ethics of robotics and ai - informatics europe - home€¦ · moralandlegalresponsibility example:...

EthicsofRoboticsandAIMoralResponsibilityandSocietalChallenges

MarkCoeckelberghProfessorofPhilosophyofMediaand Technology

UniversityofViennamark.coeckelbergh@univie.ac.at||coeckelbergh.wordpress.com

PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY

PhilosophyInterdisciplinarityPolicy

Robophilosophy 2018

PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY

Thinkingaboutandfortechnology,butalsousingtechnologytothinkaboutphilosophicalissues

PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY

Focus:robotsandAI

PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY

EthicsPhilosophicalanthropologyEpistemologyAesthetics…

WHAT IS THE HUMAN?

WHAT IS THE HUMAN?

UsingroboticsandAItothinkabouthumans

WHAT IS THE HUMAN?

Negativeanthropology:whatthehumanisNOT

WHAT IS THE HUMAN?

Negatieveanthropologie:watthehumanisNOTe.g.notachimp

WHAT IS THE HUMAN?

Negatieveanthropologie:watthehumanisNOTe.g.notamachineormorethanamachine

WHAT IS THE HUMAN?

Positiveanthropology:whatthehumanise.g.acomputationalorinformationbeing

TOWARDS AN ARTIFICIALHUMAN?

Brain-based:enhancementand/or

RobotsandAI

CYBORGS

Mergingofhumansandmachines

ROBOTS:HUMAN-LIKE

ROBOTS:NOT NECESSARILY HUMAN-LIKE

AI:SCIENCE FICTION

AI:IN YOUR POCKET

ETHICS!

SCIENCE FICTION ALARM

“AIisafundamentalexistentialriskforhumancivilization”

(ElonMusk)

“wehumansarelikesmallchildrenplaying

withabomb”

(NickBostrom)

“theSingularityisafutureperiodduringwhichthepaceoftechnologicalchange

willbesofastandfar-reachingthathumanexistenceonthisplanet

willbeirreversiblyaltered”

(RayKurzweil)

FRANKENSTEIN

ROMANTICISM

AGAINST ALARMISM

URGENT ISSUES NEAR FUTURE

INDUSTRY

DAILY LIFE

IN THE OFFICE

FINANCE

TRANSPORT

HEALTH CARE

MILITARY APPLICATIONS

DATA

ALL THINGS - EVERYWHERE

CHANGES TO OUR DAILY LIFES

ETHICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEMS

DEFINITION PROBLEMS

Problemforregulation:• Duetonatureofnewtechnologies:

robots,AI,algorithms,code,smarttech,internetofthings,‘cyber-physicalsystems’…?

• Howautonomous,intelligent,etc.?

PRIVACY,SECURITY,SURVEILLANCE

• TheAIrecordswhatyoudoandtransfersdata…towhom?Company?ThirdParty?

• Whatifyourrobotgetshacked?

HEALTH

ADDICTION

REPLACEMENT,AUTONOMY,LOSS OFAGENCY?

• Robot/AI- humanteams• Degreesofautonomy• Distributedagency

MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

• Who?• AI/robotasmoralagent?• Legalquestions

MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITYExamples• AIcausescrashonfinancialmarkets

• Machinesharmsworkerinfactory

• Autonomouscardrivesintogroupofchildren

• Carerobotgivesthewrongmedication

• Killerrobotkillscivilian• Childgetstooattachedtoeducationalrobot

MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

Someproblems• whataboutdistributed

responsibility?• howtomakesure

responsibilitytracesbacktohumans?humanincontrol?

• insurance?• regulatingorban?• newlegalinstrumentsor

not?(e.g.debateinEuropeancontextaboutlegalpersonhoodrobotsversususingexistingliabilitylaw)

MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

Someproblems• acceptance:– accidentanddeathmoreacceptableifhumanagent,e.g.humandriver

– whyisautomatedflyingacceptableandautomateddrivingnot?

MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

• gradationsofautomation– E.g.gradationsof

autonomousdriving;thereisalreadyautomationinexistingcars:• Cruisecontrol• Lanedeparturecorrectionsystems

• Collisionavoidancesystems• Automatedparking• …

>>howdifferentarefullyautonomoustechnologies,e.g.autonomouscars? >>newlegalframeworkneeded?

MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITYExample:ClassificatonSocietyofAutomotiveEngineers(SAE)5levelsofself-driving:– Level0:monitoring,warnings

– Level1:adaptivecruisecontrol,automatedparking

– Level2:automateddriving,butdrivermustbealertandbeabletotakeoveranytime

…– Level5:nohumaninterventionneeded

MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITYInformationandknowledge- Dousersandoperatorsunderstandthesystemanditslimitations?

- (Mis)informationbymanufacturers?

Importantfordiscussionsaboutliabilityandnegligence

Differencewithaviation,whichishighlyregulatedandrelativelysafe

RESPONSIBILITYCase:Fatalaccident• Uber self-drivingcarinautonomousmodecausesaccidentinArizona:pedestriandies(March2018)

• Seealso2016Teslaaccident

RESPONSIBILITYCase:Fatalaccident• Whoisresponsible?Volvo?Uber?Vehicleoperator/driver?Pedestrian?StateofArizona?Problemof“manyhands”

• Drawontortlaw:Uber/driverfailedtoexercisereasonablecare

• Drawonproductliabilitylaw:VolvoandUber

• Conductpedestrian:accidentavoidable?

• StateofArizona:sufficientregulation?E.g.onecouldrequiresomeonetobeindriverseat– butenough?

RESPONSIBILITYCase:Fatalaccident• Civilproceedingsversuscriminallaw(butrobots/AIcannotbechargedwithacrime)

• Needforbettertechnologyandmoreregulation(orban?Orself-regulationbyprivatecompanies(laissez-faire)?Tooearlyortoolate?

MORAL STATUS OF AIS/ROBOTS

Moralagents?• Whatcapacitiesneededformoral

judgment?Alsoemotions?• Rulesenough?• Tooanthropocentric?

MORAL STATUS OF AIS/ROBOTS

Moralpatients?• Thingormorethanthat?• Machineas(quasi)other?• Vulnerabilityhumansversusmachines

MORAL STATUS OF AIS/ROBOTS

Philosophicallyinteresting,butalsopracticalissue?

TECHNOLOGY CHANGES MORALITY

• Privacytoday• HowwillAIandroboticschangeourvalues?

VULNERABLE USERS,ATTACHMENT AND DECEPTION

SAFETY

HUMAN DIGNITY AND AUTONOMY

ADAPTING TOO MUCH?

Dowewanttoadapttorobotsorshouldrobotsadapttous?

MORAL DISTANCE

MORAL DISTANCE

MORAL DISTANCE

SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS

• Justice,fairness,power• Inclusivesociety?• Biasedandnon-transparentalgorithms>>

• Socialrelations,e.g.intimaterelations

• Sustainableeconomy?• Futureofwork>>

THE FUTURE OF WORK

• Replacement?• Workingconditionsandexperienceofwork?

• Delegationanddistributionoftasks?

BIASED ALGORITHMS

• Probleminmachinelearning:AItrainsondatasetthatmaycontainabias(e.g.favorsyoungwhitemen)

• Problemofalgorithmorsociety,orboth?Howtodealwiththis?

• Rightnon-discrimination

BIASED ALGORITHMS

• Isbiasavoidable?No,butwecanexplicitlydiscuss,analyze,andintervene(kindofbias,degreeofbias)

• Algorithmsteachussomethingaboutoursocieties(seealsodigitalhumanities:useAI!)

