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Essential QuestionEssential Question:: To what extent did American To what extent did American
foreign & domestic policy change in foreign & domestic policy change in the 1950s?the 1950s?
Warm-Up QuestionWarm-Up Question:: Explain the Truman DoctrineExplain the Truman Doctrine Explain the Marshall PlanExplain the Marshall Plan What was the purpose of NATO?What was the purpose of NATO?
President Eisenhower’s President Eisenhower’s Modern RepublicanismModern Republicanism
Eisenhower’s Modern Eisenhower’s Modern RepublicanismRepublicanism
Frustration with the stalemate in Frustration with the stalemate in Korea & the Red Scare led to a Korea & the Red Scare led to a Republican presidential takeover Republican presidential takeover in the 1952in the 1952
WW2 hero Dwight Eisenhower WW2 hero Dwight Eisenhower provided an antidote for “Kprovided an antidote for “K11CC22”” VP Richard Nixon attacked VP Richard Nixon attacked
communism & corruption communism & corruption Eisenhower vowed to go to Eisenhower vowed to go to
Korea & personally end the warKorea & personally end the war
Korean War Gov’t Corruption
Communism
Once elected, Ike did go to Korea, overturned the U.N. battle plan, & threatened China with nuclear war to get an armistice signed in 1953
Eisenhower’s Modern RepublicanismEisenhower’s Modern Republicanism
Eisenhower labeled his politics Eisenhower labeled his politics ““Modern RepublicanismModern Republicanism”:”: ““Ike” believed in conservative Ike” believed in conservative
gov’t spending & a balanced gov’t spending & a balanced budget but he had no desire to budget but he had no desire to end New Deal programsend New Deal programs
The affluent, postwar “good life” The affluent, postwar “good life” at home was dependent upon a at home was dependent upon a strong Cold War foreign policystrong Cold War foreign policy
“I’m conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings”
Eisenhower’s Modern Eisenhower’s Modern RepublicanismRepublicanism In his 8 years as president, Ike had a In his 8 years as president, Ike had a
modest domestic record:modest domestic record: Instead of ending New Deal Instead of ending New Deal
programs, Eisenhower added to programs, Eisenhower added to social security & minimum wagesocial security & minimum wage
Used FDR’s Federal Housing Admin Used FDR’s Federal Housing Admin to help finance building & to help finance building & purchasing of suburban homespurchasing of suburban homes
Created the Depts of Health, Created the Depts of Health, Education, & WelfareEducation, & Welfare
During the Eisenhower era, the U.S. economy avoided spiraling inflation & brought
middle-class prosperity to more Americans
Eisenhower’s Modern Eisenhower’s Modern RepublicanismRepublicanism
Interstate Highway SystemInterstate Highway System:: Highway Act of 1956 created 41,000 Highway Act of 1956 created 41,000
miles of divided highway to connect miles of divided highway to connect major U.S. citiesmajor U.S. cities
These highways helped promote national These highways helped promote national defense, interstate trade, & vacation defense, interstate trade, & vacation travel travel
All funds were raised exclusively through All funds were raised exclusively through gas, tire, & car taxesgas, tire, & car taxes
The Republicans in PowerThe Republicans in Power Regarding McCarthyism, Ike provided Regarding McCarthyism, Ike provided
McCarthy “just enough rope to hang McCarthy “just enough rope to hang himself” in 1954himself” in 1954 In the televised “Army hearings,” the In the televised “Army hearings,” the
nation saw McCarthy’s style & fact-less nation saw McCarthy’s style & fact-less attacksattacks
The Senate censured McCarthy & his The Senate censured McCarthy & his “communist” attacks quickly died “communist” attacks quickly died
“I am not going to get into a [peeing] contest with a skunk”
“Have you no decency, Mr. McCarthy?”
