appropriate investigation reporting form (accident, incident, near
miss). The completed form should be given to the organization's safety committee,
which will forward a copy of the report to the safety coordinator for review.
When an employee or volunteer is injured:
1. Get the person professional medical attention.
2. Protect others.
3. Minimize property damage.
4. Stabilize the situation.
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5. Conduct an investigation.
General guidelines for investigating accidents:
Go to the scene of the accident while the facts are fresh.
Inspect and record any changed physical characteristics or conditions of the
accident site
Preserve any physical evidence, such as potentially defective equipment.
Take photos to help preserve the scene (i.e., puddles on the floor, overturned
storage shelves and spilled contents).
Talk to the injured person, if possible.
Talk to any eyewitnesses.
Ask simple open-ended questions, one question at a time, and attempt to have
events related chronologically to ensure thorough coverage.
Distinguish a person's actual knowledge from hearsay.
Ask when, where, who, how, and what was said or done.
Avoid opinions, judgments or conclusions and be as objective as possible. Avoid
commenting on the information gathered except to confirm your understanding or
to clarify.
Stress getting the facts.
Do not comment on liability or fault during the investigation. Listen for clues in the
conversation around you.
Unsolicited comments often have merit.
Review and finalize any notes immediately upon completion of your inspection
and any interview or other communication with those involved.
Fill out the appropriate accident, incident or near-miss form, giving an accurate
account of the facts.
Send the form to the safety coordinator and safety committee for their review.
Accident reports
Forms are used to give specific details with regards to the accidents
happened in the laboratory during experiments.
Accident reports contain the following details:
Name of the person injured
Date and time of the accident
Type of injury
First aid given
Action taken to prevent further accidents
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Task. Accomplish the sample Accident report sample form
Form No:
Accident Report Form
Date:
Rm. No:
Name: Yr/Sec:
Type of Injury
Cause of Injury
Remedy
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Replacing different Components
Computer Parts Replacement
When replacing computer parts and peripherals, you need to consider the
following factors:
1. Compatibility of the component or part
2. Consider the component specification
3. Components form factor
Compatibility of the Component
When replacing computer parts you should check if it is compatible with your
unit. Double check on your computer manual if the component you are replacing is
compatible or not with the unit because this may lead to system crash.
Component Specification
This focuses on the specification of the component. Check if the voltage
rating, current rating, memory size and frequency matches your computer unit.
Form factor
The components manufacturer should be considered. Check if the unit you
are trying to repair or upgrade is generic or branded units. Branded units have their
own set of components compatible only to their units, while genetic types can be
used only to generic type of units.
List of Components Commonly Replaced in a Computer System
Note: Please refer to the Video for Proper Replacement of the components or parts
of the computer.
Memory-is technically any form of electronic
storage; it is used most often to identify fast,
temporary forms of storage. It is commonly
called RAM (Random Access Memory).
Figure25. Memory
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Video Cards-also referred to as a graphics
accelerator, is an item of personal computer
hardware whose function is to generate and
output images to a display.
Figure26. Video Card
Network Interface Card is also known as LAN
card. A PC interface to network cabling. It is a
piece of computer hardware designed to allow
computers to communicate over a computer
network
Figure27. LAN Card
Hard disk drive is a fixed computer storage
medium
Figure27. LAN Card
Motherboard is also known as the mainboard. It
contains circuits that perform various functions.
Figure28. Motherboard
Processor is also known as CPU or the Central
Processing unit
Figure28. CPU
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CMOS Battery-Refers to a small memory on PC motherboards
that is used to store BIOS settings.
Figure29. CMOS Battery
CD/DVD Drive- A DVD is an optical disc storage media
format, invented and developed
by Philips, Sony, Toshiba and Panasonic in 1995
Figure30. CD/DVD
Sound card - is an internal computer expansion card that facilitates
the input and output of audio signals
Figure31. Sound Card
Directions: Write your answer on your notebook
1. Give the functions of each component.
1. Memory
2. Video card
3. NIC
4. Motherboard
5. HDD
2. Factors to consider when replacing a component.
1._____________________
2._____________________
3._____________________
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Upgrading Your Computer Components
To upgrade means to change some parts with faster and better performing ones.