NON-TRANSPARENT ALGORITHMS

• ProblemwithnewapproachestoAI:DecisionAI/algorithmblackbox,Iamaffectedbyitsdecisionbutdonotknowhowitcametoitsdecision

• Righttobeinformed,“RighttoExplanationofAutomatedDecisionMaking”(Wachter etal.2017)butisthatpossible?

TRUST AND TRANSPARENCY

• Trustinsystem(technology:reliability)vs trustinpeople(alsoemotions)

• Transparency ofdata,process,organisation:again,itdependsonpeople

GENDER ISSUES WITH DESIGN

GENDER ISSUES AND HUMANRELATIONSHIPS

November10,2017 mark.coeckelbergh@univie.ac.at 77

ETHICS:APPROACH

• Bottomup• Pro-active• Global• Positive

Ethical &legaltheory and principles

Experience– Practices

Ethical &legaltheory and principles

Experience– Practices

ETHICS AND REGULATION:LET’STRY TO BE PRO-ACTIVE

ETHICS:HOW NOT TO DO IT

ETHICS:PRO-ACTIVE IN RESEARCHAND INNOVATION

• Regulation:needed,butalwaystoolate?

• Workalsothroughstandards,seeIEEE• Certification

GLOBAL ACTION NEEDED

• Duetonatureofnewtechnologies• Dowehavesuitableinstitutionsforthis?

ALSO NON-GOVERNMENTAL ACTORS!

POSITIVE:ETHICS AND THE GOODLIFE

• Notjustconstraintsandwhatnottodo,butalsowhattodoandhowtolive(goodlife,virtue,community/society)

EXPLORE NEW POSSIBILITIES

• Newexperientialandactionpossibilities

• NotonlyintheWest

INNOVATION,DESIGN,ART

• Imaginationneeded

Policyneeded

Everyoneaffected,needforvisionandpolicyNOW

“It’stheprinciples,stupid”

No,it’snotonlyaboutprinciples,values,norms,theory,etc.Challengeistochange

technologicalpractices(design,innovationanduse)andprinciples,theory,etc.areinstruments

todothat

reflectingonexperience

Whattodo?

Usually ethics focuses onwhat (not)to do,butoften we agree onwhat (not)to do;there are alsoother questions:

- Whodoes what?

- How to dothings (best)?

>>practical wisdom

Whattodo?

Morality:constraints,red lines,sactions

Ethics:the good life,the best life

Whoandhow?

How can we work together to ensure thatAIand robotics willcontribute to afuturewe want?Alsothink about PROCESS

Experts,citizens,and mediators needed

Whoandhow?

Role researchers,governmental,intergovernmental,and non-governmental

organisations/civil society includes:raise awarnessand bringpeople together,initiate new processes:

HOWcan we reach these goals?

Whoandhow?

Powerdifferences(e.g.bigcompaniesversusindividualcitizens)

Culturaldifferences(global,Europe)

SOME BARRIERS

• Lackofsufficienttransdisciplinaryexpertise

• Lackofconnectionsacademia–policymakersandshort-termviews

• Insufficientinstitutionalsupportformoreparticipatorydecisionmaking

• Nottakingintoaccountlessonslearnt,re-inventingthewheel

ADDRESS PROBLEMS• Moresupportfortransdisciplinary

research• Furtherinstitutionalizelinksacademia

– policymakersandmakeroomfordevelopmentoflong-termvision

• Collaboratewithother,non-governmentalandnon-academicactorsinsociety

• Morestudiestakingintoaccountworkalreadydone,includingworkintheareasofphilosophyoftechnologyandrobotethics

THE FUTURE OF AI(&INFORMATICS)Beyondfear

Ethical

Interdisciplinary,incl.humanities

Connectedtowidersociety

Europe:expertiseintechethics

THE FUTURE OF AI(&INFORMATICS)

ThefutureofAIwillbeethicaloritwillnotbe.

Thanks!

MarkCoeckelberghProfessorofPhilosophyofMediaand Technology

UniversityofViennamark.coeckelbergh@univie.ac.at||coeckelbergh.wordpress.com