evolution of telecommunications
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Murali Krishna.Y
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INDEX Definition
Introduction to telecommunications
Major creators of telecommunications
Evolution of Telecommunications
Generations of telecommunications
1st Generation
2nd Generation 3rd Generation
4th Generation
Conclusion
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DEFINITION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS Telecommunications eliminated a master-to-servant
relationship: replacing the service of a messenger bymechanical telegraph in 1794, by copper wires in 1837,by electromagnetic waves in 1896, and by optical fiberin 1973.
Edouard Estaunie (18621942) in 1904 In his book hedefined telecommunication as information exchangeby means of electrical signals. Estaunie thus limitedtelecommunications explicitly to electrical signals.
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Within two centuries telecommunications
experienced tremendous progress.This development is best demonstrated by the example of transatlanticsubmarine cable transmission:
1866. The first transatlantic telegraph cable installed. Morse-coded telegraph
channel with a speed of about 5 words per minute.
1956. The first transatlantic telephone cable installed. operated 36 telephone
channels on two separate cables.
2000. The state-of-the art transatlantic fiber optic cable installed. 12 fibers each with a capacity of 40 WDM 10-Gbps channels, thus a total of 4.8
Tbps, which is equivalent to 58,060,800 telephone channels.
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MAJOR CREATORS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONSThese persons, in their time, usually faced strong oppositionand needed to put forth substantial effort to obtain recognitionand acceptance of their invention.
Claude Chappe (17631805)
Claude Chappe began the era of telecommunications with the successfuloperation of his optical telegraph between Paris and Lille on August 15,1794
he committed suicide at the age of 42 as depressed by the people.
But, the writing telegraph of Morse proved its superiority and found
worldwide use.
Samuel Finley Breese Morse (17911872)
The electrical telegraph had many fathers and they all developedunique solutions.
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Alexander Graham Bell (18471922)
The telephone era begun in 1876 in the United States with the operationof a telephone line across a 2-mile stretch between Boston andCambridge, Massachusetts, with telephone apparatus produced by Bell.
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (18571894)
Heinrich Hertz laid the basis for radio transmission with successfulexperiments in 18871889 that proved the existence of electromagnetic
radiation and its similarity to the behavior of light.Unfortunately, he became ill and died at the age of 37.
Guglielmo Marconi (18741937)
Marconi succeeded in transmitting a radio signal over a few kilometersat Bologna in 1896.
Alec H. Reeves (19021971)
Alec H. Reeves conceived the idea of digitizing speech and patented his
pulse-code-modulation (PCM) procedure, but at a time when theprevailing technology prevented its economical realization.
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The trunk of the treerepresents the technologicalprerequisites for successiveunfolding of the various
telecommunication domainsinto the branches of the tree
The leaves of the branchesrepresent evolution within theseparate telecommunication
domains
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The bases of telecommunications, and thus the roots of the tree, arescience and industrialization.
Optical telegraphybecame possible, and thus telecommunicationscould grow, once the telescope was available and basic mechanicalconstructions could be made with sufficient accuracy
The theory ofelectromagnetism and the development ofprecisionmechanics nourished the growth of an electrical telegraphy branch.
Electrical telegraphystarted with code-writing telegraphs and
needle telegraphs and so on.
Copper-line transmission systems:
Basic laws of electricityand the discovery ofgutta-percha began theevolution of copper-line transmission systems on open wire, copper cable, and
coaxial cable.
EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION
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The basic theory of sound developed by Helmholtz supported theevolution from telegraphy to telephony.
The earlyautomation of industrial processes enabled thereplacement of manual switchboards byautomatic switchingdevices.
The discovery ofelectromagnetic radiation and the subsequentdevelopment of devices for generating and detecting such waves led to the
development ofradio-telegraphy.
The creation ofelectronic tubes (diodes and triodes) startedthe electronic era, which enabled the evolution from radio-telegraphy to
radio-telephony and mobile radio.
EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION
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The feedback principle applied in electronic circuitry facilitated thegeneration of high frequencies and thus the development ofmedium- andshortwave radio transmission and a new technology of circuitcombination: carrier frequency, or multiplexing.
The development of very high frequency generators in 1920 and velocity-modulated electronic tubes in the early 1930s made radio-relaytransmission possible,
Rockets, transistors, and solar cells were the ingredients for the
satellite branch.
The laser and extremely pure glass enabled the fiber optics branch to
grow.
ICs (integrated circuits) and microprocessors were the nourishmentfor the cellular radio branch.
The convergence of communications and computers (C&C) and theapplication of CD-ROMs for high-volume data storage is currentlyleading to multimedia services
EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION
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The first new leafwill probably represent an entirelynew range of combined optical transmission-switching systems.
Another leafmight representwirelessbroadband links in metropolitan areas provided by
subspace flying base stations located inunmanned balloons and airplanes circling in thestratosphere.
EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION(FUTURE)
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Chronology of telecommunications.
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Tachygraphe of Claude Chappe.
OPTICAL TELEGRAPHY
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ORIGINof Wireless Communication
1895-1901
Guglielmo MarconiDemonstrates wireless communications over increasing distances
1864
JamesMaxwell
Predicts existence of radiowaves.
1886
RudolphHertz
Demonstrates radio waves.