These parts may even cost less and more powerful.
Commonly Upgraded Computer Parts
1. Monitors- replace old CRT monitors to new LCD or LED monitors.
2. Optical drives- old CD-ROMs drives are commonly replaced with DVD-ROM and
DVD writers.
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Hard Drives- small capacity hard drives are replaced with faster and high capacity
hard drives.
Keyboards and mouse- keyboards and mouse are commonly replaced with optical
mouse and wireless keyboards.
RAM (Random Access Memory)- upgrading the computers memory or RAM
speeds up the performance of the computer
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Video cards- upgrade computers graphics card to improve the computer
performance in terms of graphics and games.
Processors- replacing the processors increase the data processing speed.
Modem- installing a modem enables your computer to connect to the internet.
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How to Speed up the Computer
1. Defragmenter utility: Automatically analyzes the empty disk space on the hard
disk and defrag all scattered files.
Figure31. Defragmenter Utility
2. Shutdown Unnecessary programs: Close all unwanted programs at the Windows start up and this will automatically increase the windows loading time and speed of the computer will also be increased.
3. Increased memory: Increasing the memory in the system will result to
exceptional speed of your computer.
Figure32. Increasing the memory
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4. Disk Cleanup: You can delete unwanted programs and files from your computer
and this will be helpful in increasing the speed.
Figure33. Disk Cleanup
5. Empty Recycle Bin: Delete all the files and folders from the recycle bin and you
will get the space of C drive for reusability.
Figure34. Emptying the recycle bin
Memory Upgrade
To make your computer faster, you can upgrade its memory. Here are the
steps in upgrading your computers memory
1. Remove the memory modules from the slot.
Figure34. Removing memory module from the slot
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2. In Fig 35 the notches we have marked as A are
used for the ejector clip on the DIMM slot.
The notches we have marked as B are used to align
the memory module with the DIMM slot key C as
shown in Figure 36.
In Figure 36 you can see the ejector clips (D), using
your finger, push these into the down position as
shown in Figure 36 this allows the memory to be
inserted.
Figure 35. Notch A
Figure 36. DIMM Slot
3. Now you are ready to install the module,
ensuring the notches line up with the keys gently
but firmly push the memory into the slot until it is
seated fully(see Fig 37 the ejector clips should rise
to the vertical position as shown in Fig 38).
4. Now your memory is installed. Be sure you have
not loosened any cables while working and also
ensure that the memory module is fully seated and
the ejector clips are in the vertical position.
Figure 37. Ejector clips
Figure 38. Ejector clips in vertical
position
Video card Upgrade
Installing the video card
Next, take the video card (hold it by the edges) and line it up with the slot
paying careful attention to the alignment notch. When it is aligned correctly, press
gently but firmly until the card is seated fully and evenly into the slot (see fig 39).
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Figure39. Video card seated fully and evenly on a slot
When you are happy that the card is firmly in place, insert the fixing screw (fig
40) and check to make sure you have not loosened anything during installation.
Replace the case cover and reconnect the mains power.
Figure40. Inserting fixing screw
When you reboot your machine Windows (or other OS) should find the card
automatically, it may then ask you to insert the disk/CD that came with your video
card, insert the CD and follow the on-screen instructions to install the video card
driver.
Hard Drive Upgrade
The first thing to do (after removing the case covers) is to locate the drive bay
where the hard drive will go (see fig 41 below).
Figure41. Locate the drive bay
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The next step is to attach the IDE and power cables.
In figure 42 below you can see a standard IDE Cable, note there are three (3)
connections (notice the difference in distance between the connectors). Connection
A plugs into the motherboard and then the slave and master connections are used
for IDE devices such as hard drives, if you are only installing one drive or the new
drive is to be the master then use the master connector, if the drive is to be the slave
then use the slave connector.
The IDE cable will be marked down one side with a red or black strip, this
denotes Pin 1, match this with the Pin 1 indicator on the back of the hard drive.
The power cable you will find in your case is attached to your power supply;
you can see an example below in figure 43.
Figure42. Standard IDE Cable Figure43. Power Cable
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Basic Network Errors
If your network connection is not configured properly or suffers a technical
failure, you will often see some error message generated and displayed on your
screen. These message
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