ethics of robotics and ai - informatics europe - home€¦ · moralandlegalresponsibility example:...
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EthicsofRoboticsandAIMoralResponsibilityandSocietalChallenges
MarkCoeckelberghProfessorofPhilosophyofMediaand Technology
[email protected]||coeckelbergh.wordpress.com
PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY
PhilosophyInterdisciplinarityPolicy
Robophilosophy 2018
PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY
Thinkingaboutandfortechnology,butalsousingtechnologytothinkaboutphilosophicalissues
PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY
Focus:robotsandAI
PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY
EthicsPhilosophicalanthropologyEpistemologyAesthetics…
WHAT IS THE HUMAN?
WHAT IS THE HUMAN?
UsingroboticsandAItothinkabouthumans
WHAT IS THE HUMAN?
Negativeanthropology:whatthehumanisNOT
WHAT IS THE HUMAN?
Negatieveanthropologie:watthehumanisNOTe.g.notachimp
WHAT IS THE HUMAN?
Negatieveanthropologie:watthehumanisNOTe.g.notamachineormorethanamachine
WHAT IS THE HUMAN?
Positiveanthropology:whatthehumanise.g.acomputationalorinformationbeing
TOWARDS AN ARTIFICIALHUMAN?
Brain-based:enhancementand/or
RobotsandAI
CYBORGS
Mergingofhumansandmachines
ROBOTS:HUMAN-LIKE
ROBOTS:NOT NECESSARILY HUMAN-LIKE
AI:SCIENCE FICTION
AI:IN YOUR POCKET
ETHICS!
SCIENCE FICTION ALARM
“AIisafundamentalexistentialriskforhumancivilization”
(ElonMusk)
“wehumansarelikesmallchildrenplaying
withabomb”
(NickBostrom)
“theSingularityisafutureperiodduringwhichthepaceoftechnologicalchange
willbesofastandfar-reachingthathumanexistenceonthisplanet
willbeirreversiblyaltered”
(RayKurzweil)
FRANKENSTEIN
ROMANTICISM
AGAINST ALARMISM
URGENT ISSUES NEAR FUTURE
INDUSTRY
DAILY LIFE
IN THE OFFICE
FINANCE
TRANSPORT
HEALTH CARE
MILITARY APPLICATIONS
DATA
ALL THINGS - EVERYWHERE
CHANGES TO OUR DAILY LIFES
ETHICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEMS
DEFINITION PROBLEMS
Problemforregulation:• Duetonatureofnewtechnologies:
robots,AI,algorithms,code,smarttech,internetofthings,‘cyber-physicalsystems’…?
• Howautonomous,intelligent,etc.?
PRIVACY,SECURITY,SURVEILLANCE
• TheAIrecordswhatyoudoandtransfersdata…towhom?Company?ThirdParty?
• Whatifyourrobotgetshacked?
HEALTH
ADDICTION
REPLACEMENT,AUTONOMY,LOSS OFAGENCY?
• Robot/AI- humanteams• Degreesofautonomy• Distributedagency
MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
• Who?• AI/robotasmoralagent?• Legalquestions
MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITYExamples• AIcausescrashonfinancialmarkets
• Machinesharmsworkerinfactory
• Autonomouscardrivesintogroupofchildren
• Carerobotgivesthewrongmedication
• Killerrobotkillscivilian• Childgetstooattachedtoeducationalrobot
MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
Someproblems• whataboutdistributed
responsibility?• howtomakesure
responsibilitytracesbacktohumans?humanincontrol?
• insurance?• regulatingorban?• newlegalinstrumentsor
not?(e.g.debateinEuropeancontextaboutlegalpersonhoodrobotsversususingexistingliabilitylaw)
MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
Someproblems• acceptance:– accidentanddeathmoreacceptableifhumanagent,e.g.humandriver
– whyisautomatedflyingacceptableandautomateddrivingnot?
MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
• gradationsofautomation– E.g.gradationsof
autonomousdriving;thereisalreadyautomationinexistingcars:• Cruisecontrol• Lanedeparturecorrectionsystems
• Collisionavoidancesystems• Automatedparking• …
>>howdifferentarefullyautonomoustechnologies,e.g.autonomouscars? >>newlegalframeworkneeded?
MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITYExample:ClassificatonSocietyofAutomotiveEngineers(SAE)5levelsofself-driving:– Level0:monitoring,warnings
– Level1:adaptivecruisecontrol,automatedparking
– Level2:automateddriving,butdrivermustbealertandbeabletotakeoveranytime
…– Level5:nohumaninterventionneeded
MORAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITYInformationandknowledge- Dousersandoperatorsunderstandthesystemanditslimitations?
- (Mis)informationbymanufacturers?
Importantfordiscussionsaboutliabilityandnegligence
Differencewithaviation,whichishighlyregulatedandrelativelysafe
RESPONSIBILITYCase:Fatalaccident• Uber self-drivingcarinautonomousmodecausesaccidentinArizona:pedestriandies(March2018)
• Seealso2016Teslaaccident
RESPONSIBILITYCase:Fatalaccident• Whoisresponsible?Volvo?Uber?Vehicleoperator/driver?Pedestrian?StateofArizona?Problemof“manyhands”
• Drawontortlaw:Uber/driverfailedtoexercisereasonablecare
• Drawonproductliabilitylaw:VolvoandUber
• Conductpedestrian:accidentavoidable?
• StateofArizona:sufficientregulation?E.g.onecouldrequiresomeonetobeindriverseat– butenough?
RESPONSIBILITYCase:Fatalaccident• Civilproceedingsversuscriminallaw(butrobots/AIcannotbechargedwithacrime)
• Needforbettertechnologyandmoreregulation(orban?Orself-regulationbyprivatecompanies(laissez-faire)?Tooearlyortoolate?
MORAL STATUS OF AIS/ROBOTS
Moralagents?• Whatcapacitiesneededformoral
judgment?Alsoemotions?• Rulesenough?• Tooanthropocentric?
MORAL STATUS OF AIS/ROBOTS
Moralpatients?• Thingormorethanthat?• Machineas(quasi)other?• Vulnerabilityhumansversusmachines
MORAL STATUS OF AIS/ROBOTS
Philosophicallyinteresting,butalsopracticalissue?
TECHNOLOGY CHANGES MORALITY
• Privacytoday• HowwillAIandroboticschangeourvalues?
VULNERABLE USERS,ATTACHMENT AND DECEPTION
SAFETY
HUMAN DIGNITY AND AUTONOMY
ADAPTING TOO MUCH?
Dowewanttoadapttorobotsorshouldrobotsadapttous?
MORAL DISTANCE
MORAL DISTANCE
MORAL DISTANCE
SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS
• Justice,fairness,power• Inclusivesociety?• Biasedandnon-transparentalgorithms>>
• Socialrelations,e.g.intimaterelations
• Sustainableeconomy?• Futureofwork>>
THE FUTURE OF WORK
• Replacement?• Workingconditionsandexperienceofwork?
• Delegationanddistributionoftasks?
BIASED ALGORITHMS
• Probleminmachinelearning:AItrainsondatasetthatmaycontainabias(e.g.favorsyoungwhitemen)
• Problemofalgorithmorsociety,orboth?Howtodealwiththis?
• Rightnon-discrimination
BIASED ALGORITHMS
• Isbiasavoidable?No,butwecanexplicitlydiscuss,analyze,andintervene(kindofbias,degreeofbias)
• Algorithmsteachussomethingaboutoursocieties(seealsodigitalhumanities:useAI!)