Postwar American Postwar American Society Society
An Affluent SocietyAn Affluent Society The postwar boom was caused byThe postwar boom was caused by
A desire for consumer goods A desire for consumer goods (suppressed in the 1930s (suppressed in the 1930s && 40s) 40s)
Gov’t spending during Cold WarGov’t spending during Cold War Baby boom & movement to the suburbs Baby boom & movement to the suburbs
increased the demand for consumer increased the demand for consumer goodsgoods
But, this affluence led to a shift from But, this affluence led to a shift from individualism to conformity individualism to conformity
The Marshall Plan
The Korean War
Cars with automatic
transmissions
Filter cigarettes TVs
Refrigerators
Hi-fi record playersThe American economy grew from crippling
depression to the highest standard of living in all of world history in just 1 generation
TV in the 1950sTV in the 1950s
$64,000 Question$64,000 Question 21 Questions21 Questions BonanzaBonanza The Untouchables The Untouchables I Love LucyI Love Lucy 1950s TV networks 1950s TV networks
“I Love Lucy” “The Milton Berle Show”
TV replaced radio & magazines as the primary conveyer of American consumer culture
Birthrate, 1940-1970Birthrate, 1940-1970
The late 1940s & 1950s experienced the “baby boom”
Life in the SuburbsLife in the Suburbs The rapid growth of suburbs altered The rapid growth of suburbs altered
American life:American life: ““Blue” & “white collar” workers lived in Blue” & “white collar” workers lived in
the same neighborhoodsthe same neighborhoods Suburbs depended upon cars, grocery Suburbs depended upon cars, grocery
stores, & shopping malls stores, & shopping malls Suburbs allowed for the nuclear-family, Suburbs allowed for the nuclear-family,
not the extended familynot the extended family ““White-flight” to the suburbs left behind White-flight” to the suburbs left behind
largely black urban coreslargely black urban cores
A Suburban Case Study: Levittown, New A Suburban Case Study: Levittown, New YorkYork
Begin in 1947 with 4,000 rental homes to veteransGrew to 17,000 sold homes in 1951
Southdale Shopping Center, Minnesota— Southdale Shopping Center, Minnesota— the 1 the 1stst enclosed, air-conditioned shopping enclosed, air-conditioned shopping
mallmall
Areas of Greatest GrowthAreas of Greatest Growth The rapid growth of suburbs led toThe rapid growth of suburbs led to
Increased church membership; Religious Increased church membership; Religious preference became the primary preference became the primary identifying feature of the suburbs identifying feature of the suburbs
Public schools grew & a college Public schools grew & a college education was a goal for middle class education was a goal for middle class childrenchildren
New Students Taking Advantage of the New Students Taking Advantage of the G.I. Bill G.I. Bill Juvenile Delinquency Movies of the 1950s
The Music of the 1950s The Music of the 1950s The music of the early 50s was The music of the early 50s was
dominated by doo-wopdominated by doo-wop But, rock n’ roll quickly struck a chord But, rock n’ roll quickly struck a chord
with young listeners:with young listeners: Black artists: Ray Charles, Chuck Black artists: Ray Charles, Chuck
Berry, Fats Domino, & Little RichardBerry, Fats Domino, & Little Richard White artists: Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy White artists: Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy
Orbison, Buddy Holly, & Elvis PresleyOrbison, Buddy Holly, & Elvis Presley
Critics of the Consumer Critics of the Consumer SocietySociety
Some criticized suburban culture:Some criticized suburban culture:William Whyte’s William Whyte’s Organized ManOrganized Man & &
David Riesman’s David Riesman’s Lonely CrowdLonely Crowd criticized American conformity to criticized American conformity to social pressuressocial pressures
Jack Kerouac & the Beats Jack Kerouac & the Beats ((BeatniksBeatniks) emerged as a new ) emerged as a new counter-culture by refusing to counter-culture by refusing to conform to 1950s culture conform to 1950s culture
Gave rise to counter-culture reactionaries of 1960s
Inspired by Zen Buddhist state of inner grace called “beatitude”
Find imagesFind images
Beat Artists (Beatniks)Beat Artists (Beatniks)“City Lights” in San Francisco was a hotbed for Beat artists
MarMarAbstract Expressionism Abstract Expressionism Jackson PollockMark Rothko
Essential QuestionEssential Question::How do the domestic & How do the domestic & foreign policies of Truman & foreign policies of Truman & Eisenhower compare?Eisenhower compare?
