environmental biology ecol 206 university of...

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14 February 200514th class meeting

(Miller Chapter 3)

Environmental BiologyECOL 206

University of Arizonaspring 2005

Kevin Bonine, Ph.D.Alona Bachi, Matthew Herron, Graduate TAs

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Hawaiian Vegetation Fire Effects Internship Opportunity

We are seeking motivated, enthusiastic, physically fit individuals to assist with research on the impacts of an invasive scaly sword fern (Nephrolepis multiflora) and lava-ignited wild fires on native Hawaiian rainforest in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Work will involve backcountry hiking and possibly camping in various terrain and weather conditions. Field sites are located in Hawaiian rainforest communities with lava substrate and native matt ferns reaching 30' in height.Vegetation will be identified, measured and biomass sampled. Interns will occasionally assist the park's vegetation management program.Three internship positions will begin April 1st and end either June 1st (2 positions) or July 1st (1 position). Roundtrip airfare between Portland and Hilo, dorm style housing within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and a daily meal reimbursement ($25/day) will be provided.Preference will be given to individuals with coursework in botany/forestry or related fields. If interested send a cover letter, resume, and names of three references to alison.ainsworth@oregonstate.edu and mychal.tetteh@oregonstate.edu.

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206 Course Web Link:http://eebweb.arizona.edu/courses/Ecol206/206_Page2005.html

• Postponed a few things on website• Thank T. Edwards and M. Herron• Exam Wed 16 Feb• Miller Chapter 3

(check out the CD/websitefor Miller text)

Environmental Biology 2062

= Tortoise Population

Phoenix

Tucson

= Urban buffer

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3

Xerus erythropusXerus erythropus

X. princepsX. princeps

X. inaurisX. inauris

SpermophilopsisleptodactylusSpermophilopsisleptodactylus

X. rutilusX. rutilus

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Fig.1Zomlefer 1994

Paraphyletic

Polyphyletic

MONOPHYLETIC

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Anura ‘frogs’

Urodela salamanders

Gymnophiona caecilians

Mammalia

Testudines turtles

‘Lizards’

‘Lizards’

Amphisbaenia

Serpentes snakes

‘Lizards’

‘Lizards’

Rhynchocephalia tuatara

Crocodylia crocs etc.

Aves birdsSee Fig 2-1 (Pough et al., 2001)

To F

ishe

s an

d An

cest

or

Amphibians

Amniotes

Diapsida

Reptilia

Tetrapoda

Lepi

dosa

uria

SquamataExtantReptile Groups

Archosauria

Synapsida

340 MaBP(Paleozoic)

Amphibian / Amniote Split 5

‘Reptilia’(= 4 orders, without birds)

1. Testudines (Chelonia, Turtles)-duh-shell shape ~ ecology-no arboreal or gliding forms

2. Squamata (‘Lizards’ and Snakes)-lizards not monophyletic-repeated loss of limbs-very diverse

Terrapene ornata ornata

Elgaria kingii

Crotaphytuscollaris

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5

‘Reptilia’(= 4 orders, without birds)

3. Crocodylia (Crocodiles, Alligators, Caiman)-threatened (21 spp. remain)-snout shape ~ diet-related to archosaurs

(birds and dinosaurs)

4. Rhynchocephalia (Sphenodontida, Tuatara)-2 extant species-islands of New Zealand-operate at ~cold temperatures

Sphenodon sp.

Crocodylus siamensis

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Ranking Biodiversity?

RI = (Di + Ui)(deltaPi/Ci)

D = distinctivenessU = utilitydelta P = enhanced probability of survivalC = cost of strategy

Direct limited funds…Ecological Contribution?

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DNA sequence Codes for Proteins etc.

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Genetic Code

A (adenine), T (thymine), [U(uracil)]C (cytosine), G (guanine)

(Coding, sense strand)(5' -> 3') ATGGAATTCTCGCTC(3' <- 5') TACCTTAAGAGCGAG

(Template, antisense strand)

(5' -> 3') AUGGAAUUCUCGCUC(mRNA made from Template strand)

1-Transcription2-Translation

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Proteins of amino acids

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Favors Average Traits

Favors One Extreme

Favors Both extremes

Ricklefs 2001, Figure 16.14Natural Selection:

Beak Size (for example)

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Ricklefs 2001, Figure 16.15

Result of Disruptive Selection

(Favors Both extremes)

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Ridley 1996

Drosophila Bristle Count

Disruptive Selection (Favors Both extremes)

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Disruptive

Directional Stabilizing

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Ridley 1996

Stabilizing Selection for Human Birth Weight

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Stalk Eyed Flies

Sexual Selection

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Science Plus, 1997 p. S33

Speciation often result of:1. Geographic Isolation2. Reproductive Isolation

(Genetic Drift)

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Evolution by Natural Selection

vs. Lamarck

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Tarbuck and Lutgens 1999

Darwin to the Galapagos

FernandinaAndIsabela

Genovesa

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Campbell 1993

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Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae)

Amblyrhynchus cristatus

Only lizard to feed at sea-algae, seaweed

Up to 10 or 12 m deepUp to a hour-long dives for large males

(Darwin shipmate)

Highly social8,000 indivs/ km of coast

16 islandsCold upwelling water nourishes algae

Fernandina/Isabelamales to 10+ kgfemales to almost 3 kg

Genovesamales only to 1 kgfemales to < 1kg

Why? Water temperature and current strength

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Martin Wikelski, Princeton

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Katrina Mangin

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Martin Wikelski, Princeton

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Martin Wikelski, Princeton

Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae) 25

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Martin Wikelski, Princeton

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Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae)

Amblyrhynchus cristatus

El Nino lack of food (Why?)

Starvation b/c high cost of salt excretion

Animals may lose 15% body length-bone absorption

Only adult vertebrate known to regularly shrink(astronauts)

Largest animals die-sexual selection-natural selection

Martin Wikelski, Princeton

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Primary Succession.Similarities to Hawaii?

total # species, # endemics?

Why feed in the sea?Why salt glands?Why no fear of humans?

Speciation?

(Adaptive Radiation to fill available niches)

Amblyrhynchus cristatusGalapagos Marine Iguana

Amblyrhynchus cristatus

Charles Darwin visited 1830s.

Theory ofEvolution by Natural Selection

SHOW VIDEO!

Ground Finches

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