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1GAMPS TACS
NM
1980s Analog Voice
Typical 2.4 Kbps
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1G
Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS)
Deployed in US , Japan : 1983
Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland : 1981
Total Access Communication System (TACS) British System, similar to AMPS : 1985
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2GGSM CDMA
TDMA
1990s Digital Voice
9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)
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2G GSM
Global system for Mobile
Based on TDMA ; Europe
900 Mhz, 1800 Mhz.
Later 850 Mhz and 1900 Mhz in Americas
Quad Band ; World Phones
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2G - CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
cdmaOne or IS-95
All users use same freq band ; 800 Mhz
Major success in Korea, Used by Verizon and Sprint
Easy Migration to 3G
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Circuit Switching
A private road all for yourself
Dedicated end to end connection
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Packet Switching
Divided packets can take different paths and times
A shared highway
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2.5GGPRS
2001
Packet Data
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2.5G - GPRS General Packet Radio Service - An Overlay
technology on top of the existing GSM systems.
Data rate = 56 114Kbps.
4 MCS (Modulation and coding schemes) used.
Factors affecting downlink/uplink speed:
TDMA slots Multi-slot class
Channel Encoding used.
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HSCSD High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data.
An enhancement to CSD Multiple timeslots used.
Data rates up to 38.4 Kbps (4 times CSD).
In reality supports 14.4Kbps.
Expensive than CSD.
Latency less that GPRS.
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2.75GEDGE
2003Packet Data
CDMA 1xRTT
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EDGE
EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM)
Superset of GPRS.
Data rate = 4 times GPRS.
9 MCS (Modulation and coding schemes) used
Gaussian min shift keying and 8PSK.
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Evolved EDGE
Data rate = 1Mbps
Encoding technique 32QAM and 16QAM.
Requires simple network enhancements withsoftware update.
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CDMA 1xRTT 1x is an abbreviation of 1xRTT (1x Radio Transmission
Technology).1x refers to the no. of duplex radio channels.
Supports 33-35 simultaneous voice calls per
1.25MHz.(cdmaOne = 20 voice calls)
Encoding technique: BPSK for forward and reverse link.
Data Rate = 153 Kbps/153 Kbps.
Software and minimum hardware update.
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3GPP
GPRS
EDGE LTE
WCDM
A
HSPA
1.92 Mbps14 Mbps
384 Kbps
114 Kbps
100 Mbps
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3GPP2
1xRTT
EV-DO UMB(abandoned 2008 Nov & favoring LTE)
114 Kbps
2.4 Mbps 288 Mbps
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3GIMT2000
W-CDMA (UMTS)
CDMA2000
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UMTS UMTS - Universal Mobile TelecommunicationsSystem. Also known as W-CDMA.
W-CDMA uses the DS-CDMA and TDD channelaccess method with a pair of 5 MHz channels.
Requires new cell towers & frequency allocations.
Data rate = 1Mbps(theoritical)
Frequency bands: Uplink 1885-2025 MHz (mobile-to-base ) Downlink 2110-2200 MHz (base-to-mobile).
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CDMA2000 EVDO Rel 0 (Evolution-Data Optimized or
Evolution-Data only Release 0)
Data rates: Forward link - 2.4Mbps.
Reverse link - 153kbps.
Encoding technique: Forward link 16QAM.
Reverse link - BPSK.
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3.5GEVDO-Rev A
HSDPA HSUPA
EVDO-Rev B
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HSPA High Speed Packet Access is a collection of two
mobile telephony protocols HSDPA and HSUPA.
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Data rates for Forward link - 14.4Mbps. Encoding technique QPSK and 16QAM
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) orEUL(Enhanced Uplink) Data rates for Reverse link - 5.76Mbps.
Just a software update for most WCDMA networks.
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HSPA+ Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)
Data rates: Forward link - 42Mbps.
Reverse link - 22Mbps.
Encoding technique 64QAM.
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EVDO Rev A EVDO Rev A (Revision A)
Also called as EV-DV (Evolution Data/Voice)
Data rates: Forward link - 3.1Mbps. Reverse link - 1.8Mbps.
Encoding technique: Forward link 16QAM. Reverse link - QPSK and 8PSK.
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EVDO Rev B Combine up to fifteen 1.25MHz carriers (20MHz) in
forward and/or reverse link. Carriers not physicallycombined and not adjacent to each other.
Data rate: Forward link = 3.1Mbps*15channels = 47Mbps. Reverse link = 1.8Mbps*15channels = 27Mbps.
Encoding technique 64QAM. Uplink data rate
increases from 3.1Mbps to 4.9Mbps per channel.Thus, Data rate: Forward link = 4.9Mbps*15channels = 74Mbps.
Only software updation required.
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Multi Player Gaming
Location Based Services
Video Services
Instant Messaging
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CHANGES IN
HANDSE
TS
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TECHNOLOGIES ADOPTED
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SPEEDS
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Advantages & Limitations
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Conclusion
India is huge market and none of service providers can dare to ignore itspotential. Thats why Indian mobile service provider industry is growing leap
and bounce for the last decade. This journey of 1 million to 50 million will keep
it pace until each citizen in India will have his own mobile. Industry has
manyphases in its growth. Now mobile doesnt mean a only a mediumof communication. Services providers are now willing to provide varies
facilities like entertainment (music, video etc.) and even banking also. We can
say that business is transforming in e-commerce to m-commerce (mobile-
commerce). In short we can say drastic change has came in the industry along
with expanding its base in subscribers, they are keeping eye not only to offer
new facilities but also to be the first to provide it
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