Eisenhower Eisenhower Wages the Cold Wages the Cold
WarWar
Eisenhower & the Cold WarEisenhower & the Cold War Ike was unusually well-prepared to Ike was unusually well-prepared to
be a Cold War presidentbe a Cold War president Ike’s foreign policy goals were to:Ike’s foreign policy goals were to:
Take a strong stand against Take a strong stand against Communism by using “Communism by using “massive massive retaliationretaliation” with nuclear weapons ” with nuclear weapons & covert CIA operations& covert CIA operations
To reduce defense spending & To reduce defense spending & relax Cold War tensionsrelax Cold War tensions
Pragmatic & well organized
WW2 military experience in
Europe & Asia
Chose hard-liner John Foster Dulles to be Sec of State
Excellent diplomat & politician
Massive RetaliationMassive Retaliation
Eisenhower wanted “Eisenhower wanted “more bang for more bang for the buckthe buck”:”: Nuclear weapons & long-range Nuclear weapons & long-range
delivery missiles were cheaper than delivery missiles were cheaper than conventional armed forcesconventional armed forces
““Massive retaliationMassive retaliation” strategy made ” strategy made using nuclear weapons unlikelyusing nuclear weapons unlikely
But massive retaliation offered no But massive retaliation offered no intermediate course of action if intermediate course of action if diplomacy failed diplomacy failed
“Massive retaliation” meant targeting civilian targets rather than military ones
Ike relied heavily on “brinksmanship” in which he used veiled threats of
nuclear war to accomplish his goals
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)(ICBMs)
What are the stakes of war? Massive Retaliation?
Mutual Assured Destruction?
Massive RetaliationMassive Retaliation In 1954, Eisenhower used a hard-line In 1954, Eisenhower used a hard-line
approach to stop Chinese expansion in approach to stop Chinese expansion in Asia:Asia: Chinese attempts to take over islands Chinese attempts to take over islands
near Taiwan led Eisenhower to near Taiwan led Eisenhower to threaten nuclear war if China did not threaten nuclear war if China did not stopstop
Eisenhower hoped this pressure would Eisenhower hoped this pressure would drive a wedge between the USSR & drive a wedge between the USSR & communist China communist China
Chinese did not know if Ike was bluffing so China backed off this territorial expansion
…and the refusal of the USSR to aid China added a rift between Russia & China by the end of the 1950s
Massive RetaliationMassive Retaliation In 1956, Egyptian leader Nasser In 1956, Egyptian leader Nasser
nationalized the Suez Canal:nationalized the Suez Canal: England & France invaded Egypt to England & France invaded Egypt to
take back the canal but the USSR take back the canal but the USSR opposed this interventionopposed this intervention
Eisenhower did not want the USSR to Eisenhower did not want the USSR to attack so he threatened Russia with attack so he threatened Russia with nuclear warnuclear war
England, France, & the USSR left England, France, & the USSR left Egypt & the U.S. became the leader Egypt & the U.S. became the leader in Middle Eastin Middle East
“If those fellows start something, we may have to hit ‘em—and, if necessary,
with everything in the bucket”
Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine
The Suez Crisis revealed the The Suez Crisis revealed the vulnerability of the Middle East to vulnerability of the Middle East to Communism & Ike responded:Communism & Ike responded: In 1957, the In 1957, the Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine
recommended U.S. armed force to recommended U.S. armed force to protect the Middle East from protect the Middle East from Communist aggression Communist aggression
In 1957, Ike sent the military to In 1957, Ike sent the military to Lebanon to halt Communism & install Lebanon to halt Communism & install a pro-Western gov’t a pro-Western gov’t
Like the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America, the United States emerged as a police power
in a new part of the world
Covert ActionsCovert Actions Ike’s administration used covert CIA Ike’s administration used covert CIA
acts to expand U.S. control:acts to expand U.S. control: In 1953, the CIA overthrew Mohammed In 1953, the CIA overthrew Mohammed
Mossadegh in Iran in favor of a U.S.-Mossadegh in Iran in favor of a U.S.-friendly shahfriendly shah
In 1954, the CIA overthrew a leftist In 1954, the CIA overthrew a leftist regime in Guatemala regime in Guatemala
In 1959, the CIA took a hard-line against In 1959, the CIA took a hard-line against new Cuban dictator Fidel Castro after his new Cuban dictator Fidel Castro after his coupcoup
These interventions led to anti-American hostilities in the Middle East & Latin America
“The end justifies the means”
Essential QuestionEssential Question:: How do the domestic & foreign How do the domestic & foreign
policies of Truman & Eisenhower policies of Truman & Eisenhower administrations compare?administrations compare?
