ergonomic factors in metal recycling sector: a challenge for ergonomic intervention theoni...
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Ergonomic factors Ergonomic factors in metal recycling in metal recycling sector: A challenge sector: A challenge for ergonomic for ergonomic interventionintervention
Theoni KoukoulakiTheoni Koukoulaki(presentation: Antonis Targoutzidis)(presentation: Antonis Targoutzidis)
Recycling sector in Greece
Methods for assessment of ergonomic factors (QEC, RULA, KIM)
Painful work posts
Results of assessment in a sample of duties
General ergonomic principles
Proposed interventions
StructureStructure
Repetitive work
Painful body postures (extreme or static)
Use of force
Standing
Manual weight handling
Psychosocial factors
Ergonomic factors in recyclingErgonomic factors in recycling
18 systems for alternative handling, involving:Packaging (4)Vehicles (1)Electrical and electronic equipment (equipment, lamps)Lubricants (1)Used batteries (4)Used car tires (1)Construction and demolition waste (4)
Recycling sector in GreeceRecycling sector in Greece
27 units for packaging waste105 units for vehicles’ lifecycle end9 units for electrical and electronic equipment7 units for lubricant oil regeneration7 units for lead acid batteries6 units for mechanical processing, 1 for power exploitation, 1 for cutting
Recycling sector in GreeceRecycling sector in Greece
QEC (Quick Exposure Check),Geoffrey D., Woods V., Li. G., Buckle, P., The development of the Quick Exposure Check (QEC) for assessing exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders, Appl Ergon., 2007
QEC assesses the exposure of upper limbs, QEC assesses the exposure of upper limbs, neck and back in static and dynamic duties. It neck and back in static and dynamic duties. It is one of the most recent methods for is one of the most recent methods for assessment of MSDsassessment of MSDs. .
Exposure levels are assessed for various work Exposure levels are assessed for various work postures, repetitive movements, use of force postures, repetitive movements, use of force and duration for various parts of body. It also and duration for various parts of body. It also takes interactions into accounttakes interactions into account..
Methods for assessment of Methods for assessment of ergonomic factorsergonomic factors
QEC (Quick Exposure CheckQEC (Quick Exposure Check))Duration of the taskDuration of the taskJ1 Less than 2 hoursJ2 2-4 hoursJ3 over 4 hours
Shoulder/ArmShoulder/ArmC Position of hands:C1 Waist heightC2 Chest heightC3 over shoulders
D D Shoulder arm movementShoulder arm movement D1 RareD2 Frequent D3 Very frequent
WeightWeightH1 light (5 kg or less)H2 moderate (6 -10 Kg)H3 heavy (11- 20 Kg)H4 very heavy (> 20 Kg)
Risk levelScore Low Medium High Very highS1: Back (static) 8-15 16-22 23-29 29-40S2: Back (dynamic) 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-56S3: Shoulder/arm 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-56S4: Wrist/hand 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-56S5: Neck 4-6 8-10 12-14 16-18
(Atamney et al, 1993),
It is a method for assessment of effects of It is a method for assessment of effects of repetitive movements on body, upper limbs repetitive movements on body, upper limbs and neckand neck. . Body postures are written down and scored Body postures are written down and scored through a check list.through a check list. Force required by muscles is estimated and Force required by muscles is estimated and scoredscored. . A global index risk combines all above scores A global index risk combines all above scores and action levels are definedand action levels are defined..
RULA (Rapid Upper Limb RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)Assessment)
RULARULA RULARULA
Action level Score Action1 1-2 Work postures
are accepted2 3-4 Further research
and potentially changes
3 5-6 Further research and changes soon
4 7+ Further research and changes immediately
RULARULARULARULA
Upper hand Lower hand Wrist
Neck
RULARULA RULARULA
Body
Legs
Steinberg, U.; Caffier, G.; Liebers, F.: Assessment of Manual Material Handling based on Key Indicators – German Guidelines. In: Handbook of Standards in Ergonomics and Human Factors. Ed. by W. Karwowski. Lawrenz Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, New Jersey, London 2006. S. 319-338
AssessmentAssessmentLifting and carrying tasksLifting and carrying tasksPushing and pulling tasksPushing and pulling tasks
Parameters:Parameters:Frequency, durationFrequency, durationWeightWeightBody posturesBody posturesWorking conditionsWorking conditions
KIMKIM (Key Item) method, BauA(Key Item) method, BauA KIMKIM (Key Item) method, BauA(Key Item) method, BauA
KIMKIM (Key Item) method, BauA(Key Item) method, BauAMales Females Score
<10kg <5 1
10-20kg 5-10kg 2
20-30kg 10-15kg 4
30-40kg 15-25kg 7
>40kg >25kg 25
Working conditions Score
Good ergonomic conditions 0
Reduced workspace 1
Very short workspace and/or instable center of gravity of weight
2
Lifting Holding Carrying Score
No per day Duration per day
Distance per day
<10 <5min <300m 1
10-40 5-15min 300m-1km 2
40-200 15min-1h 1-4km 4
200-500 1-2h 4-8km 6
500-1000 2-4h 8-16km 8
>1000 >4h >16km 10
Body posture – weight position Score
Straight upper body, weight close to body 1
Light body bending or twisting, weight relatively close to body
2
Deep bending or light bending with twisting, weight far from body or over shoulders
4
Bending and twisting, weight far from body, unstable body, or sitting on knees
8
++
++
XX
Risk spectrum
Risk score
Description
1 <10 Low strain – low disorder probability
2 10-25 Increased strain – possible disorders to less adaptable workers. Redesign is useful
3 25-50 High strain - possible disorders to adaptable workers. Redesign is suggested
