external policies i: cfsp and common commercial policy. prof. andreas bieler
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External policies I: CFSP and Common Commercial Policy.
Prof. Andreas Bieler
Structure of lecture
I. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP);
II. Common Commercial Policy (CCP);
I. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP):
1. Theoretical remarks:
Neo-functionalism: the logic of spill-over implies integration in more and more related areas including issues of foreign policy and political union more generally;
(Liberal) intergovernmentalism: there is a clear distinction between low politics including areas such as economic co-operation and areas of high politics consisting of foreign, security and defence policy. Integration will only take place in the former;
What is EU foreign policy?
foreign policy also includes issues such as EU enlargement and common commercial policy, not only matters of security and defence;
problem: too much focus on institutional set-up and on the activities in Pillar 2, when analysing EU foreign policy;
supranational institutions are more involved in EU enlargement and common commercial policy and the EU acts as a stronger and more unitary actor in these areas;
2. History of CFSP:
1954 failure of European Defence Community;
1970 establishment of the European Political Co-operation (EPC);
1991 Treaty of Maastricht including the second pillar of a Common Foreign and Security Policy;
3. The Treaty of Maastricht and CFSP:
confirmation of European Council as main decision-making institution;
West European Union is linked to EU;
defence policy: the Treaty pointed to ‘the eventual framing of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common defence’;
Empirical reality – break up of Yugoslavia and the conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo:
July 1995 NATO air attacks on Yugoslav army after massacre of Srebrenica;
November 1995 Peace Deal in Dayton under US leadership;
March/April 1999: air attacks on Serb forces in Kosovo by NATO, but united EU position throughout the conflict;
4. The Treaty of Amsterdam:
institutional improvements: (1) new policy planning and early warning unit; (2) M. PESC, heading this unit and bringing together officials from the Council, WEU, member states and the Commission;
incorporation of the WEU-Petersberg tasks into the EU remit: humanitarian and rescue tasks, peacekeeping tasks and tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking;
no further clarification about common defence policy;
5. Recent Developments:
December 1999: at the Helsinki European Council the EU agrees on the formation of a rapid reaction force of 50.000 to 60.000 soldiers by 2003;
December 2000: the Treaty of Nice agrees on closer integration of WEU in EU via the Political and Security Committee and confirms the formation of the rapid reaction force;
war on Iraq demonstrated continuing deep-rooted differences between EU members on foreign policy;
2005 command of the military stabilisation force in Bosnia & Herzegovina was transferred from Nato to the EU;
6. Why is it so difficult to forge a common foreign policy?
a) Weak institutions;
b) No convergence of national interests;
c) Lack of common European identity;
d) Complex institutional web in European security;
e) ‘Brusselisation’ rather than integration;
7. Points for further reflection:
In what way is the EU superior to military organisations such as NATO?
Is a military capacity for the EU desirable?
What is the purpose of such a military capacity?
II. The EU as a global actor: the common commercial policy (CCP).
1. General background:
the Commission is the EU’s main representation within the area of the common commercial policy, a Pillar I issue, and within the World Trade organisation;
what is the social purpose underlying the EU common commercial policy?
2. EU foreign trade policy:
clear understanding of the social and political project underpinning foreign policy by EU policy-makers: trade partners have to commit themselves to neo-liberal restructuring in tandem with commitments to human rights, the rule of law and representative democracy;
social purpose: strengthening of European competitiveness on the global market in view of competition with the US-led North American regional bloc and Japan;
3. The EU’s wider role: Global Europe;
the ACP-EU partnership agreement based on preferential treatment was signed in Cotonou in 2000, but is no longer compatible with WTO regulations;
the EU intends to move towards WTO-compatible Economic Partnership Agreements with African, Caribbean and Pacific countries, which are presented by the European Commission as ‘trade and co-operation agreements at the service of development’;
critical NGOs such as War on Want question this benevolent interpretation: attack on developing countries’ economy in the interest of European capital;
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