Warm-Up Question:Warm-Up Question: Why do you think the USA and Why do you think the USA and
Soviet Union were so concerned Soviet Union were so concerned about their space programs? about their space programs?
The Effects of SputnikThe Effects of Sputnik The “space race” intensified the Cold The “space race” intensified the Cold
War between USA & USSRWar between USA & USSR In 1957, the launch of the Soviet satellite In 1957, the launch of the Soviet satellite
Sputnik led to fears that the USSR was Sputnik led to fears that the USSR was leading the race to create leading the race to create intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
The U.S. sped up it plans to buildThe U.S. sped up it plans to build ICBMsICBMs
&& IRBMIRBM submarinessubmarines
Khrushchev used Sputnik to put the U.S. on the defensive: “We will bury you. Your
grandchildren will live under Communism.”
The Effects of SputnikThe Effects of Sputnik Sputnik Sputnik ledled to fears that America was to fears that America was
growing soft & was losing its growing soft & was losing its competitive edge & work ethic competitive edge & work ethic
The U.S. gov’t responded with:The U.S. gov’t responded with: National Aeronautics & Space National Aeronautics & Space
AdministrationAdministration in 1958 in 1958 National Defense Education ActNational Defense Education Act was was
created to promote math, science, & created to promote math, science, & technology educationtechnology education
The advanced placement (AP) program is a byproduct of the NDEA!
Sputnik in 1957Sputnik in 1957The Original Seven—Mercury Astronauts
Alan Shepard was the 1st American in space
Waging PeaceWaging Peace
Ike tried to end the nuclear arms Ike tried to end the nuclear arms race as both sides tested hydrogen race as both sides tested hydrogen bombs & ICBMsbombs & ICBMs In 1953, Eisenhower called for In 1953, Eisenhower called for
disarmament & presented his disarmament & presented his “Atoms for Peace” plan to the “Atoms for Peace” plan to the United NationsUnited Nations
In 1955, Khrushchev rejected In 1955, Khrushchev rejected Eisenhower’s “open skies” plan for Eisenhower’s “open skies” plan for weapons disarmament weapons disarmament
Military-Industrial ComplexMilitary-Industrial Complex
In his farewell In his farewell address in 1960, address in 1960, Eisenhower warned Eisenhower warned against the against the Military-Military-Industrial ComplexIndustrial Complex:: The massive military The massive military
spending that spending that dominates dominates domestic domestic & & foreign foreign politics politics
This military-industrial complex is part of the reason for the Soviet demise in the late 1980s
& end of the Cold War in 1991
ConclusionsConclusions::Restoring National Restoring National
ConfidenceConfidence
Conclusions Conclusions By 1960, the American people were By 1960, the American people were
more optimistic than in 1950more optimistic than in 1950 Americans were no longer afraid of a Americans were no longer afraid of a
return of another Great Depressionreturn of another Great Depression Anxiety over the Cold War continued but Anxiety over the Cold War continued but
was not as severewas not as severe But, American values & race relations But, American values & race relations
were areas of concernwere areas of concern
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