4 >50 Very high strain – high disorder probability. Redesign is necessary
KIMKIM (Key Item) method, BauA(Key Item) method, BauA
1. Unloading: KIM method1. Unloading: KIM method
Lifting Pushing Pulling
Risk spectrum Risk score Description
1 <10 Low strain – low disorder probability
2 10-25 Increased strain – possible disorders to less adaptable workers. Redesign is useful
3 25-50 High strain - possible disorders to adaptable workers. Redesign is suggested
4 >50 Very high strain – high disorder probability. Redesign is necessary
3636 112112 2222
2.2. Electronics: QEC - RULAElectronics: QEC - RULA
QEC
Score Low Medium High Very high
S1: Back (static) 8-15 16-22 23-29 29-40
S2: Back (dynamic) 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-56
S3: Shoulder/arm 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-56
S4: Wrist/hand 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-56
S5: Neck 4-6 8-10 12-14 16-18
Prolonged standing Repetitive work Pulling pallet jacks
4242
Action level Score Action
1 1-2 Work postures are accepted
2 3-4 Further research and potentially changes
3 5-6 Further research and changes soon
4 7+ Further research and changes immediately77
3. Press (screens):3. Press (screens): KIM methodKIM method
Hands over shoulders
Pulling large bags
Risk spectrum Risk score
Description
1 <10 Low strain – low disorder probability2 10-25 Increased strain – possible disorders to less adaptable
workers. Redesign is useful3 25-50 High strain - possible disorders to adaptable workers.
Redesign is suggested4 >50 Very high strain – high disorder probability. Redesign is
necessary
505088
4. White devices: KIM method4. White devices: KIM method
Manual weight handling
Prolonged standing and repetitive work
Risk spectrum Risk score
Description
1 <10 Low strain – low disorder probability2 10-25 Increased strain – possible disorders to less adaptable
workers. Redesign is useful3 25-50 High strain - possible disorders to adaptable workers.
Redesign is suggested4 >50 Very high strain – high disorder probability. Redesign is
necessary
112112
55. . Manual copper sort: Manual copper sort: QEC-RULAQEC-RULA
Hands over shoulders
Twisting BendingWork on knees
QEC
Score Low Medium High Very high
S1: Back (static) 8-15 16-22 23-29 29-40
S2: Back (dynamic) 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-56
S3: Shoulder/arm 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-56
S4: Wrist/hand 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-56
S5: Neck 4-6 8-10 12-14 16-18
Action level Score Action
1 1-2 Work postures are accepted
2 3-4 Further research and potentially changes
3 5-6 Further research and changes soon
4 7+ Further research and changes immediately
5252
77
The worker must have access to The worker must have access to working surface without twisting or working surface without twisting or stretching without particular stretching without particular reasonreason. .
Avoid strainful work postures by Avoid strainful work postures by redesigning work posts or redesigning work posts or reduction in exposurereduction in exposure. .
Avoid working on floor. Use working Avoid working on floor. Use working tablestables..
Suspend equipment from ceiling to Suspend equipment from ceiling to reduce strainreduce strain. .
General ergonomic principlesGeneral ergonomic principles
Avoid prolonged standing where possibleAvoid prolonged standing where possible..
If a task does not require high force and If a task does not require high force and can be performed in confined space the can be performed in confined space the worker can be sittingworker can be sitting. .
Sit/stand for works requiring sitting and Sit/stand for works requiring sitting and standing.standing.
Resting and breaksResting and breaks
General ergonomic principlesGeneral ergonomic principles
Investigation for pre-cutting of materials (reduction in initial Investigation for pre-cutting of materials (reduction in initial volume and weight of scrap)volume and weight of scrap)
Handling less volume – better material storage before Handling less volume – better material storage before processingprocessing
Changes in productivity assessment (e.g. by table, collaboration)Changes in productivity assessment (e.g. by table, collaboration)
Assessment based on material’s handling difficulty (e.g. Assessment based on material’s handling difficulty (e.g. materials with cables) and not only based on weightmaterials with cables) and not only based on weight
Resting and breaksResting and breaks
Use of grapnels for “hair opening” in copperUse of grapnels for “hair opening” in copper
Changes in the shape of table and placement of bins to avoid Changes in the shape of table and placement of bins to avoid upper limb stretching and body twistingupper limb stretching and body twisting
Proposed interventionsProposed interventions
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Use of mechanical lifts and conveyors for lifting white devices Use of mechanical lifts and conveyors for lifting white devices and other heavy weights to reduce manual handling.and other heavy weights to reduce manual handling.
AutomatisationAutomatisation
Training in correct manual lifting and breaksTraining in correct manual lifting and breaks
Better arrangement of materials around the press to reduce Better arrangement of materials around the press to reduce carrying large bagscarrying large bags
Conveyors must have he correct height and width to avoid Conveyors must have he correct height and width to avoid bending and stretchingbending and stretching
Improvement of tables in electronics and placement of waste Improvement of tables in electronics and placement of waste bins on conveyorsbins on conveyors
Proposed interventionsProposed interventions
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