NON-TRANSPARENT ALGORITHMS
• ProblemwithnewapproachestoAI:DecisionAI/algorithmblackbox,Iamaffectedbyitsdecisionbutdonotknowhowitcametoitsdecision
• Righttobeinformed,“RighttoExplanationofAutomatedDecisionMaking”(Wachter etal.2017)butisthatpossible?
TRUST AND TRANSPARENCY
• Trustinsystem(technology:reliability)vs trustinpeople(alsoemotions)
• Transparency ofdata,process,organisation:again,itdependsonpeople
GENDER ISSUES WITH DESIGN
GENDER ISSUES AND HUMANRELATIONSHIPS
November10,2017 [email protected] 77
ETHICS:APPROACH
• Bottomup• Pro-active• Global• Positive
Ethical &legaltheory and principles
Experience– Practices
Ethical &legaltheory and principles
Experience– Practices
ETHICS AND REGULATION:LET’STRY TO BE PRO-ACTIVE
ETHICS:HOW NOT TO DO IT
ETHICS:PRO-ACTIVE IN RESEARCHAND INNOVATION
• Regulation:needed,butalwaystoolate?
• Workalsothroughstandards,seeIEEE• Certification
GLOBAL ACTION NEEDED
• Duetonatureofnewtechnologies• Dowehavesuitableinstitutionsforthis?
ALSO NON-GOVERNMENTAL ACTORS!
POSITIVE:ETHICS AND THE GOODLIFE
• Notjustconstraintsandwhatnottodo,butalsowhattodoandhowtolive(goodlife,virtue,community/society)
EXPLORE NEW POSSIBILITIES
• Newexperientialandactionpossibilities
• NotonlyintheWest
INNOVATION,DESIGN,ART
• Imaginationneeded
Policyneeded
Everyoneaffected,needforvisionandpolicyNOW
“It’stheprinciples,stupid”
No,it’snotonlyaboutprinciples,values,norms,theory,etc.Challengeistochange
technologicalpractices(design,innovationanduse)andprinciples,theory,etc.areinstruments
todothat
reflectingonexperience
Whattodo?
Usually ethics focuses onwhat (not)to do,butoften we agree onwhat (not)to do;there are alsoother questions:
- Whodoes what?
- How to dothings (best)?
>>practical wisdom
Whattodo?
Morality:constraints,red lines,sactions
Ethics:the good life,the best life
Whoandhow?
How can we work together to ensure thatAIand robotics willcontribute to afuturewe want?Alsothink about PROCESS
Experts,citizens,and mediators needed
Whoandhow?
Role researchers,governmental,intergovernmental,and non-governmental
organisations/civil society includes:raise awarnessand bringpeople together,initiate new processes:
HOWcan we reach these goals?
Whoandhow?
Powerdifferences(e.g.bigcompaniesversusindividualcitizens)
Culturaldifferences(global,Europe)
SOME BARRIERS
• Lackofsufficienttransdisciplinaryexpertise
• Lackofconnectionsacademia–policymakersandshort-termviews
• Insufficientinstitutionalsupportformoreparticipatorydecisionmaking
• Nottakingintoaccountlessonslearnt,re-inventingthewheel
ADDRESS PROBLEMS• Moresupportfortransdisciplinary
research• Furtherinstitutionalizelinksacademia
– policymakersandmakeroomfordevelopmentoflong-termvision
• Collaboratewithother,non-governmentalandnon-academicactorsinsociety
• Morestudiestakingintoaccountworkalreadydone,includingworkintheareasofphilosophyoftechnologyandrobotethics
THE FUTURE OF AI(&INFORMATICS)Beyondfear
Ethical
Interdisciplinary,incl.humanities
Connectedtowidersociety
Europe:expertiseintechethics
THE FUTURE OF AI(&INFORMATICS)
ThefutureofAIwillbeethicaloritwillnotbe.
Thanks!
MarkCoeckelberghProfessorofPhilosophyofMediaand Technology
[email protected]||coeckelbergh.wordpress.com